Yokohama Soei University

Objective In 2020, > 6 million individuals with mental disorders received psychiatric care. Advocacy is important to ensure that the rights of psychiatric patients, for whom involuntary hospitalization sometimes occurs, are maintained. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Patient Self-Advocacy Scale (PSAS) by Brashers et al. to measure the degree of patient self-advocacy and examine its reliability and validity.Methods Five researchers translated the original PSAS into Japanese. The translated questionnaire was piloted with five psychiatric users and further revised. The revised content was back-translated by a professional translator and checked by the original author. An online questionnaire was administered to verify the validity and reliability of the completed Japanese PSAS. The questionnaire was distributed to individuals who received mental health services on a mailing list. Some respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire a second time to examine the reliability of the retest method. Reliability was examined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the entire scale and subscales and evaluating the results of the correlation coefficients with the retest. For validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, and correlation coefficients were calculated using related scales (the Japanese versions of the Desirability of Control, Desire for Autonomy, and Health Locus of Control scales).Results The questionnaire received 214 responses, and the test-retest questionnaire received 48 responses. Most respondents had been diagnosed with mood disorders (48.1%) or schizophrenia (40.7%), and 46.8% had been receiving psychiatric care for > 10 years. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the overall scale and subscale analyses and correlation coefficients for retests ranged from 0.66-0.83 and 0.69-0.84, respectively. Regarding validity, exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors with items similar to those in the original version, and confirmatory factor analysis showed goodness of fit (CMIN/DF = 2.834, GFI = 0.896, AGFI = 0.841, RMSEA = 0.093, AIC = 198.542, CFI = 0.888). Correlations with relevant scales were significant with those of most subscales.Conclusion The Japanese PSAS was valid and reliable. This scale can be used to assess self-advocacy among psychiatric users and may help understand attitudes toward rights and advocacy.

The purpose of this paper is to formalize the plural business innovation cases to compare each other. In case method learning, class discussions are based on cases that summarize actual business processes. This paper presents a model to re-description formally business innovation cases written in natural language. The model we named Managerial Decision-making Description Model (MDDM). MDDM consists of less than ten kinds of symbolic components and a simple syntax, for ease of writing and reading. In MDDM we define the structure of a business as layered relationship between objectives and resources. Then MDDM illustrates business innovation as a transition in the objectives-resources relationship and expresses the role of decision making in that transition. By formally describing business innovation cases in this way, it is possible to visually compare the characteristics of individual innovation processes. The model also allows us to compare the understandings between a facilitator and learners for the same case in a case study classroom. This formal description can be applied to the outcomes of organizational simulations and business games as well as to actual business innovations. In this paper, we introduce MDDM and its examples of cases descriptions derived from an actual business case and an organizational simulation.

Knowledge of X-ray diffraction in macromolecular crystals is important for not only structural analysis of proteins but also diffraction physics. Dynamical diffraction provides evidence of perfect crystals. Until now, clear dynamical diffraction in protein crystals has only been observed in glucose isomerase crystals. We wondered whether there were other protein crystals with high quality that exhibit dynamical diffraction. Here we report the observation of dynamical diffraction in thin ferritin crystals by rocking-curve measurement and imaging techniques such as X-ray topography. It is generally known that in the case of thin crystals it is difficult to distinguish whether dynamical diffraction occurs from only rocking-curve profiles. Therefore, our results clarified that dynamical diffraction occurs in thin protein crystals because fringe contrasts similar to Pendellösung fringes were clearly observed in the X-ray topographic images. For macromolecular crystallography, it is hard to obtain large crystals because they are difficult to crystallize. For thin crystals, dynamical diffraction can be demonstrated by analysis of the equal-thickness fringes observed by X-ray topography.

