University of Western States

The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of patient-centered communication (PCC)-related terminology in US doctor of chiropractic degree program (DCP) curricula, chiropractic accreditation standards, and chiropractic national boards testing content. Sixteen academic course catalogs, Council on Chiropractic Education accreditation standards, and National Board of Chiropractic Examiners test plans for parts I-IV were collected from November 2024 through December 2024. The documents were searched using terminology related to patient-centered communication. Context of each term, frequency of use, and percentage of related terminology relative to the overall curriculum at each respective DCP are described. The frequency of PCC-related terminology ranged from 2% to 17% in DCP required coursework. A total of 47% of DCP's in this study had a frequency of 5% or less of PCC-related terminology included in their curriculum. The most recent DCP accreditation standards outline a total of 8 Council on Chiropractic Education meta-competencies, 4 of which included terminology related to PCC. PCC-related terminology was absent from the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners primary test categories, with 2 instances found in the secondary test categories. There is large variability in frequency of PCC-related terminology used in US DCP curricula. Council on Chiropractic Education accreditation standards include PCC-related terminology in half of their stated meta-competencies. PCC-related terminology has limited representation in the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners test plans. Further study is needed to understand the real-time PCC-related content exposure that occurs within chiropractic education.

Abstract As the world sees an increase in global migration, it is paramount to collect real-time data on migrants to facilitate their settlement in new countries. A major obstacle to capturing such information is that many migrants, such as refugees, are “hard-to-reach.” Traditional sampling methods often miss small and mobile populations and for this reason new methods are needed. Survey recruitment through Meta advertisements is one such approach. By means of an auto-ethnographic discussion, we offer practical insights into different methodological considerations that researchers must contemplate when using advertisements on Meta’s Facebook and Instagram platforms to sample refugees as hard-to-reach populations. Our exchange focuses on recruitment and response rate issues, ethical considerations, the validity of data shared, and the opaqueness of how ad targeting algorithms work. This is followed by some concluding observations.

Abstract Transcription factor (TF) function is redundant: TF phenotypes are frequently rescued by TFs not resident to the TF locus, a phenomenon termed phenotypic nonspecificity. Phenotypic nonspecificity in Drosophila melanogaster is not dependent on the DNA binding specificity of the TFs and generally due to genetic complementation. Two TF phenotypes (doublesex [dsx] and apterous [ap]) are rescued by multiple TFs. The rescue by resident TFs, and the rescue and non-rescue by non-resident TFs, of these two phenotypes were used to distinguish between three possible outcomes of the comparison of the TF-dependent mRNA accumulation in these two systems. First, the sets of TF-dependent mRNAs are independent and non-overlapping; second, the sets of TF-dependent mRNAs are independent and overlapping; and third, the sets of TF-dependent mRNAs are constrained and have extensive overlap. The transcriptomes associated with rescue by resident TFs, and rescue and non-rescue by non-resident TFs, of the two TF phenotypes (dsx and ap) provided many examples of extensive overlap indicating regulation of constrained sets of genes. However, the strength of correlation of transcript accumulation observed between the resident and non-resident TFs was not a strong predictor for rescue of the phenotype by the non-resident TFs. The regulation of a constrained set of genes supports the hypothetical assembly of TFs into wolfpacks, and not the hypothetical limited specificity of TF function, as a potential explanation of phenotypic nonspecificity. Article Summary Transcription factors (TF) control the rate that the information stored in DNA is converted to RNA. Although often considered functionally very specific molecules, TF function is redundant, as frequently the process regulated by one TF is also be regulated by another unrelated TF; a genetic phenomenon termed phenotypic nonspecificity. This paper addresses what patterns of gene expression are brought about by TFs that can regulate, or not regulate, the processes of female abdomen pigmentation and initiation of wing formation. Surprisingly, the patterns of gene expression are very similar. Strangely though, the strength of similarity, or correlation, is not a strong predictor that the TF regulates the process.

The issues faced by racialized; female; immigrant; and two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual/agender + (2SLGBTQIA+) occupational therapy academics and practitioners highlight the overlapping systems of oppression due to their multiple minoritized identities (MMIs). Through critical reflection, the authors bring to light how oppressive occupational therapy structures and processes continue to sustain Othering within the profession, including the paradox of occupational justice. The authors caution that ignoring issues faced by occupational therapy academics with MMIs might end in tragic intersectionality. Positionality Statement: Natasha Smet identifies as an immigrant queer woman of color, scholar, and practitioner who was born and raised in South Africa during the Apartheid era when laws were enforced to segregate people solely on the basis of race. Although Apartheid ended in 1994, her experiential knowledge of systemic racism, overt discrimination, and oppression continued as a survivor of educational and academic workplace violence and abuse in the United States. Her lived experience of oppression continues to be her catalyst to disrupt white supremacy across academic institutional settings. Jeffrey John Andrion is a racialized, straight, cisgender, immigrant male academic who was born and raised in the Philippines. Although he is an immigrant settler of Canada, he is also a descendant of former colonizees in his native home country. With experiential knowledge of racialization and Othering, he grew up with the terms resistance and oppression. In this column, we define Othering as "the process whereby an individual or groups of people attribute negative characteristics to other individuals or groups of people that set them apart as representing that which is opposite to them" (Rohleder, 2014, p. 1306).

