Vetenskap I Skolan

PupilHeart is a novel approach that makes use of cameras on mobile devices to investigate minute changes in pupillary size for the purpose of determining Heart Rate Variability (HRV). This paper presents their findings. Without the use of conventional wearable sensors or medical equipment, the research seeks to understand how the autonomic nervous system-influenced, minute changes in pupil width might reveal cardiovascular activity and measure heart rate variability. With the use of image processing and signal analysis techniques, the gadget can detect even the most minute changes in the pupil and translate them into physiological data associated with heart rate patterns. It all starts with the camera on a smartphone. This method offers an affordable, non-invasive, and contactless way to track heart health in real-time. The suggested architecture emphasizes the potential of pupillary analysis on mobile devices as a simple, accessible tool for online medical applications, stress evaluation, and health tracking.

Email and message filtering systems perform better and are more dependable when supervised learning techniques are applied. This study examines an effective method for identifying spam. Because so many people communicate online, spam is a major issue for both businesses and individuals. However, traditional filtering techniques may not always be sufficient to identify emerging trends in trash. In order to distinguish between spam and legitimate messages, supervised machine learning techniques such Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, and Random Forest are employed in this work. We utilize a marked-up sample to train the models and identify key elements in the text. Preprocessing techniques that improve the model's performance include tokenization, stop-word removal, and feature extraction. Many classifiers are evaluated based on their F1-score, accuracy, precision, and recall using the recommended method. To determine the most effective technique for identifying spam, a comparison study is conducted. Supervised learning techniques significantly improve detection accuracy and reduce false positives, according to empirical evidence. Regular training can teach the algorithm to identify new types of spam.

An innovative and straightforward approach to managing home automation via an interactive interface is to employ the Internet of Things (IoT) with a touchscreen. This system allows customers to monitor and control their lights, fans, security systems, and other electrical devices in real time with an integrated touch screen panel and IoT-enabled devices. The technology facilitates remote access using smartphones or tablets by connecting to local networks or cloud platforms. It conserves electricity and enhances convenience consequently. Sensors and microcontrollers, including Arduino and Raspberry Pi, are commonly employed to automate processes based on human input or environmental alterations. The touch screen interface, by its straightforward graphical design, streamlines control and obviates the necessity for multiple complex manual switches. This technology enhances the comfort, safety, and energy efficiency of residences, making it an essential element of modern smart homes.

An AI-based machine learning method is used in this study to find cybersecurity holes in financial institutions. Because they handle a lot of personal data and do most of their business online, financial institutions are particularly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Most of the time, complex, dynamic threats are not detected in real time by typical security processes. This is how threat detection and mitigation could be significantly aided by AI and ML. Large data sets can be analyzed by machine learning systems to find patterns and possibly suspicious activity that suggests an attack is in progress. By putting the suggested approach into practice, financial institutions may monitor network traffic, detect suspicious activity, and prevent fraud more effectively. When compared to previous approaches, it also increases threat recognition speed and accuracy. The use of different machine learning algorithms can be quite beneficial for security systems. The capacity to identify and categorize unusual patterns is one such method. As the system gains knowledge from fresh data, it becomes more adept at identifying possible threats. The goal of this research is to find a responsible and reliable way to safeguard the banking system. By using AI-powered security solutions, financial institutions may improve their safety management and lower risks. The study highlights how crucial it is to use cutting-edge technologies to protect personal financial information.

This study explores the application of circular economy (CE) principles among women entrepreneurs in Serbia. Using survey data from 35 women-owned enterprises collected in 2024, the research analysed awareness, adoption patterns, and key drivers of CE implementation through Spearman’s rho correlation and descriptive statistics (IBM SPSS v29). Findings reveal high awareness of CE principles but modest practical adoption, mainly in waste reduction, reuse, and renewable material use. No significant link was found between enterprise size and CE adoption, suggesting that firm size does not determine circular engagement. Managerial mindset, environmental commitment, and consumer expectations emerged as the strongest motivators, while limited technical knowledge and financing remain major barriers. The study contributes to understanding gendered entrepreneurship in sustainability contexts and calls for targeted CE training, access to green financing, and stronger institutional support to advance women’s participation in the circular transition.

