V.M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law

The article contains a detailed comparative analysis of anti-corruption legislation in countries belonging to the Romano-Germanic legal family. It highlights and discusses the main approaches to the formation of the regulatory framework for corruption, as well as the common features and peculiarities of legislative regulation in various jurisdictions of continental law. Considerable attention is paid to the structure of anti-corruption legislation, which demonstrates a codified approach and hierarchy in the construction of regulatory acts. Institutional mechanisms ensure the implementation of anti-corruption legislation, including specialised anti-corruption bodies, their powers and interaction with other elements of the law enforcement system. The experience of Germany, France, Italy, Spain and other European countries in creating effective organisational structures to combat corruption is analysed. The results of the study identify the main trends in the further strengthening of anti-corruption legislation in countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family. These trends are defined as strengthening the preventive component in further development, digitisation of control mechanisms and expansion of international cooperation.

This review examines the integration of digital twin (DT) technology in livestock supply chain management, with particular attention to cattle and dairy systems, emphasizing stakeholder perspectives and its role in advancing sustainability and agricultural productivity. Positioned within the frameworks of Industry 4.0 and Agriculture 4.0, DT adoption offers opportunities for precision farming by enhancing decision-making, transparency, and efficiency. Stakeholders including farmers, distributors, government agencies, technology developers, and consumers acknowledge DTs’ potential benefits but also highlight concerns related to cost, technical expertise, data privacy, scalability, and infrastructure readiness. The review evaluates the effectiveness of DTs in improving livestock management through health monitoring, disease prevention, behavior and sentience analysis, environmental control, productivity optimization, waste reduction, and cyber-physical system integration. Additional applications include colostrum management, teat shape classification, virtual livestock farms, pasture monitoring, predictive modeling, and integrated farm data, demonstrating their transformative role in food production systems and sustainable agriculture. A conceptual framework has been developed to illustrate the essential contributions of DT technology across the livestock sector, aiming to guide researchers and practitioners in understanding applications and identifying future directions for effective implementation. Despite promising advances, barriers to large-scale adoption persist, particularly in developing regions where issues of data availability, high costs, and technological complexity hinder deployment. Future research should focus on strengthening model robustness and developing interdisciplinary frameworks to address diverse contexts, thereby improving the generalizability and practical utility of DT technology in livestock, dairy, and broader agricultural systems.

This article examines the legal mechanisms for regulating the migration of third-country nationals within the European Union, focusing on international legal norms and European standards. Globalization, changes in the composition of the EU Member States and the growth of migration flows create new challenges that require flexible and balanced approaches to migration management. The social, economic and humanitarian aspects of migration are considered, including its impact on the standard of living of the population, access to employment and education, security and respect for human rights and freedoms. Particular attention is paid to how a balance can be maintained between the effectiveness of migration control and compliance with the principles of humanity, proportionality and non-discrimination. These principles are particularly important in the context of the digitalization of border control and the automation of decision-making processes. The article emphasizes the legal status of third-country nationals as subjects of international law with the right to social integration and the protection of fundamental rights. Modern technologies for border control are analyzed, including the automated ETIAS and EES systems. While these systems improve the accuracy of forecasting migration flows, they also call into question compliance with international standards, in particular the principles of non-discrimination and proportionality. The importance of transparent complaint mechanisms and codes of ethics for the use of algorithms in migration management is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to the social rights of migrants, their integration into the labor market and humane return procedures. The reform of the Single Work Permit Directive, which harmonizes national legislation with international employment standards, and proposals for a common return system that guarantees respect for human rights and prohibits collective expulsions are discussed. The practical significance of this article lies in the development of recommendations for improving EU migration policy, developing transparent and humane control and integration procedures that comply with international legal obligations and guarantee the protection of the rights and freedoms of each migrant.