Interoception is the perception of one's internal physiological state. Altered interoception may play a role in the pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We reviewed the literature on interoception and ADHD symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, executive function, emotional dysregulation) in individuals with and without the disorder. Studies included assessments of interoception and ADHD symptoms in (1) individuals with/without diagnoses of ADHD or (2) the general population. Interoception assessments included objective measures (heartbeat-tracking test) and self-report questionnaires. The literature search included the PubMed/MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL and Scopus databases. A protocol was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD #42022351726); the PRISMA guidelines directed reporting. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was adapted to evaluate study quality. Of 636 articles identified, 17 articles (based on 18 studies) met inclusion criteria. Five studies compared interoception in participants with/without ADHD, and three found that interoception was reduced in participants with ADHD. One study compared interoception between presentations of ADHD, finding no differences. Twelve studies assessed the association of ADHD symptoms and interoception in the general population. Overall, results suggested that interoception is reduced in individuals who reported higher symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and executive dysfunction. Studies were of moderate quality; issues included small sample sizes and inadequate reporting. Individuals with ADHD may have decreased interoception compared to individuals without. Interoception is negatively associated with ADHD symptoms in the general population. Interventions focused on improving interoceptive abilities may provide an avenue for ADHD treatment. Future work should consider the role of culture in interoception.

ABSTRACTBreast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women in the United States. Of those diagnosed, 40–80% will undergo chemotherapy. Adverse effects of chemotherapy are chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) and gut microbiota dysregulation. CID can lead to dehydration, metabolic acidosis, malnutrition, and gut dysbiosis. Antidiarrheal medications are the standard treatment of care; however, this has been shown to further contribute to gut dysbiosis, is not always effective in controlling diarrhea, and can lead to rebound constipation with the potential of pathogenic bacterial overgrowth. In this case report, we describe the experience of a patient-centered, personalized intervention with pre- and probiotics to preserve the microbiota and prevent CID. A 57-year-old postmenopausal female with BC undergoing adriamycin-cyclophosphamide (AC) and taxol-cyclophosphamide (TC) chemotherapies for invasive ductal carcinoma under the care of a cancer team wanted to refrain from using loperamide and instead use nutritional interventions and supplementation for preventing CID and maintaining gut health. This case report is a narrative report of the observed outcomes of one patient with BC after taking specific prebiotics and probiotics. The outcomes included the prevention of CID and other gastrointestinal adverse effects, and maintaining microbiota alpha-diversity, butyrate producing genera, and Bifidobacterium populations while inhibiting the overgrowth of Proteobacteria pathogenic bacteria.

The objectives of this research were threefold: 1) to investigate economic cooperation and investment in special economic zones, as well as economic and trade linkages among the Mekong Particle Countries; 2) to examine the competitiveness of economic development and promote market integration; and 3) to explore the enhancement of communities in each member country of the Mekong Particle Group. This study employed a qualitative research design, utilizing in-depth interviews as the primary data collection tool. A total of 30 key informants in the research area were interviewed. The research findings indicated that: 1) the Mekong particle and SEZ projects are closely associated with economic and trade activities, primarily through the development of physical infrastructure and transportation networks, which transform the region into an economic zone; 2) enhancing competitiveness through economic integration facilitates the movement of people and goods across borders, promoting the integration of the market production process and other value chains; and 3) strengthening communities in each member country is achieved through projects and programs that address social and environmental issues.

The aim of this case report is to provideclinicians with an option for the treatment of spine pain, spine disorders caused or complicated by abnormal spine alignment,and failed prior interventions for pain and suffering with a conservative protocol. Multi-decade chronic widespread pain (CWSP), low back pain (LBP) headache (HA), and neck pain (NP) cause significant disability and reduced quality of life across all socio-economic and societal categories.Treatment options for decades-old long-term pain with good outcomes are uncommon with non-surgical and surgical interventions. Herein is a single case of positive outcomes with Chiropractic BioPhysics® (CBP®)protocol and long-term follow-up. A 60-year-old male with a lifting injury working on a farmat age 12 suffered for decades with LBP, mid-back pain (MBP), NP,HAs, radiculopathy, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Prior over-the-counter (OTC) medications with diminishing results over 48 years were reported.The patient had multiple abnormal patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as well as measured postural and spine structural abnormalities at the initial assessment. Following 12 treatments, PROs and other measures improved dramatically.Continued brief treatment showed continued progress followed by no treatment beyond continued home exercises and home postural orthoses.All subjective and objective outcome measures improved at one-year follow-up and remained long-term. Improvements in sagittal and coronal postural balance with improved spine alignment, better PROs, and measurably improved HRQoLs were found at one- and three-year follow-ups from the initial evaluation. Chronic NP, LBP, MBP, and extremity pain with altered sensation, loss of function, and failed drug therapy are common across the globe and combined represent the greatest contributors to disability and the global burden of disease (GBD). Economic, efficacious, repeatable, and reliable methods for treating pain will reduce GBD and improve PROs.Larger studies of CBP® methods for multi-decade chronic pain are challenging; however, continued case reports and RCTs for similar conditions are warranted.