Yangon University of Economics

Abstract Precise evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) and genetic mutations (BRAF V600E /TERT promoter, TERTp) is pivotal for tailoring surgical and prognostic evaluation and adjuvant strategies in thyroid cancer (TC). Although current methods have limitations, we aim to develop deep learning (DL) models to predict CLNM and genetic mutations from TC frozen sections. We developed a DL framework using 2499 frozen‐section whole‐slide images from 2176 TC patients across five centers. The model was trained with a transfer learning‐based feature extractor and an attention‐based multiple instance learning (MIL) classifier, and validated on both internal and external cohorts. StyleGAN3‐based data augmentation was employed to tackle class imbalance for TERTp prediction, while interpretability was assessed via attention heatmaps and Leiden clustering. The CLNM prediction model achieved a patient‐level AUROC of 0.918 internally and 0.803–0.885 across three external validation datasets. For BRAF V600E prediction, AUROCs attained 0.814 internally and spanned 0.750––0.811 in external validation. In TERTp mutation prediction, GAN‐based augmentation increased the AUROC to 0.804 (internal) and 0.732 (external), up from 0.782 and 0.724, respectively. Attention maps visualized CLNM correlations with invasive tumor margins, while mutations localized to specific cellular morphology features. Our DL models accurately predict CLNM and genetic mutations from TC frozen sections, potentially reducing unnecessary procedures and providing a rapid alternative to traditional molecular testing.

Introduction:Patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) may experience postoperative new-onset depression (NOD), which is gaining attention because of its detrimental effect on patient outcomes.Methods:The PearlDiver Mariner database from 2010 through October 2022 was queried for adult patients undergoing first-time TSA. Exclusion criteria included patients with diagnoses of tumors, trauma, and infections within 30 days before surgery and patients with previous depression or psychiatric risk factors for depression. The incidence of NOD diagnoses within 1 year after surgery was identified. Those with and without NOD were exact matched 1:4 based on age, sex, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index and compared on multivariate logistic regression to determine whether various 90-day postoperative complications were associated with the development of NOD. After Bonferroni correction, significance was established at P < 0.003. Five-year revision rates were also compared with the log-rank test.Results:Overall, 144,773 TSA patients meeting inclusion criteria were identified. NOD diagnoses in the year after surgery were identified for 4,321 (3.0%). Those with NOD were more likely to be female and have greater comorbidity burden (P < 0.003 for both). Among matched comparisons, those with NOD had higher odds of experiencing various 90-day complications, visits to the emergency department, hospital readmission, and were more likely to undergo revision TSA within 5 years (P < 0.003).Conclusions:Postoperative NOD was diagnosed in 3% of patients after TSA. Having NOD was associated with various postoperative complications and higher revision rates. Recognizing predisposing factors for NOD may help target risk mitigation strategies.

This review examines growth-related injuries in children and youth football players, emphasising the importance of a biopsychosocial approach to injury prevention and rehabilitation. It highlights the physiological differences between young and adult athletes, outlines specific injury types associated with growth phases, and explores key rehabilitation factors, including nutrition, sleep, and mental well-being.

Codonopsis javanica, a Campanulaceae herb endemic to Guizhou, is locally called "Tudangshen", its root is used in medicine to fortify spleen-qi, moisten the lung and arrest cough, and promote lactation. In June 2023, root rot of C. javanica was observed in a cultivation field in Xiuwen County (106°46'48" E, 26°53'59" N), Guizhou Province, with the estimated disease incidence ranging from 20% to 50%. The initial symptoms were light brown spots on the surface of the root, and the spots were brown or black in severe cases, and the lower end of the root and the rhizome were rotted. The aboveground portions of the leaves exhibited yellowing and wilting, followed by withering and death. The diseased root tissue (5 mm × 5 mm) was cut and disinfected with 75 % alcohol for 15 s, 5 % sodium hypochlorite treatment for 1 min, followed by three rinses with sterile distilled water. After drying, the samples were transferred onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and incubated at 28 °C in darkness for 3-5 days. Through hyphal tip culture methodology (Senanayake et al. 2020), 12 strains with similar morphology were obtained. The colonies were white to purplish red. The fungus produced two types of conidia: microconidia and macroconidia. The microconidia were ovate, without septa or 1-2 septa, and the size was 4.98-9.22 × 1.88-3.65 μm. The macroconidia were sickle-shaped, slightly curved, 1-4 septa, and the size was 21.55-37.92 × 3.10-6.50 μm. Chlamydospores were subspherical to spherical. Based on these morphological features, the isolates were suspected to be Fusarium oxysporum (Leslie et al. 2006). For molecular confirmation of the morphological identification, strain ZPJ1 was randomly selected as a representative isolate for DNA extraction. The primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-F6/R6, and RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR were used to amplify three genomic DNA regions including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)(Crous et al. 2021), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1)(Moslemi et al. 2017), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2)(Xiang et al. 2025). The sequences of ZPJ1 (accession numbers PV750775, PV759349, and PV759350 for ITS, EF1 and RPB2, respectively) were deposited in GenBank, demonstrating a sequence homology of 99 % to 100 % (546/546, 702/705, 974/978) with F. oxysporum (accession numbers PP596264, MN892354, MN457466). Based on morphological features and maximum likelihood method analyses of combined ITS, EF1, and RPB2 gene sequences, strain ZPJ1 was identified as F. oxysporum. Pathogenicity experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with a temperature ranging from 24 to 27 °C and a relative humidity of 80 %. Root wounding was performed on potted C. javanica seedlings (n = 5, 1-year-old) using a sterile needle. A spore suspension (150 mL, 1 × 106 conidia/mL) of strain ZPJ1 was inoculated onto the wounds, with an equal volume of sterile water used as the control. After 18 days, all inoculated plants developed characteristic root rot symptoms, while the plants in the control group remained healthy and did not show any symptoms of root rot disease. F. oxysporum was successfully reisolated from the symptomatic roots and identified by the morphology and the molecular methods de-scribed above, meeting Koch’s postulates. Based on current understanding, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing root rot in C. javanica in China. These findings provide a basis for the early detection of C. javanica root rot caused by F. oxysporum and the formulation of targeted control measures.

