Vistula University

This paper aims to determine whether the regional distribution of corporate bond issuance in Poland is driven by spatial interdependence or by local economic fundamentals. Using a comprehensive dataset of outstanding corporate bonds for year-end 2024 across 73 NUTS-3 regions, the study employs Moran’s I statistics and regression models including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Spatial Lag of X (SLX). Results reveal an extreme issuance concentration in the Warsaw region, accounting for 62% of the total. However, no significant spatial autocorrelation was detected, with neither Moran’s I nor the SLX specification yielding significant evidence of spatial dependence. The strongest determinants of issuance activity were regional wealth (GDP per capita) and innovation capacity (number of filed inventions). By contrast, population density, the number of registered firms, and distance from Warsaw were statistically insignificant. ...

W Uzbekistanie obok przemian politycznych zachodzą dwa istotne procesy w przestrzeni medialnej. Pierwszy, jakim jest stopniowe ograniczanie prasy drukowanej na korzyść wydań internetowych, dotyczy mediów na całym świecie. W Uzbekistanie bowiem, tak jak w innych krajach, szybko rośnie liczba użytkowników internetu i mediów społecznościowych. Drugim procesem jest stopniowe przechodzenie języka uzbeckiego z cyrylicy na alfabet łaciński, co jest skutkiem decyzji politycznych władz państwowych. Równolegle ukazują się publikacje w języku rosyjskim, którym posługuje się jedna z mniejszości narodowych. Etniczni Rosjanie są tam co prawda nieliczni, ale długotrwała rusyfikacja spowodowała, że językiem rosyjskim posługuje się na co dzień także wielu Uzbeków.

The research about processor development was made to analyze the reasons of transition from increasing clock speed (gigahertz) to multi-threaded architecture. Main goal is to find out how the technological limits which is related to energy consumption, heat dispersion and CMOS upscaling principles, affected the CPU progression model.Key results: Assumed, that the yearly average productivity rate in single threaded mode was 11.2 percent, and in multi-threaded it was 25.2 percent. The performance parity between multi core and single core processors increased from 2.1 multiplication in 2007 to 19.6 multiplication in 2025. The major technological reasons are being limited in 3.8-4.0 gigahertz clock speed, exponential rise in power consumption, and the impossibility of further size reduction made multi core technology the only was forward for scaling.Conclusions: The trend towards multi thread processors is due to the fundamental limitations of silicon technology. The trend towards multi thread processors is due to the fundamental limitations of silicon technology. Multi-threaded processors give a significant improvement in computing capacity while keeping energy consumption in a reasonable level and accepting the requirements of modern applications. This tendency is predicted to continue into the 2030s.

Florence is the birthplace of politics as an academic discipline; Niccolo Machiavelli published his Prince there in 1532, which has had a considerable impact on the development of our discipline. However, the suggestion that Aberystwyth is the birthplace of international relations is hardly convincing, for it is where E. H. Carr worked on The Twenty Years' Crisis: 1919–1939, which undermined the idealism of our discipline. This chapter asserts that the Big Bang that defined our most noble aims occurred much earlier, in Königsberg in 1795, thanks to Immanuel Kant, who expanded our scientific horizons with the belief that we should pursue enduring peace among nations. This was not a naïve assumption that economic incentives liberate social reality from warmongers but rather a clever project of republican values discouraging humanity from waging wars. Nonetheless, some overlook the pragmatic essence of the Kantian project.

Fernand Deligny’s experiments with film in the context of social work and therapeutic communities since the 1950s are part of what Marlon Miguel calls ‘semi hidden histories’, whose study is broadening the landscape of film theory and film education. Located at the margins of institutional forms of teaching and care, the ‘tentatives’ organised by Deligny involved a participatory use of the camera, the idea of film and film-making as an egalitarian and heterotopian space, and rested on the formation of radically inclusive communities. This article focuses on the proximity Deligny saw between cinema and that ‘common body’, made of contingent events and impersonal gestures, which for him constituted the common ground of the human. Inspired by the principles of éducation nouvelle, by his life with non-speaking autistic children, and taking shape through a collaboration with Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Deligny’s work placed itself within an alternative vision of education, beyond the pedagogical model later criticised by Jacques Rancière, which understands it not as a series of techniques for the transmission of knowledge, but rather as a fundamental dimension of collective life.

