Vologda State Milk Academy named after NV Vereshchagina

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of production costs and profitability from economic activities at the training and production site of JSC Babaevsky Lespromkhoz. The results show a high share of depreciation in the cost structure and identify key factors affecting the cost of various types of farming. The overall profitability of production is confirmed by the calculation of profitability, which indicates the economic efficiency of an intensive model of using forest resources, provided that costs are further optimized, primarily for the maintenance of fixed assets.

The paper examines the issue of excess surface moisture on seeds following pre-sowing moistening; which complicates mechanical sowing. Experimental and exploratory studies indicate that this excess moisture can be effectively removed when seeds contact a moisture-absorbing surface. (Research purpose) The study aims to provide an experimental and mathematical evaluation of the potential for removing excess surface moisture from seeds upon contact with a moisture-absorbing surface. (Material and methods) The pressing force of the caryopsis against the conveyor surface was simulated using a flat-tipped dynamometer with a force application increment of 2.5 newtons. The caryopsis was pressed against a felt fabric soaked with a dye solution. The mathematical modeling of the surface moisture removal process involved evaluating the potential for the caryopsis to roll across the surface. (Results and discussion) It was found that a randomly selected barley caryopsis with semi-axis dimensions of a = 0.001845 meters and b = 0.00146 meters in the cross-section does not achieve complete rolling but rotates by 58 degrees. At the same time; a minimum applied force of 2.5 newtons in the plane of the longitudinal section on a caryopsis with semi-axes a = 0.001845 meters and c = 0.00396 meters produces a pressing force of 0.11 newtons per square millimeter. Considering the depth of the caryopsis’s immersion in the moisture-absorbing surface and its 58-degree rotation; sufficient contact is established to remove excess surface moisture. However; in specific cases where one of the longitudinal section planes of the caryopsis has a shape approaching a diamond; the contact is incomplete. Increasing the pressing force to 0.19 newtons per square millimeter did not yield the desired effect; since the caryopsis; overcoming the resistance of the moisture-absorbing surface; made contact with the support plate. The solution was to increase the thickness of the moisture-absorbing surface to approximately half the thickness of the caryopsis. In this case; the largest contact area is ensured. (Conclusions) Experimental and mathematical evaluations established that excess surface moisture can be effectively removed from caryopses when they contact a moisture-absorbing surface with a thickness approximately half that of the caryopsis; under a pressing force of around 0.19 newtons per square millimeter.

The paper presents the results of studies on clonal micropropagation of female plants of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) at the stage of rooting microshoots in vitro. R. chamaemorus is an economically valuable forest berry plant in food and medicinal terms. Cloudberry cultivation in depleted peat deposits is promising. To obtain a large amount of planting material for plantation cultivation of forest berry plants, it is advisable to use the method of clonal micropropagation. It is necessary to improve the technology for growing R. chamaemorus in in vitro culture for forms of Northern Russian origin. The objects of study are plants of R. chamaemorus of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Karelian and Khanty-Mansiysk forms. At the stage of rooting of microshoots in vitro, the largest values of the number (3.7–6.0 pcs.) and total length (14.2–25.9 cm) of roots in female plants of R. chamaemorus were noted on the MS nutrient medium compared to options for diluting the mineral composition in 2 and 4 times. An increase in the concentration of IAA auxin in the nutrient medium from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l contributed to a 1.4–1.8 times increase in the number of roots of female R. chamaemorus plants in culture in vitro, as well as an increase in the Karelian form (1. 3 times) and a decrease in the Arkhangelsk and Khanty-Mansi forms (1.2–1.4 times) in the total length of roots.

The aim of research is to study the effect of the composition of the culture medium and the concentration of 2-isopentyl adenine on the in vitro shoot formation of cloudberry forms collected in the northern regions of the European part of Russia and Siberia. The objects of the study are cloudberry plants of the Leningradskaya and Kondinskaya forms, collected in natural places of the Vyborg District of the Leningrad Region and the Kondinsky District of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The studies were carried out in 2022–2024 using generally accepted methods of microclonal propagation of plants. The number, average length and total length of microshoots per one regenerated plant were recorded. The experiment was repeated 3 times, with 10 plants each. The maximum values of the number of microshoots of cloudberry (on average 3.3–3.7 pcs.), their average length (1.6–1.8 cm) and total length (5.5–7.0 cm) were noted when growing regenerated plants in vitro on the MC culture medium. On the MS ½ culture medium, the number, average length, and total length of cloudberry microshoots in vitro were, on average, 1.4, 1.2–1.6, and 2.1–2.3 times smaller, respectively, than on the MS medium; on the MS ¼ medium, they were 2.8, 1.6–2.6, and 4.6–6.4 times smaller. An increase in the concentration of cytokinin 2-iP from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l in the culture medium contributed to an increase in the number of cloudberry microshoots (on average, 1.3 times) in vitro culture and a decrease in their average length (2–3.2 times) and total length (2.8–3.1 times).