Abstract Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe protective layer mortar is molded by roller shooting process and plays a critical role in preventing corrosion of prestressed wires. During the roller shooting process, the mortar particles undergo high-speed impact and compaction, forming a dense structure with closely packed particles. This structure retains a significant amount of unhydrated cement particles, which provides excellent rehydration potential, thus promoting crack self-healing. To enhance the self-healing performance by activating the unhydrated cement, this study investigates the effects of crystalline admixture (CA) on the comprehensive performance enhancement of the roller shooting mortar. The results reveal that CA facilitates the generation of hydration products through crystallization effects and optimizes the pore structure (porosity reduced by 36.27%), leading to significant improvements in the mortar’s physical-mechanical properties, impermeability, and resistance to chloride ion penetration. During the cracking stage of the protective mortar, CA exerts a complexation effect that activates the unhydrated cement particles, increasing the healing rate by 130% and accelerating the healing process. Microscopic analysis reveals that the healing products composed of C–S–H gel and calcium carbonate. CA promotes the generation of C–S–H gel and increases the calcium carbonate content by 59.79%. This study provides a technical approach to mitigating cracking issues in roller shooting mortar.

Wide-bandgap perovskite materials are essential for tandem solar cells (TSCs); however, Br-rich soft lattices may induce severe ion aggregation and migration, significantly compromising both device efficiency and stability. Based on the theoretical study indicating that Br– aggregation reduces the ion migration energy barrier, we experimentally demonstrated that precisely adjusting the perovskite bandgap from 1.68 to 1.65 eV effectively suppresses Br– aggregation, significantly increases the ion migration energy barrier and substantially enhances the photostability, all while maintaining the efficiency of TSCs. Furthermore, we lower the diffusion coefficients of both Pb2+ and I– during crystallization by designing functional molecules that incorporate multiple hydrogen bond donors and Lewis base moieties, thereby optimizing crystallization kinetics and mitigating residual stress. As such, the perovskite films with improved crystal quality exhibit an elevated ion migration energy barrier and enhanced carrier extraction dynamics at interfaces. These synergistic effects enable single-junction perovskite solar cells to achieve an efficiency as high as 23.24% and monolithic perovskite/silicon TSCs to reach 30.16%, while concurrently exhibiting exceptional stability under thermal, humidity, and illumination stresses. These findings offer valuable insights into overcoming the intrinsic limitations of wide-bandgap perovskites and provide guidance for the rational regulation of crystallization kinetics.

Abstract Renovating building energy systems for an entire district is often constrained by strict budgets and complex decision-making processes. In this study, we propose a robust two-step prioritization method, which produces a ranked list of buildings that can achieve low-carbon renovation with a limited budget. First, we use the Energy Hub method to optimize technology choices for each building based on cost and emissions, producing a Pareto Front of renovation solutions. Next, we map these solutions to a Knapsack Problem–a common optimization technique for selecting the most effective subset of options under a limited budget–thereby generating a prioritized list of renovation cases. Using detailed Swiss data, we apply this framework to 1,651 residential buildings in Altstetten, Zurich. Our results show that 687 buildings can be cost-effectively renovated with low-emission energy systems. These buildings typically have flatter Pareto Fronts and lower peak space heating demands. Through a causality analysis, we identify the most prioritized archetype in Altstetten as small multi-family houses constructed between 1980 and 2000, offering valuable insights for local policy and planning. Our prioritization method provides concrete selection criteria and transparency, allowing stakeholders to allocate renovation resources more effectively and ultimately facilitating district-wide decarbonization.

Abstract Food systems exert significant stress on planetary boundaries1–3 while healthy diets are currently unaffordable for billions worldwide4. These challenges are expected to continue under global population trends, projected to reach 9.6 billion by mid-century5. Food systems must therefore transform in pursuit of health and sustainability goals6–8. However, the scale and distribution of this transformation on agriculture is underexplored. Here we show that, by 2050, an EAT-Lancet style food systems transformation results in a fundamental restructuring of global agriculture, aspects of which break with historical trends. Scenario simulations using a multi-model ensemble of 10 global economic models show a 6% median decrease in agricultural land of 274Mha (+1 to -26%, +48 to -1257Mha) compared to 2020 levels. By 2050, agricultural production would be 2 to 32% (-0.2x109 to -3.7x109 tonnes) lower than business-as-usual projections, and economically, the value of this production shows a 26% median relative decline of $1.6tn in USD2020 (+8% to -58%, +$0.5tn to -$2.9tn USD2020) Within this, the value of livestock production would fall substantially (-$1tn to -$2.2tn, -49% to -83%). These results reinforce the need for a more active role for food policy and stakeholder dialogue to catalyse such a transformation and navigate the political economic consequences of its impacts.