Abstract Exploring the relationship between international oil prices, income, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Saudi Arabia, this study examines if renewable energy consumption plays a lowering tool in international oil prices' impact on CO2 emissions, employing conventional econometric methods and the functional coefficient approach. The study reveals that the interaction between renewable energy consumption and international oil prices has a negative and statistically significant impact on CO2 emissions. This emphasizes the potential for Saudi Arabia to reduce carbon emissions by prioritizing renewable energy projects. In addition, a positive and statistically significant relationship between income and CO2 emissions is found, emphasizing the need to decouple economic growth from emissions growth. Furthermore, an interesting decoupling effect between oil price elasticity of CO2 emissions and per capita GDP is noted from the early 2000s–2015. This indicates that economic growth driven by rising oil prices can be managed to mitigate environmental impact, showcasing Saudi Arabia's commitment to sustainable development. Policy recommendations involve intensifying efforts to promote renewable energy implementation, lowering fossil fuel dependence in power generation, and incentivizing emissions reduction for a more sustainable energy future.

Purpose: This article analyses Poland's fiscal policy from 2019 to 2023, focusing on the domestic adjustments and challenges it faced due to internal and external economic conditions.Design/Methodology/Approach: The research employs an analytical approach predicated on macroeconomic data from 2019 to 2023.To ascertain trends and outcomes, Poland's fiscal policies, budget expenditures, and public financial sector deficits were thoroughly examined. Findings:The findings indicate a significant rise in the public financial sector deficit, primarily due to increased budgetary expenditures.This situation led to the initiation of the Excessive Deficit Procedure by the European Union, which was lifted in mid-2015.Despite the conservative monetary policy of the National Bank of Poland, fiscal policy took precedence.Ambitious social programs necessitated reforms and potential tax increases, highlighting the need to overhaul the outdated tax system.Practical Implications: The study's findings can provide policymakers with crucial information regarding the fiscal reforms and adjustments necessary to preserve financial equilibrium and decrease dependence on foreign savings.Originality/Value: The article contributes to the understanding of Poland's fiscal policy adjustments in response to both internal and external economic challenges, emphasizing the importance of coordinated fiscal and monetary policies.

Prezentowany artykuł dotyczy wyzwań związanych z przyciąganiem i utrzymywaniem zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich (ZIB) w czasach transformacji cyfrowej. Zagraniczne inwestycje bezpośrednie mają kluczowe znaczenie dla gospodarek po transformacji, dla których ZIB okazały się krytyczne w procesach dochodzenia do gospodarki rynkowej. W prezentowanych badaniach przyjęto perspektywę gospodarki przyjmującej – (po)transformacyjnych krajów V4. Badania koncentrują się na antecedencjach atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej lokalizacji w erze Przemysłu 4.0 oraz czynnikach determinujących atrakcyjność miejsc w czasach transformacji cyfrowej. Niniejszy artykuł opiera się na krytycznym przeglądzie literatury i wynikach pogłębionych wywiadów eksperckich. Autorzy przedstawiają trzy propozycje badawcze, które określają konieczność zapewnienia zdolności absorpcyjnych, zakorzenienia i modernizacji; niesłabnące znaczenie interwencji państwa i zachęt, rosnącą obecność nowych regulacji i pojawienie się cyfrowego ekosystemu w kraju przyjmującym. Badanie wskazuje, że w dziedzinie Przemysłu 4.0 firmy inwestujące za granicą muszą szukać lokalizacji obfitujących w wiedzę.