Xinyang Normal University

This paper investigates the strong convergence of jump-diffusion processes with Markovian switching using the truncated Euler–Maruyama (TEM) method. Under the assumption that the drift and diffusion coefficients satisfy a Khasminskii-type condition and the jump coefficient meets a linear growth condition, we derive the convergence rate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the TEM method effectively preserves both the mean square stability and the asymptotic boundedness of the underlying jump-diffusion process. A case study involving music signals is provided to illustrate the theoretical findings.

IntroductionAccurate estimation of individual tree aboveground biomass (AGB) is essential for tree species selection, carbon accounting, and precision forestry. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) LiDAR provides rapid access to detailed tree structural information, offering a promising tool for high-frequency biomass assessment.MethodsIn this study, a nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) model integrating UAV LiDAR and field measurements was developed to quantify the influence of genetic heterogeneity and environmental factors on AGB estimation of Catalpa bungei. Data from 2,941 trees across 79 genotypes were collected in Henan Province, including LiDAR-derived tree height (LH), LiDAR-derived crown diameter (LCD), and AGB. By incorporating genotype as a random effect and planting density as a dummy variable, the NLME model significantly outperformed traditional dummy-variable models.ResultsGenotype effects explained significant AGB variation, achieving high accuracy (R²=0.7916, RMSE = 3.7095) and reducing TRE by 23.29% compared to the basic power function model. Leave-one-genotype-out cross-validation confirmed robustness. Calibration with the four largest trees yielded the best performance (TRE = 13.09%), while a simplified scheme using only two trees per genotype maintained high accuracy (TRE = 13.24%), markedly reducing field effort.DiscussionThese results highlight the superiority of NLME AGB models over linear approaches and demonstrate that accounting for genotype effects is critical for reliable biomass estimation. The proposed framework provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for biomass monitoring, tree breeding, carbon sink assessment, and precision forestry.

Oil camellia in the Theaceae family refers to a group of economically important woody oil-bearing species native to China. These plants are highly susceptible to low-temperature stress during flowering in late autumn and winter, resulting in extensive abscission of floral buds and fruits and significant yield losses. Understanding the transcriptional regulation of cold resilience in oil camellia is therefore crucial for enhancing their cold tolerance, expanding cultivation into northern China, and ensuring the supply of high-quality edible oil. Here, we critically reviewed the key findings from multi-omics analyses on cold response and cold acclimation in oil camellia, with particular emphasis on the key cold responsive genes (e.g., ICE , CBF , WRKY ). We compared the tissue-specific cold stress responses in leaves and floral buds between wild populations and cultivated varieties, and proposed an integrated cold tolerance model, in which the ICE-CBF-COR pathway and WRKY-regulated sugar metabolism are pivotal to cold tolerance in oil camellia. Finally, we discussed critical challenges and research gaps in cold responses studies in oil camellia. This knowledge will facilitate the in-depth understanding of oil camellia’s low-temperature resilience and thereby support the development of cold-tolerant oil camellia varieties under changing climatic conditions. • Oil Camellia are subtropical woody crops producing high-quality seed edible oil. • Their cold susceptibility limits the cultivation expansion into north China. • We review advances in multi-omics analyses of cold tolerance in oil Camellia. • ICE-CBF-COR pathway and WRKY-regulated sugar metabolism are vital to cold tolerance. • The review offers insights into enhancing cold tolerance in oil Camellia .

The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) family is pivotal for generating asymmetric auxin distribution that orchestrates plant root development. While the monocot-specific OsPIN9 has been implicated in tillering and stress responses, its precise role in early root development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that OsPIN9 functions at the plasma membrane to maintain optimal auxin levels for root system architecture in rice. We confirmed its plasma membrane localization using a GFP fusion within the central hydrophilic loop, minimizing functional interference. Intriguingly, both knockout and overexpression of OsPIN9 resulted in similar defective phenotypes, including shorter roots and reduced crown and lateral roots. These defects were partially rescued by exogenous auxin, and overexpression lines exhibited resistance to the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Furthermore, independent OsPIN9-GFP lines reproduced the overexpression phenotypes. Additionally, transcriptomic profiling revealed that loss of OsPIN9 function alters the expression of key genes involved in auxin transport and biosynthesis, providing a molecular basis for the disturbed auxin homeostasis underlying the root defects. Our findings define OsPIN9-mediated polar auxin transport as being essential for auxin homeostasis, thereby orchestrating the establishment of the root system in early seedlings.