Abstract This article discusses the potential for modifying the existing transport and circulation structure of the centre of Wrocław in order to create new social spaces and a coherent and continuous public space layout. This research is based on an analysis of the functional and spatial structure of downtown Wrocław, circulation accessibility, an analysis of planning documents, and additional studies on so-called standards. Contemporary directions and trends in urban space design were also analysed, both in the literature and in completed examples of transport space remodels. Proposals for functional models that could be applied in Wrocław’s centre were developed and their implementation was undertaken, in particular on Szewska Street.

Dok je posvojenje poseban oblik obiteljsko-pravnoga zbrinjavanja i zaštite djeteta, udomiteljstvo se smatra prvim i najboljim privremenim oblikom skrbi. Normativna osnova važna je za uspješnu provedbu zahtjeva za udomljavanjem i posvojenjem. Odgojitelji i učitelji trebaju k tomu biti educirani o načinima uključivanja u udomljavanje i posvojenje te o svojim pravima vezanima uz promociju tih procesa. Cilj kvalitativnoga istraživanja u ovom radu jest ispitati stanje u izvedbenim planovima nastave (syllabusima) kolegija odgojiteljskih i učiteljskih studija koji su povezani s udomljavanjem i posvojenjem djece i učenika (N = 887) te ispitati postoji li normativni okvir / normativna osnova (N = 7 dokumenata) koji/a bi upućivao/la na potrebne profesionalne kompetencije odgojitelja i učitelja u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu s djecom izuzetom iz obitelji u kojoj su rođeni. U radu se analiziraju procesi udomljavanja i posvojenja djece uz uvid u prava i obveze korisnika, udomitelja i posvojitelja, ali i prava i obveze odgojitelja i učitelja u tim procesima. Problem ovoga rada jesu nedostatno determinirane profesionalne kompetencije odgojitelja i učitelja u normativnom okviru iz odgoja i obrazovanja. Na temelju istraživanja u ovom radu preporuke su da treba buduće odgojitelje i učitelje pripremiti za rad s posvojenom i udomljenom djecom i njihovim obiteljima, zatim da treba donijeti konkretne smjernice za odgojitelje u ranom i predškolskom odgoju i obrazovanju te za učitelje u osnovnim školama u kojima bi se opisale njihove zadaće i uloga, ali i pripremiti program stjecanja kompetencija i suradnje odgojitelja i učitelja u slučajevima udomljavanja i posvojenja radi dobrobiti udomiteljskih i posvojiteljskih obitelji i dobrobiti djece i učenika.

The four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), types 1 to 4 (DENV-1 to DENV-4), exhibit approximately 60% identity in the encoded amino acid residues of viral proteins. Reverse transcription of RNA extracted from patient serum specimens followed by PCR amplification with serotype-specific probes is the current standard technique for DENV serotyping. However, this method is time- and cost-consuming, and rapid detection systems with low cost are desirable. Previously, we developed a prototype serotype-specific immunochromatography system. That system was composed of four strips with four corresponding distinct sample buffers, each specifically detecting a single DENV serotype. In the present study, we improved this system by combining pairs of strips into one lateral-flow cassette each, providing DENV-1 and DENV-2 detection in one device and DENV-3 and DENV-4 detection in a second device; this strategy successfully reduced the required sample volume. Furthermore, we were able to adjust the composition of the sample buffers such that a single sample buffer sufficed for all four DENV serotype detection reactions, allowing much easier handling of the devices. Evaluation of this new device against laboratory and clinical DENV isolates and clinical specimens from DENV-infected individuals showed sensitivity that was comparable to that of our previous version, yielding serotype specificity of 100%. These new devices are expected to be of use in the clinical setting, accelerating both prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies.

Switzerland's decentralised healthcare system delegates responsibility for paediatric hospital infrastructure to individual cantons. To date, official statistics on the number and types of paediatric hospital beds are lacking. This study sought to fill this gap by collecting and analysing data from all paediatric hospitals in Switzerland. A nationwide cross-sectional e-mail survey was conducted in January 2023. Data on both structurally available and operated beds were collected and descriptively analysed. The survey identified a total of 1751 beds in 29 paediatric hospitals or departments, of which 85% were operated. Of the total beds, 112 were paediatric intensive care unit beds (80% operated) and 339 were neonatology beds (86% operated). Significant regional disparities in bed availability were identified: the Lake Geneva region has the highest bed-to-child ratios, while Central Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland and Ticino show notably lower ratios. These findings highlight the current distribution of paediatric beds, the considerable proportion of non-operated beds, and the importance of continued, comprehensive data collection to inform healthcare planning.