Yara (Norway)

ABSTRACT: The influx of Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks all over the world has amplified the necessity to have efficient, precise, and scalable network design approaches. The planning of fiber networks traditionally has been based on the computer-Aided Design (AutoCAD) tools that are mostly manual, geometry-based and subject to human error. Although useful in small scale project development, these approaches cannot meet the growing complexity and data demands of the contemporary broadband deployment. The result is a paradigm shift in the industry toward design frameworks that are based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and data-driven design frameworks. Although the recent developments have been made, there is a considerable gap in research in the systematic comparison of the conventional CAD based work flows and intelligent, attribute-based GIS methods, especially on the efficiency of automation, splice loss modeling, and accuracy of capacity planning. This paper will seek to fill this gap by critically assessing the performances and results of the two design paradigms. The study uses comparative methodology of analysis, which incorporates literature synthesis, workflow benchmarking and simulation-based assessment. The significance of smart, data-driven design models is measured by the key performance indicators, such as design accuracy, design planning time, error rates, splice loss margins, and network scalability. The results prove that GIS-based and attribute-driven planning is much better than traditional CAD methods regarding automation, accuracy, and scalability. The intelligent design systems lower the planning time, provide less splice loss uncertainties, and allow proactive capacity prediction via data analytics and optimization algorithms. In practice, the research offers viable information to the network operators and planners who want to streamline their design procedures. Its findings help in strategic decision making to move towards smart planning platforms that ultimately would result in a high level of deployment efficiency, lower operation costs and the long run sustainability of a network.

The incidence of work-related falls on the same level is increasing, particularly among middle-aged and older female workers. Vision is an important risk factor of falls. We investigated whether objectively measured visual acuity was associated with the incidence of falls. This cohort study included 7317 female employees aged 20-69 in Japanese supermarket stores. Monocular acuity measured during health checkups was classified into three levels (≥0.7, 0.3-0.7, <0.3). Incidence rate ratios of work-related falls within 1 year were estimated. Incidence rate ratios were 1.26 (95%CI: 0.92-1.72) in the 0.3-0.7 group and 2.27 (95%CI: 1.15-4.48) in the <0.3 group. Risk of work-related fall was higher in those with low visual acuity. Vision correction may contribute to fall prevention in workplaces.

Palladium–platinum alloys were analysed by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to investigate grain orientation effects that gave differences of up to 400% in the Pt/Pd count rate ratios, even within the same grain upon small rotations of a Pd sample with 1 wt% Pt. The sample had been homogenized by annealing, and the homogeneity was confirmed by X‐ray analysis in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Grain orientations were determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Crater depths were measured by white light interferometry (WLI). SEM images from the bottom of SIMS craters made in the same grain after small rotations around the sample surface normally showed different patterns of microfaceting for some rotation angles, probably exposing low‐index crystallographic planes. A complete understanding of the observed grain orientation effect is still lacking. However, factors such as ion mass, sputter rate, ion channelling, ion focusing, preferential sputtering, surface height, crater microfaceting and/or angle‐dependent sputtering seem to play a role. For these Pd–Pt alloys, the strong grain orientation effect adds another level of complexity when attempting to quantify concentrations and obtain depth profiles by SIMS. Without proper sampling and/or averaging, one could reach very wrong conclusions when comparing results from different samples.

The worldwide consumption of pesticides is about two million tons per year. Out of which 45 percent is used by Europe alone, 25 percent is consumed in the USA, and 25 percent in the rest of the world. The three most commonly used pesticides are HCH (only gamma-HCH is allowed), DDT and Malathion, and these account for about 70 percent of the total pesticide consumption. India’s consumption of pesticide is only 3 percent of total world’s consumption of pesticides. Among different classes of pesticide, contribution of insecticide (60 percent) is high followed by fungicide (19percent), herbicide (16percent), Bio-Pesticide (3percent) and others (3percent). It is estimated that 18- 20 percent of total pesticides used in the country are applied on vegetables. The Government of India regulates the production, import, Sales, and use of pesticides through the Insecticides Act, 1968. The market in India is highly dominated by the foreign players. Bayer AG is the largest agrochemical producer in the world. Some of the big names include Yara International ASA, BASF, Bayer Crop Science Limited, Indofil Industries Limited, Makhteshim Agan Industries Ltd, Dow Agro Sciences, Monsanto, Syngenta, Aventis, Agrium etc. This study show the market shares of various brands in which 15.15% share in insecticides was Pexalon of Corteva Agriscience, 14.70% chess of Syngenta,13.16% of coragen(FMC India Pvt. Ltd.) and remaining others. In market share 33.09% Indofill Industries, 18.23% UPL and rest in remaining. The retail trade influence was maximum on the farmers and ranked I followed by influence from company representative ranked II. Farmers meeting, distribution of literature and samples, through participation in fairs and wall painting were moderately influencing factors, which were ranked fourth, sixth, and seventh.

