Yuxi Normal University

With the accelerating growth of the digital economy, data has emerged as a core asset, making secure and private data trading a pressing necessity. However, traditional centralized data trading platforms face critical challenges, including identity exposure, data leakage, unclear ownership, and lack of trust. Although decentralized, blockchain-based solutions have been proposed, they typically protect only subsets of these properties and seldom provide a unified, verifiable privacy architecture over the entire trading lifecycle. This paper introduces a novel decentralized data trading system that comprehensively integrates Groth16-based zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), Merkle tree–based data ownership commitments, and smart contracts on blockchain. The proposed system ensures identity anonymity, data confidentiality, ownership traceability, and behavioral privacy while supporting regulatory auditability. Rather than proposing new cryptographic primitives, we reformulate data trading as a zero-knowledge–verifiable privacy problem and embed the resulting privacy logic into the protocol and contract design. The main contributions are as follows. (1) Developing a unified zero-knowledge privacy layer that combines Groth16-based ZKPs with proxy re-encryption, allowing participants to prove transaction eligibility without disclosing identity attributes while keeping traded data encrypted end-to-end. (2) Constructing a zero-knowledge-based ownership lifecycle in which Merkle trees are repurposed as privacy-preserving ownership commitment structures that support unlinkable ownership proof, secure ownership transfer, and privacy-preserving traceability. (3) Designing a malleability-aware ZKP execution framework for Groth16 proofs, implemented via dedicated “anti-malleability” contracts that bind proofs to ownership states, fresh randomness, and protocol stages, thereby mitigating proof malleability and unsafe reuse across the registration–sale–transfer lifecycle. (4) Integrating a trusted regulatory authority into the architecture to enable compliant yet anonymous audits and formulate a system-wide privacy framework covering identity, data, ownership, behavioral, and audit dimensions. Experimental results demonstrate that the system achieves strong privacy guarantees and low on-chain overhead, offering a more robust and privacy-centric approach to data transactions than existing solutions.

Abstract The energy and nutrient costs associated with body mass, age, and sex can influence variation in primate behavior and diet. However, comparatively little is known about how these factors affect the behavioral and dietary flexibility of Asian colobines in response to intra-annual climate shifts. We collected data on an isolated population of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) at Mt. Lasha in the Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China, using instantaneous and scan sampling across 32 months between May 2008 and August 2016 to assess the association of temperature on the activity budgets and diets among and within age-sex classes. Adult females spent more time feeding, juveniles spent more time moving and less time resting, and adult males spent less time moving and more time resting than other age-sex classes. We did not detect any significant variation in diet across age-sex classes. This population spent more time feeding and less time moving and resting in colder months than in warmer months; however, we only detected these temperature-related effects within age-sex classes for moving and resting, not feeding. This population also spent more time feeding on lichen during colder months than during warmer months, a finding that cannot be explained by temperature-related dietary shifts within age-sex classes because their diets remained stable throughout the year. Our results suggest that intra-annual variation in temperature may amplify the distinct physiological demands among different age-sex classes, leading to greater shifts in activity patterns than in diet composition.

Sustainable life support systems are essential for successful human space exploration beyond Earth. While soil fungi are potential candidates for exploitation in space, this review addresses contentious hypotheses, such as panspermia or putative Martian fungi, with scientific caution. The unique characteristics of mushrooms in extraterrestrial environments include their versatility, nutritional value, and tolerance of bioregenerative life support systems. Mushrooms are highly tolerant of extreme conditions, that is, microgravity and radiation‐intensive environments. They have the ability to degrade waste, produce edible biomass, and contribute to atmospheric control. The nutritional value of mushrooms, rich in proteins and vitamins, and their therapeutic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects greatly benefit the health of astronauts. Space‐grown mushrooms can be engaged in improving the psychological condition and interpersonal relationships of astronauts. Even though there are challenges like microgravity and contamination in space mushroom cultivation, recent genetic and biotechnological approaches show promising solutions. This review highlights the motivational and critical role mushrooms play in sustaining human life in space, driving further research and commercializing cultivation activities.

This paper takes the theoretical framework of Liu Liangyou, a pivotal figure in the contemporary revival of Chinese incense studies (Xiangxue), as its starting point. Combined with the historical context of Qing Dynasty bronze ware manufacturing, it conducts a multi-dimensional investigation and analysis of the “Xiangzhuan Tong Sifang Lu” (Bronze Square Seal-Incense Burner). The core issue is to explore how this traditional bronze square burner should be understood and positioned within the modern incense ceremony (Xiangxi) system advocated by Liu Liangyou, which centers on the appreciation of incense fragrance (Pinxiang). The study finds that due to its material and form, the bronze square burner is explicitly excluded from Liu’s strictly defined incense appreciation system, where ceramic burners are the standard. However, when placed within the broader genealogy of incense culture, this artifact can be re-accommodated as an excellent vessel for “seal incense” (Zhuanxiang), a display burner within the “Three Incense Utensils” (Lu Ping San Shi) set, and a multifaceted cultural symbol. This paper argues that Liu Liangyou’s incense studies and the tradition represented by the bronze square burner are not opposed but rather complementary, representing a relationship between “specialization/refinement” and “diversification”. Through this specific case study, this research aims to reflect on the “value reconstruction” process that traditional artifacts undergo during modern cultural revivals, advocating for a transmission path that respects in-depth standardization while embracing historical complexity.