Xianyang Normal University

The concept of “workshop” is widely used in studies of ancient craft production, yet it often relies on rigid, culturally specific criteria that are ill-suited to mobile pastoral contexts, where conventional traces of organized manufacturing activity are seldom preserved. In Northern China, interpretations have been further shaped by a perceived divide between pastoralist and agricultural communities—the former assumed to rely on domestic production and the latter linked to more complex workshop-based systems. Functional, zooarchaeological, and workflow analyses of temporally and spatially contextualized worked bones from Building IIIF1 at the Iron Age pastoral campsite of Shirenzigou, in the Eastern Tianshan, provide compelling evidence for a specialized production space associated with pastoral strategies. Beyond evidence of bone working, the combination of diverse production-related items and deposits, the structure’s unusually large size, and the absence of domestic features together suggest that IIIF1 functioned as a collective multi-craft facility, likely emerging in response to increasing regional socio-political complexity during the first millennium BCE. These findings prompt a reconsideration of the concept and defining attributes of workshops and highlight the need for more flexible models that can account for the variability of pastoralist societies.

ABSTRACT Previous studies have extensively documented the yield‐enhancing effects of climate‐smart agricultural practices (CSAPs). However, empirical evidence on how CSAPs adoption affects commercialization remains largely unexplored. This study examines the impact of adopting CSAPs on smallholder maize commercialization, as measured by commercialization intensity and income. We also investigate the mechanisms through which CSAPs adoption affects these commercialization outcomes. We utilize survey data from 601 smallholder maize farmers across three major maize‐producing districts in Ethiopia. We employ an endogenous switching regression model to correct selection bias from both observed and unobserved heterogeneity, complemented by structural equation modeling to examine mediation pathways. Our empirical results show that the adoption of CSAPs is significantly associated with education level, family size, livestock holding, membership in farmer‐based organizations, access to market information, CSAPs‐focused trainings, proximity to extension services, and distance to the nearest market. Central to our findings, the analysis demonstrates that CSAPs adoption significantly enhances commercialization intensity by 60.79% and crop income by 19.33% per hectare. Robustness checks using propensity score matching and inverse probability weighted regression adjustment models consistently validate these results. Heterogeneity analysis shows significant variation in the treatment effects across study districts. Mediation analysis indicates that 27.6% of the total effect on commercialization intensity and 46.5% of the effect on maize income operate through the combined pathway of yield improvement and post‐harvest loss reduction. Our findings strongly suggest that policies aimed at enhancing smallholder commercialization should prioritize the adoption of CSAPs among smallholder farmers.

Chiral stereochemistry modulates the crystal packing to rationally regulate the photophysical properties of nonconventional luminophores.

With the increasing focus on sustainable development in the world, green sports policies have become a key factor in promoting environmental management and circular economies in high-impact events. This article critically assesses the role of this type of policies in the performance of waste management of the Chinese sports activities during 2015-2024 based on the extensive data sample of 1,600 observations of different event types (e. g., Olympics, National Games) and cities. This study utilizes a multi-method framework, such as descriptive statistics, Pearson, OLS regression, K-Means clustering and Difference-in-Differences (DiD) modeling, to identify direct policy impacts and contextual influences, such as infrastructure and temporality. The key distinguishing feature of the work in the novel delivery is the massive econometric integration with spatial-temporal analysis, which is the first quantitative characterization of the policy-outcome relationships in the Chinese sports green sector. In contrast to previous qualitative or single cases studies, it measures non-linear relationships by using clustering to measure performance typologies and variability metrics to measure convergence trends, providing replicable information on implementation variances. Findings indicate a strong baseline recycling level of about 84, which underlines the sustainability status quo, but OLS models have low explanatory potential (R2=0.008), indicating complex interplay between infrastructure and behaviour. The estimates of DiD confirm a small effect of 3-5% increase in recycling after the implementation of policies in 2018 with the elitist cities (Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu) outperforming the mid-tier areas through hightech logistics. In spite of transitional frictions, waste diversion has been institutionalized in policies but the gains depend on local innovations. Such findings will provide policy-makers with evidence-based solutions like digital supervision and scalable event-plans to achieve greater efficiency, which meets the national ecological civilization and Dual Carbon goals of efficient green sports governance.

This study draws on panel data from 31 Chinese provinces for the period 2005–2022. Using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method combined with a coupling coordination framework, it analyzes the spatial and temporal dynamics as well as regional disparities in the interaction between environmental regulation and high-quality economic development. The findings reveal that: (1) the intensity of environmental regulation at the national level exhibits an “inverted-N-shaped” trajectory, shifting from an “Eastern-led” to a “Multi-pole Collaboration” pattern; (2) high-quality economic development has grown steadily nationwide, yet notable regional imbalances persist, characterized by a spatial configuration of “strong in the East, improving in the Central region, and weak in the West”; (3) the coordination level between the two systems has shown an upward trend overall; (4) the digital economy, infrastructure development, and market vitality serve as key driving forces behind coupling coordination, while the nonlinear interactions between fiscal expenditure and other factors underscore the multiplicative effects of policy synergy and technology diffusion. this work deepens the theoretical understanding of the relationship between environmental regulation and high-quality development, while also supplying empirical findings and policy guidance to foster regional green transformation.

To address the problem of insufficient user fairness in multi-user multiple-input single-output visible light communication systems, this paper proposes a joint design scheme of intelligent reflecting surface configuration and precoding to maximize the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio among users. To tackle the constructed non-convex optimization problem, this paper proposes an alternating optimization algorithm, which alternately fixes the intelligent reflecting surface configuration matrix and the precoding matrix, decomposes the original problem into subproblems that can be transformed into convex forms for efficient solution, and iteratively solves them using the bisection search and relaxation–quantization methods. Simulation results show that, compared with the minimum mean square error and zero-forcing precoding schemes based on distance greedy matching, the proposed method improves the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of users by 12 and 16 percent. Furthermore, when user locations are fixed, the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio under the optimal deployment position of the intelligent reflecting surface increases by 8 percent compared with the random user distribution scenario.