University of Sindh

Background: Bowel rupture associated with pelvic fractures is a rare but life-threatening complication of high-energy trauma. Its diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific clinical presentation and competing injuries, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: To systematically review the current evidence on epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, surgical management, and outcomes of bowel injury in patients with pelvic fractures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 2004 and 2026. Eligible studies included adult patients with pelvic fractures and associated bowel injury, reporting diagnostic methods, surgical interventions, or outcomes. Study selection was performed independently by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and AMSTAR-2 criteria. Due to heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Thirty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Bowel injury was most commonly associated with high-energy blunt trauma, particularly road traffic accidents. Contrast-enhanced CT was identified as the primary diagnostic modality, although early injuries may be missed. Early exploratory laparotomy significantly reduced morbidity and mortality, while delayed diagnosis was associated with increased rates of sepsis and peritonitis. Damage control surgery was beneficial in hemodynamically unstable patients. Multidisciplinary trauma care and early pelvic stabilization improved overall outcomes. Reported mortality rates ranged from 20% to 50%, particularly in cases with delayed intervention. Conclusion: Early recognition, prompt surgical intervention, and coordinated multidisciplinary management are essential in improving outcomes in patients with bowel rupture associated with pelvic fractures. Advances in imaging and trauma protocols have improved survival; however, further research is needed to enhance early diagnostic accuracy and standardize management strategies.

Background: Physical inactivity is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise is widely recommended to improve cardiovascular health; however, comparative adaptations between walking and cycling protocols in sedentary adults remain insufficiently explored. Objective: To compare cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations following an 8-week structured walking versus cycling program in sedentary adults. Methods: Sixty sedentary adults (20–45 years) were randomized into Walking (WG; n = 20), Cycling (CG; n = 20), and Control (CON; n = 20) groups. Exercise groups trained 5 days/week for 8 weeks at 50–65% HRmax with progressive duration (30–45 minutes). Primary outcomes included VO₂max, resting heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Secondary outcomes included body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and heart rate variability (HRV). A 3 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA assessed group × time interactions. Results: Significant group × time interactions were observed for VO₂max (η² = .28), SBP (η² = .24), DBP, RHR, and HRV (p < .01). Cycling demonstrated greater improvements in VO₂max (Δ +5.8 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) compared to walking (Δ +4.1 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; p = .02). Walking produced slightly greater SBP reduction (−9.2 mmHg) compared to cycling (−7.6 mmHg; p = .04). No significant changes occurred in the control group. Conclusion: Both walking and cycling significantly improve cardiovascular health in sedentary adults. Cycling enhances aerobic capacity more substantially, while walking may provide superior blood pressure reduction. These findings support modality-specific exercise prescription.

Background: Sulfonamides are widely used in poultry production for disease prevention and treatment, but their misuse or inadequate withdrawal before slaughter may result in residues in edible tissues. Monitoring these residues requires analytical methods that are sensitive, reliable, and practical for routine use, particularly in laboratories with limited access to advanced mass spectrometry-based instrumentation. Objective: To develop and validate a simple and rapid HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous determination of five sulfonamide residues in poultry meat, and to assess its applicability to real retail samples. Methods: Five sulfonamides—sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfamethizole were extracted from poultry meat using liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by defatting with n-hexane. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water (30:70, v/v), with detection at 270 nm. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The validated method was then applied to ten poultry meat samples collected from retail markets in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Results: The method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 5-500 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients of 0.99. The limits of detection ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 µg/kg, while the limits of quantification ranged from 3.6 to 8.4 µg/kg, all below the regulatory limit of 100 µg/kg. Mean recoveries ranged from 88.4% to 102.1%, and intra-day and inter-day precision values were below 6% RSD. All five analytes were separated within 8 min, with a total run time of 12 min. Application of the method to retail poultry meat samples showed detectable sulfonamide residues in 38% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 60 µg/kg; none exceeded the regulatory limit. Conclusion: The proposed HPLC-DAD method is simple, rapid, and reliable for the simultaneous determination of five sulfonamide residues in poultry meat. Its satisfactory validation performance, short analysis time, and use of commonly available laboratory equipment make it suitable for routine food safety monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Hypertension and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Exercise training is widely recommended as a first-line non-pharmacological intervention; however, the comparative effectiveness of aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training on blood pressure and lipid profiles remains unclear. This paper reviews recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses from 2010–2025 examining the effects of these exercise modalities. In addition, a proposed 12-week randomized controlled trial is outlined to further investigate their comparative impacts. Evidence indicates that aerobic exercise significantly reduces systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), while resistance training produces smaller but still meaningful reductions. Combined training programs consistently demonstrate the greatest improvements in cardiovascular risk markers. Lipid profile improvements are generally modest but favorable, with aerobic and combined exercise reducing LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol, whereas resistance training primarily improves HDL levels. Overall, the findings support incorporating both aerobic and resistance exercise into lifestyle interventions for individuals with hypertension or dyslipidemia. Future large-scale trials are needed to refine optimal exercise prescriptions and examine long-term adherence and health outcomes.