В статье рассматривается вопрос локализации крепости Билистан, которую по данным авторитетного арабского историка Ибн А’сама ал-Куфи (ум. 926) осаждали арабские войска во главе с наместником Арминийи Марваном ибн Мухаммадом в 738 г., в период завоевательных кампаний на Восточном Кавказе, и в которой укрывался царь лакзов Арбис ибн Басбас. Согласно информации, приведённой в «Китаб ал-футух» Ибн А’сама ал-Куфи, это укреплённое поселение располагалось в «стране лакзов» в среднем течении реки Самур. В 2019 г. одним из авторов этой статьи на основе лингво-этимологического и топонимического анализа была предложена гипотеза, согласно которой этот исторически засвидетельствованный пункт мог находиться на среднем течении р. Самур, в зоне расположения современного сел. Куйсун. Выявленное здесь в 2023 г. городище с укреплённой цитаделью, а также полученный там керамический комплекс позволяют датировать этот археологический объект VI—VIII вв. Существуют веские аргументы для локализации крепости Билистан на месте городища Куйсун. The article deals with the localization of the Bilistan fortress, which, according to the authoritative Arab historian Ibn A’tham al-Kufi (d. 926), was besieged by Arab troops led by the governor of Arminiyya Marwan ibn Muhammad in 120 AH / 738 CE during the conquest campaigns in the East Caucasus and in which the king of Lakz Arbis ibn Basbas took refuge. According to al-Kufi’s Kitāb al-futūḥ (The Book of Conquests), this fortified settlement was located in the Land of Lakzin the middle reaches of the Samur River. In 2019, a hypothesis based on a linguistic-etymological and toponymic analysis was proposed by one of the authors of this article, according to which this historically attested site could be located in the middle reaches of the Samur River, in the area of the modern-day village of Kuysun. Discovered here in 2023, a settlement with a fortified citadel as well as the ceramic material collected there enable the dating of the site to the 6th — 8th century. Hence, there is a strong argument for localizing the Bilistan fortress exactly where the recently discovered Kuysun settlement is situated.

ÖZET Kitosan, farmasötik alanda üzerinde en çok çalışılan biyomateryallerden biridir. Biyobozunurluk, düşük toksisite, iyi biyouyumluluk, vücutta birikme riskinin bulunmaması, mukoadezivlik, antioksidan, antibakteriyel, antifungal, yara iyileştirici, hemostatik, antiinflamatuar ve antikanser gibi özellikler, kitosanı biyomedikal alanda ve farmasötik formülasyonlarda kullanıma uygun hâle getirmektedir. Kitosanın diş hekimliğinin farklı alanlarında etkinliği kanıtlanmış tedavi amaçlı kullanımı bulunmakla beraber, kitosan ve türevlerinin, koruyucu diş hekimliğinde ve doku mühendisliğinde remineralizasyon sürecini teşvik etmede yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır ve bu konu hakkında çalışmalar in vitro ve in vivo olarak devam etmektedir. Remineralizasyon, hidroksiapatit formundaki mineral kazancının diş yapısına kazandırılması işlemidir. Remineralizasyon ajanları, erken lezyon çevresinde aşırı doymuş bir ortam yaratır; böylece mineral kaybını önler ve boş alanlara kalsiyum ve fosfat iyonlarının geçmesini sağlar. Dünya genelinde optimum diş bakımı sağlamak, ağız ve diş hastalıklarını tedavi etmek ülke ekonomilerinde oldukça büyük bir paya sahiptir. Ağız/diş hastalıklarının tedavisi, hem ağız hem genel sağlık hem de ülke ekonomileri için faydalıdır. Literatür incelendiğinde, geleneksel tedavi yaklaşımlarından uzaklaşıp yeni nanofarmasötikler gibi yeni ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır. Bu derleme kapsamında, öncelikle demineralizasyon, remineralizasyon mekanizmaları hakkında bilgi verilmiş olup, ardından kitosanın remineralizasyon mekanizması açıklanmıştır. Derlemenin son bölümünde ise kitosanın diş hekimliğinde remineralizasyon ajanı olarak kullanıldığı geleneksel ve modern ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlerden bahsedilmiştir. Bu derlemenin ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler, kitosan ve remineralizasyon hakkında araştırma & geliştirme çalışmalarında bulunan diş hekimleri ve eczacılara, aynı zamanda klinisyenlere görüş sunacağı düşünülmektedir. Anah tar Ke li me ler: Kitosan; ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler; demineralizasyon; remineralizasyon; nanopartikül ABS TRACT Chitosan is one of the most studied biomaterials in the pharmaceutical field. Biodegradability, low toxicity, good biocompatibility, no risk of accumulation in the body, mucoadhesiveness, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, wound healing, hemostatic, antiinflammatory and anticancer properties make chitosan suitable for use in the biomedical field and pharmaceutical formulations. Although chitosan has proven therapeutic use in different fields of dentistry, chitosan and its derivatives are widely used to promote the remineralization process in preventive dentistry and tissue engineering, and studies on this subject continue in vitro and in vivo. Remineralization is the process of giving the mineral gain in the form of hydroxyapatite to the tooth structure. Remineralizing agents create a supersaturated environment around the early lesion; thus preventing mineral loss and allowing calcium and phosphate ions to pass into empty spaces. Providing optimum dental care and treating oral and dental diseases around the world has a large share in the national economy. The treatment of oral/dental diseases is beneficial for both oral and general health and national economies. When the literature is examined, it has moved away from traditional treatment approaches and focused on new drug delivery systems such as new nanopharmaceuticals. Within the scope of this review, firstly, information about demineralization and remineralization mechanisms is given, and then the remineralization mechanism of chitosan is explained. In the last part of the review, traditional and modern drug delivery systems in which chitosan is used as a remineralization agent in dentistry are mentioned. It is thought that this review will provide opinions to dentists and pharmacists who are involved in research & development studies on drug delivery systems, chitosan and remineralization, as well as clinicians.