Introduction: The crystallization of lactose to separate it from the liquid fraction is a fundamental process in the production of an innovative product - partially delactosed demineralized whey. The technology of its production implies obtaining two valuable products, namely, milk sugar and the most partially delactosed demineralized whey, which has a composition close to the composition of milk and can be used by the enterprise for food purposes, which solves the problem of whey utilization at small and medium-sized milk processing enterprises (20 - 50 tons of whey per day). Most of the scientific works aimed at investigating the crystallization process of lactose rely on the traditional crystallization method. Purpose: Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the intensification of the process of crystallization of lactose from condensed NF concentrate of curd whey using cyclic temperature regimes to increase the yield of milk sugar. Materials and Methods: Тhe initial NF concentrate had a degree of demineralization (48±2)%, contained a mass fraction of solids (55±0.5)%, lactose – 79.6%, protein – 13.2%, ash – 3.7% and other 3.5% in terms of dry matter; the initial temperature was 68 ° C. The experimental sample was subjected to cyclic temperature treatment, which included three sixty-minute cooling to temperatures of 6-8 °C and two fifteen-minute heating to temperatures of 67 °C and 60 °C, respectively. In the control sample, crystallization was carried out in the traditional way. The total duration of the processes for the experimental and control samples was 3.5 hours. During the experiment, the temperature of crystallizate, dry matter content in the intercrystalline solution and crystallizate mass were determined by standardized methods. Analysis, differentiation method and mathematical modeling were used for theoretical study. Results: By analyzing the processes of heat transfer, evaporation and crystallization of lactose under cyclic temperature regime, with accompanying evaporation of moisture by air bubbling, mathematical dependencies between the amount of crystallized lactose, the percentage of solids in the intercrystalline liquid and physical and chemical parameters of crystallizate, which in turn depend on temperature, were obtained. The adequacy of analytical dependencies was confirmed experimentally. The results of analytical and experimental studies are presented in the form of graphical dependences of temperature and dry matter content in the intercrystalline solution on the time of the process at cyclic and traditional modes of lactose crystallization. As a result of experimental studies it is established that at cyclic temperature mode of crystallization the average crystal size increases 4 times and the percentage of crystallized lactose - 1.5 times in comparison with the control sample for which the traditional mode of crystallization was used. This effect is explained by the intensification of the crystallization process due to an increase in the concentration of dissolved lactose during moisture evaporation. Conclusion: The value of the presented results lies in the possibility of using a cyclic temperature regime of lactose crystallization to increase the percentage of crystallized lactose and the average crystal size. The proposed crystallization regime makes it possible to effectively separate crystallized lactose and simultaneously obtain concentrated partially delactosed demineralized whey. This solves the problem of whey utilization for food purposes at small and medium-sized milk processing enterprises. The most expedient directions of further research are optimization of temperature regimes of cyclic crystallization process, duration of cycles and search of ways of intensification of this process. The obtained analytical dependences allow to reduce the number of labor-intensive and lengthy experimental studies necessary for the optimization of the process.

Functional dairy products fortified with zinc lactate and zinc citrate can eliminate nutritional deficiencies in human diet. This research featured buttermilk obtained as a by-product of sweet butter. It was combined with skimmed milk powder to provide 5% protein mass fraction. Salts were added separately, from 15% recommended intake to 100% permissible daily consumption. The resulting experimental samples underwent pasteurization at (87 ± 2) °C without exposure. Both salts proved highly soluble in buttermilk. Zinc citrate tended to reduce the active acidity of the samples whereas zinc lactate caused a significant pH decrease, starting with 0.013 g per 100 g buttermilk, which corresponded to 30% recommended daily zinc intake. Both salts raised the titrated acidity, but as their acid residues had different properties, this variable was 37-42 °T in the samples with zinc lactate and 35 °T in the samples with zinc citrate. The active acidity remained almost the same as titrated acidity grew, which means that the protein component in the skimmed milk powder increased the buffer capacity of the systems. However, neither zinc lactate nor zinc citrate affected the sensory properties of the experimental products.

Data from coagulograms of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), North African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), and common scaly carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), obtained by clotting methods at plasma incubation temperatures of 43, 40, 37, 24, 28, and 18°C, are analyzed. It is revealed that the internal pathway predominates in the activation of blood coagulation in catfish and carp, while rainbow trout was dominant among all the studied fish species with respect to the number of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes. Hypo- and hypercoagulable states have been established in the plasma hemostasis of the studied fish species in vitro at both low and high temperatures of the reaction medium. Fibrinogen and antithrombin III are thermolabile at temperatures other than 37°C. Correlation and regression analysis has shown that the prothrombin time (PT) is most closely related to changes in temperature in carp and the activity of fibrinogen and antithrombin III in catfish. The 50% change in PT can be explained by the influence of the temperature factor and the fibrinogen and antithrombin III activity by 77% and 52%, respectively. The revealed patterns may become a basis for determining the limits of thermal fish adaptation and developing heat stress biomarkers.

The purpose of the research is isolation, identification, and analysis of ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variant) types of Cryptosporidia spp. in pigs in the Vologda Region of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The research has been conducted in the Russian Federation for the first time. The research was conducted on pig farms in the Vologda Region of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation from January to October 2023. Feces were taken from piglets of various age groups, as well as milking sows. The samples were studied using the equipment of the resource center “Genomic Technologies, Proteomics and Cell Biology” of ARRIAM. Species of the genus Cryptosporidia were identified in fecal samples using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries as obtained from nested PCR followed by “denoising”, sequence combining, and restoring the original phylotypes (ASV, (Amplicon Sequence Variant)).Results and discussion. Cryptosporidia spp. species were identified in each age group studied. As a result of high-throughput sequencing of the libraries using the Illumina technology, 20 to 100 thousand nucleotide sequences (reads) were obtained for each sample after processing of which a total of 2,372 ASVs were identified. The analysis of the ASV taxonomic affiliation performed with phylogenetic analysis supplemented by an analysis using the blastn algorithm in the GenBank database showed that, in total, 10 ASVs were only present in all studied samples that had high similarity to sequences deposited in the GenBank as 18S rRNA gene fragments of Cryptosporidium scrofarum. Eight ASV types were unique and did not repeat from farm to farm. Probably, these sequences belong to local populations of C. scrofarum subspecies. Of interest is the discovery of a unique Cryptosporidium sequence of ASV8 type which is only 91.47% similar to the closest relative of the genus, which may indicate a rather distant taxonomic relationship. This type of nucleotide sequence can be further described as a new species. All identified unique ASV nucleotide sequences were deposited in GenBank.