The performance of teachers at the higher secondary level is influenced by various factors that directly affect educational outcomes. This mixed-methods study explores the impact of the key factor of Subject Matter Knowledge on the performance of teachers in District Mirpurkhas through national professional standards for teachers in Pakistan. The research utilized questionnaires for the collection of quantitative data from teachers and interviews to gather qualitative data from Principals across public schools in the district. The sample size of questionnaire was 79 teachers and the sample for the interview was 10 principals from rural and urban area schools. The quantitative data was analyzed through SPSS software while the qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Findings reveal that subject matter knowledge significantly enhances teachers' performance and also play a crucial role in the quality education. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers and educational leaders to design programs that enhance teachers’ subject matter knowledge and ultimately their performance at the higher secondary level. Further research is recommended to evaluate the long-term impact of these interventions on overall student outcomes.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) to produce high‐surface‐area adsorbents for dye removal. Unlike conventional regeneration routes that involve high‐temperature treatment and result in surface deterioration, the organic matter on SBC was replaced with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, followed by silica modification of the interlayer structure. The obtained materials were compared with raw bleaching clay (RBC) and pyrolyzed bleaching clay (PBC). The surface areas of PBC and silica‐modified bleaching clay (Si‐BC) were 49.92 and 96.77 m 2 /g, respectively. A 3‐factor, 3‐level design was used to evaluate Rhodamine B (Rh‐B) removal performance. For all samples, removal efficiency decreased with increasing pH. Among the tested isotherms, the Khan model provided the best fit. Langmuir monolayer capacities were 230.8, 69.9, and 131.8 mg/g for RBC, PBC, and Si‐BC, respectively. Kinetic results indicated pseudo‐second‐order behavior for RBC, Elovich kinetics for PBC, and pseudo‐first‐order behavior for Si‐BC. Thermodynamic analysis showed that Rh‐B adsorption onto RBC and PBC was exothermic and spontaneous, whereas adsorption onto Si‐BC was endothermic but still spontaneous. Overall, silica modification significantly enhanced the structural properties and adsorption performance of SBC‐derived materials.

Tetrigidae hoppers are well-known as pygmy grasshoppers or grouse locusts. This family comprises more than 2000 species known from the globe. They are recognized by their prolong pronotal structure that covers most parts of their body dorsally. Body usually not longer than 15 mm, possessing moss green, grey, some blackish coloration pattern. Collection of Tetrigids was carried out during the year 2022-2023 from province Sindh. Total 53 samples were captured and was sorted out into two species of genus Euparatettix i-e: Euparatettix tricarinatus (Bolívar, 1887) and Euparatettix indicus Hancock, 1907 which were captured from the streams swampy places where the algal growth is abundant along the sides of wet and bushy areas around some cash crops including Wheat, rice sugarcane, mango orchids, grasses and wetland areas. Finding of this study will built a base line for future researchers dealing with this fauna.

Salinity is a major constraint to wheat production in canal-irrigated regions like Pakistan. This study evaluated salt tolerance in ten wheat varieties using growth and biochemical markers under laboratory conditions. Seedlings were subjected to 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl for 12 days. Data on root/shoot length and fresh weight revealed a progressive decline in all genotypes with increasing salinity, but with significant variation. Marvi-2000, Anmol-91, and Kiran-95 were least affected (growth reductions of 2-67%), while Mehran-89, Abadgar-93, and Moomal-2002 were most sensitive (reductions of 30-72%). Biochemical analysis showed that Anmol-91, Kiran-95, and TJ-83 maintained higher total protein content and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase). In contrast, LU-26 and Chinese Spring exhibited lower levels of these biochemical markers. The results demonstrate that wheat genotypes differ significantly in salinity tolerance at the seedling stage. The superior growth performance of Marvi-2000, Anmol-91, and Kiran-95, coupled with robust antioxidant responses in some, identifies them as promising salt-tolerant candidates. Furthermore, seedling growth parameters, total protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activity serve as effective morphological and biochemical markers for the early selection of salt-resistant wheat varieties.