In contemporary constitutional law, citizen participation in the administration of justice through jury and lay judge institutions is traditionally regarded as a form of implementing the principle of popular sovereignty in the judicial sphere. However, domestic constitutional law scholarship lacks a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of constitutional models for regulating jury trials, which complicates determining optimal pathways for developing this institution in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to clarify the features of constitutional regulation of the jury trial institution in foreign countries, identify the main models of such regulation, and determine the specifics of the Ukrainian constitutional model of popular participation in the administration of justice. The article systematizes three main approaches to the constitutional enshrinement of popular participation in justice: direct establishment of jury trials as an element of the judicial system with definition of its status and competence; formulation of a general principle of administering justice on behalf of the people without specifying institutional forms; absence of special constitutional provisions with delegation of regulation to ordinary legislation. Two main models of lay judge participation are identified: the classical Anglo-American model with clear separation of functions between jurors and professional judges, and the continental model of a unified panel of professional judges and lay assessors. It is established that states of the Anglo-American legal tradition constitutionally guarantee jury participation in both criminal and civil cases, while European and post-Soviet countries limit their jurisdiction primarily to criminal cases. An analysis of constitutional provisions on jury trials in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Hungary, Austria, and post-Soviet states is conducted. It is concluded that Ukraine occupies an intermediate position in the system of global approaches, as the Constitution does not limit jury jurisdiction to criminal cases only, creating potential for introducing their participation in civil proceedings. Constitutional enshrinement provides the jury institution with enhanced legal protection and links it to the fundamental principles of popular sovereignty and democratic organization of state power.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the trends in the development of Ukrainian agrarian legislation during 2024 to clarify the features of the implementation of the principle of its greening, considering the need to adapt national legislation to the EU acquis under martial law. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the research, such methods of scientific knowledge were used: comparative-legal, systemic-structural, analysis and synthesis, historical method. The study found that during 2024, several changes were made to the agrarian legislation of Ukraine aimed at reducing the negative impact of agricultural activity on the environment. The negative impact of agricultural production on the environment is also recognized as one of the key problems of today in several legal acts of a programmatic nature, which were approved by the orders of the Government of Ukraine in 2024. One of the areas of updating the agrarian legislation to reduce the negative impact of agricultural activity on natural resources in 2024 was the improvement of economic and legal mechanisms for the protection and rational use of land as the main national wealth of Ukraine. During the research, it was found that certain legislative amendments to the agrarian legislation reduce environmental requirements in the field of agricultural production, which is due to martial law and the need to ensure the production of agricultural raw materials for Ukrainian industry in conditions of hostilities. The results of the study can be used in the scientific and research sphere – for further development of problems of implementing the principle of greening the agrarian legislation of Ukraine, as well as in normative work - in the preparation of draft regulatory acts aimed at improving the legislative regulation of minimizing the negative impact of agricultural activity on the environment in Ukraine.

The present article examines the manner in which local self-government functions as a constitutional resilience mechanism in Ukraine during periods of martial law. The study focuses on the operation of decentralisation, fiscal autonomy and local public finance under conditions of extreme security pressure, and on the influence of these factors on the protection of human rights and the maintenance of social stability at the hromadas level. The analysis seeks to comprehend the interplay between constitutional precepts, institutional frameworks, and emergency legislation with local economic capacities during periods of large-scale warfare. The research employs doctrinal legal analysis, qualitative case studies, constitutional texts and Ukrainian public finance data. The text goes on to consider wartime changes in local budget policy, the emergency redistribution of funds, and the role of subnational authorities in ensuring the continuity of services, particularly with regard to the social rights of vulnerable groups. Prior to 2022, decentralisation had substantially strengthened hromadas, with concomitant improvements in accountability and participation. However, the introduction of martial law created hard constraints, generating tension between centralised wartime governance and local autonomy. Nevertheless, many local self-government bodies demonstrated a strong capacity for adaptation, particularly with regard to maintaining social services, humanitarian supply chains and emergency local development solutions. These findings highlight the need to update constitutional and budget legislation to reflect wartime realities and future reconstruction scenarios. Securing stable local revenue streams, integrating European municipal standards and embedding decentralisation as a constitutional principle of resilience should be given strategic priority. By demonstrating how local self-governance can continue to protect rights under existential threat, this article makes a contribution to comparative constitutional law. It provides insights that are relevant to Ukraine’s post-war constitutional settlement and EU integration trajectory.