本稿は，文科省による検定の正統性確保メカニズムの展開とそこから産出される歴史教科書知識の性格に関し，B・バーンスティンの〈教育〉装置論とM・アップルの「妥協した知識」という概念を手がかりに考察したものである。その結果以下のことが明らかになった。①文科省は，政治社会的，学説的な背景要因のもと検定の正統性を確保するためにその透明性の向上，公正・中立性確保を至上命題としたが，そのことが逆に「複数の視線」による検定過程の環視を可能にさせ，その結果文科省は従来よりも強い修正意見を出しにくい状況を自ら作り出したこと，その際それを補完するものとして教科書会社の検定・採択通過のためのリスク管理が重要な役割を果たし上記の正統性確保に寄与していること，②2014年以降，一方で検定基準見直しで歴史教科書知識は検定の許容範囲を広げ，通説やそれ以外の事象に関する政府見解や最高裁判例などからなる確定的知識の領域と教科書に関わる諸勢力によって生成された「妥協した知識」等からなる未確定な知識の領域とに分かれ多様化したこと，また一部の事象では非記述という教科書会社の対応も招来させたこと，他方で検定審査要項見直しで執筆者・教科書会社の自己規制さらには教科書の多様性の減少へと繋がる可能性が生じたこと，以上である。

Vickers microindentation hardness of protein crystals was investigated on the (110) habit plane of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme crystals containing intracrystalline water at controlled relative humidity. The time evolution of the hardness of the crystals exposed to air with different humidities exhibits three stages such as the incubation, transition, and saturation stages. The hardness in the incubation stage keeps a constant value of 16 MPa, which is independent of the humidity. The incubation hardness can correspond to the intrinsic one in the wet condition. The increase of the hardness in the transition and saturation stages is well fitted with the single exponential curve, and is correlated with the reduction of water content in the crystal by the evaporation. The saturated maximum hardness also strongly depends on the water content equilibrated with the humidity. The slip traces corresponding to the (11 ̅0)[110] slip system around the indentation marks are observed in not only incubation but also saturation stages. It is suggested that the plastic deformation in protein crystals by the indentation can be attributed to dislocation multiplication and motion inducing the slip. The indentation hardness in protein crystals is discussed in light of dislocation mechanism with Peierls stress and intracrystalline water.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking-curves were measured for tetragonal hen egg white (HEW) lysozyme crystals grown with and without application of an external electric field, and the crystal quality was assessed according to the full width at half-maximums (FWHMs) of each rocking-curve profile. The average FWHMs for tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals grown with an external electric field at 1 MHz were smaller than those for crystals grown without, especially for the 12 12 0 reflection. The crystal homogeneity of the tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals was also improved under application of an external electric field at 1 MHz, compared to that without. Improvement of the crystal quality of tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals grown under an applied field is discussed with a focus on subgrain formation. In addition, the origin of subgrain misorientation is also discussed with respect to the incorporation of impurities into protein crystals.

X-ray diffraction rocking-curve measurements were performed on tetragonal hen egg white (HEW) lysozyme crystals grown with and without the application of an external alternating current (AC) electric field. Analysis of the full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of the rocking curves indicated that misorientation between subgrains, |θ – φ|, and local strain, ⟨e⟩, in the crystals contributed to the broadening of the experimentally determined rocking curves for the tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals. In particular, the data suggested that imperfections in tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals are predominantly caused by misorientation between subgrains. Moreover, it was determined that improvements in the quality of tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals, as assessed by a decrease in the misorientation between subgrains, can be achieved by imposing a 1 MHz electric field during crystal growth. This paper also discusses the origin of subgrain misorientation in light of the incorporation of impurities into protein crystals.

X-ray diffraction rocking-curve measurements were performed on tetragonal hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) crystals grown with and without application of an external alternating current (AC) electric field, and then the crystal quality was assessed by the FWHMs of each rocking-curve profile. The FWHMs for HEWL crystals grown with an external electric field were smaller than those for crystals grown without. In particular, the average FWHM for the 12 12 0 reflection with an external electric field (0.0034°) was significantly smaller than that without (0.0061°). This indicates that the crystal quality of HEWL crystals was improved by application of the external AC electric field. This crystallization technique can be expected to enhance the resolution of protein molecule structure analysis by X-ray diffraction.