Ukraine's European integration has gained unprecedented intensity after 2014 and especially in the context of a full-scale war, when the process of gaining EU membership is combined with large-scale constitutional and municipal reforms. Economic and legal cooperation with EU member states is not only a tool of financial and technical support, but also a factor in the transformation of the Ukrainian legal system, its approximation to European standards of democracy, the rule of law and multi-level governance. Strengthening municipalism and modernization of the constitutional principles of public administration are key prerequisites for sustainable development and effective recovery of Ukraine. The relevance of the study is due to the need for scientific understanding of the mechanisms for integrating economic and legal cooperation into the system of constitutional construction and local self-government, as well as developing recommendations for the effective implementation of European practices in Ukrainian conditions. The purpose of the study is to analyze the features and directions of economic and legal cooperation of the EU member states in the field of development of modern Ukrainian constitutionalism and municipalism, to determine the impact of European practices and norms on the transformation of the constitutional system of Ukraine and the improvement of local self-government, and to outline the prospects for further integration of Ukraine into the legal and economic field of the EU to ensure the sustainable development of democratic institutions and regional development. The research methodology consists of such methods as the comparative method, the case analysis method, the empirical method, the historical and legal method, and the systemic method. As a result of the study, an analysis of economic and legal cooperation of the EU member states in the field of development of modern Ukrainian constitutionalism and municipalism was conducted. Based on official EU regulatory acts, in particular Regulation (EU) 2024/792 on the Ukraine Facility, as well as international agreements on partnership, cooperation and association with the EU ratified by Ukraine, key legal instruments of integration are considered. Special attention is paid to the role of the EU in supporting local government reforms and regional development, the implementation of the principles of multi-level governance and financial decentralization. It is established that economic and legal cooperation between Ukraine and the EU is a mutually reinforcing factor both for the constitutional development of the state and for the integration of European standards of municipalism into the Ukrainian legal system. The study confirms that in war conditions, Ukraine's European integration course acquires an additional dimension, combining the tasks of legal adaptation with the restoration of economic capacity and increasing institutional stability. The studied scientific publications and analytical reports emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach, which includes the harmonization of legislation, the implementation of European norms in the field of public administration and the use of EU financial and technical assistance instruments. The generalization of the results obtained allows us to conclude that the effective economic and legal partnership of Ukraine with the EU member states is both an integration tool and an important condition for the sustainable development of modern Ukrainian constitutionalism and municipalism, contributing to the strengthening of democratic institutions, transparency of governance, and increasing the well-being of communities.

The article identifies the basic components of the interaction of the LSEU (LSEU) with inter-national law (further – IL), examines its specific legal structure and mechanisms of function-ing. The aim of the article is to thoroughly study the format challenges and outline the pro-spects for harmonization and further interaction between the LSEU and the IL. To achieve this goal, the comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to analyze the com-mon and distinctive features of the norms of LSEU and IL, as well as to assess their role in overcoming legal contradictions. The formal legal approach ensured the systematization of legal principles, terminology and sources of law, as a result of which LSEU was recognized as an autonomous supranational system with its own hierarchy of norms. The system-structural method helped to identify the internal coherence of the LSEU, its connections with interna-tional norms and the practice of judicial application of law. It is established that the European legal system, formed under the influence of international and national law, has a unique archi-tecture, which is manifested in its ability to adapt and transform international norms through mechanisms of unification and parallel harmonization. The practice of the Court of Justice of the EU shows that LSEU often takes precedence over international obligations, which causes jurisdictional conflicts, especially in such sensitive areas as human rights and foreign economic activity. The need for a clearer definition of the boundaries of competences between LSEU and IL is proven, in particular in the context of the issue of the Union's accession to the ECHR. At the same time, promising directions for the formation of new coordination mecha-nisms that would take into account both the autonomy of the LSEU and generally accepted principles of IL are identified. Further scientific research could be aimed at developing practi-cal recommendations for the effective harmonization of LSEU provisions with international treaties, in particular by revising their terms and legal justifications, which would ensure a more stable and fair functioning of both legal systems in a continuous global legal space.

Introduction. The article explores the transformation of approaches to regulating issues related to pre-election campaigning within EU legislation, particularly in the context of the accumulation of political content on online platforms. Special attention is given to the principles of the “co-regulation” concept, which envisions cooperation between states and stakeholders – primarily corporations that own and operate such digital resources. Summary of the main results of the study. An analysis of European experience and leading practices in the field of regulating pre-election campaigning in the modern media environment, combined with data on content consumption structures in Ukraine, enabled the identification of key sectoral-level challenges, including: 1) inadequate transparency in political advertising disseminated via online platforms; 2) lack of effective mechanisms for monitoring the activities of electoral process participants during online campaigning; 3) misuse risks for personal data collected through algorithmic systems; 4) corporate monopoly over the regulation of public relations involving the placement of political and campaign-related content on digital platforms. The study places particular emphasis on the search for a balanced consensus between state and corporate regulation of these relationships, and on the prospects for establishing an effective system of “co-regulation.” Conclusion. The paper substantiates the directions for improving national electoral legislation in the context of emerging challenges linked to the digitalization of election campaigns. It also proposes a model for cooperation between the state and private legal entities aimed at balancing spheres of influence and aligning internal rules governing campaigning activities on online platforms with Ukrainian legal standards.