شبیهسازی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر جابهجایی زمانی تاریخ وقوع اولین و آخرین یخبندانهای پاییزه و بهارۀ ایران

The purpose of the research is substantiation of the structure of crop acreage and cultural practice in the steppe zone of Orenburg Region. Time constant Held trial was carried out on the site of the Kuibyshev's experimental production farm located in Orenburg district. Field investigation method was used. Seed material was the following winter rye, winter wheat, spring durum wheat, spring soft wheat, peas, millet, barley. The research was based on the analysis of data on meteorological conditions and crop yields over 30 years. During the research period (1990-2019) significant changes in weather conditions took place. The greatest impact on productivity was exerted by air temperature, increased by 2.0°C during the agricultural year, in autumn period it decreased by 1.4°C, winter became warmer than usual by 2.6°C, spring and summer - by 1.8 and 0.4°C, respectively. Maximum precipitation period was observed in the first rotation - 477 mm, which is 110 mm more than the long - term average (367 mm), minimum - in the fifth rotation (334 mm), the deficit amounted to 33 mm. The most favorable conditions were for winter rye, the yield level rotation ranged from 2.18-3.26 tons per 1 ha. The highest winter wheat yield was observed in the first rotation - 2.54 ton per 1 ha. Barley is more resistant to local weather changes, it was inferior only to winter crops in yield, and the rotation range was1.21-2.49 ton per 1 ha. For other grain crops the objects of the study weather conditions were extremely unfavorable. The research was carried out in accordance with the research plan over 2020-2021, developed by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution titled «Federal Scientific Center for Biological Systems and Agritechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (№0761-2019-0003). The article is dedicated to the memory of V. A. Korchagin - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation.

From May, 2005 to October, 2006, the gillnet fleet in Santa Catarina was composed of 245 boats. From these, 194 landed in Itajai, Navegantes and Porto Belo; 21 in Laguna; and 30 in Passo de Torres. Driftnet activity is higher between Spring and Autumn. The average net height was 18 m (n = 16; s = 7 m), net length 5222 m (n = 16; s = 1929 m) and mesh size 32,8 cm (n = 17; s = 9,3 cm). The average total length of the scalloped hammerheads landed was 171,8 cm (n = 717; s = 43,3 cm), median = 170 cm and there were high quantities of big juveniles landed. Sex-ratio was higher for males (72 %). ANCOVA models showed an average catch decline between 2000 and 2005. The catches increased from winter to autumn. Reference points were established for the sustainable management and conservation of S.lewini: (1) 30 % annual reduction on driftnet dimensions until reaching the size limits of 2500 m length and 10 m high; (2) Closure season from november to march; (3) Closure areas (< 20 m depth) to protect pupping grounds; (4) Mesh-size limit of 40 cm (between knots, stretched); (5) 200 cm as the minimum catch size for the scalloped hammerhead shark.

The efficiency of creation of the initial material and winter bread wheat varieties by the effect of low temperatures (thermal mutagenesis) on sprouts and plants of the collection specimens of spring bread wheat and the study on manifestation of variation peculiarities and adaptability of the created thermomutants M 2 -M 5 of winter wheat are shown. On the basis of it a new initial material of winter bread wheat was developed and selected. Some research results as to a detailed evaluation of the complex of economic traits in a spring wheat collection samples of the cultivar Flambord (France) and developed on its basis the winter wheat cultivar Voloshkova are exponded

This investigation was done during two successive seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011) on 10 years old (Psidium guajva, L) seedy guava trees at Mariout Research Station of the Desert Research Center. This investigation aimed to compare fruit growth curve of summer and winter guava fruit also study the effect of some treatments: 1- control (sprayed with water only). 2- Calcium chloride at 1%. 3- Calcium nitrate at 0.6%. 4- Paclobutrazol at 150 ppm. These treatments were sprayed twice (the first spray was applied 80-85 days after full bloom at August in spring summer (SS) guava and first week of December in Autumn winter (AW) guava, the second spray was done ten days after the first spray in both) to study the impact fruit quality in guava. Guava from the (SS) season grew faster (total= 122 days) than the (AW) fruit that required 186 days. Weight, volume and diameter constituents were higher of fruit in (SS) fruit than in the (AW) fruit, while total soluble solids and acidity were higher in (AW) than in the (SS) fruit. The obtained results showed that, spraying with calcium nitrate at 0.6% with spring summer date gave the lowest values of titratable acidity and the highest values of total sugars. Moreover, spraying with calcium nitrate at 0.6% with autumn winter date gave the lowest values of weight loss, the highest values of fruit firmness of flesh, the lowest values of decay percentage, the highest values of total soluble solids and the lowest values of incidence of rot% in both seasons at shelf life storage about 10 days. We can be recommended by spraying calcium nitrate at 0.6% 80-85 days after full bloom in both dates to get the best results of fruit quality.

Management of livestock manure may recycle nutrients and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. The objectives were to ascertain effects of environmental conditions and turning on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 emissions and if treatment with 8.5 g of dicyandiamide (DCD), a denitrification agent, altered GHG emissions. Manure and bedding were collected from feedlot pens and used to construct 3 piles (~1.9 m3 volume) each in winter (WI) and spring (SP). WI piles were turned once, and SP piles were turned twice. Methane, N2O, and NH3 emissions were collected. Methane and N2O flux measurements were collected from SP piles using a static chamber (3.7m L x 2.2m W x 0.9m H). Initial dry matter and nitrogen contents were 33.2 and 30.0% and 20.1 and 17.7 g/kg in WI and SP piles, respectively. Average ambient temperatures and wind speeds were 0.3oC and 10.7oC and 1.76 m/s and 1.97 m/s during WI and SP, respectively. Internal temperatures reached 51±3.9oC on d 4–11 and gradually decreased. Normalized CH4 averaged 2.19 mg٠s٠m-4 and N2O emissions averaged 0.84 mg٠s٠m-4, and were not different between the WI and SP piles. Turning did not affect CH4 emissions from WI piles, but were 55% greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) when SP piles were turned a second time. Emissions of N2O increased 51% when WI and SP piles were turned (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Ammonia emissions were 83.5% greater from WI piles due to their higher initial concentrations of NH4+-N (2.21 vs. 1.11 g/kg; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Turning did not influence CH4 and N2O fluxes. Addition of DCD at pile formation appears to decrease N2O emissions and fluxes 3 and 10 d later. Turning management and season impacted overall CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions. Fine-tuning manure handling and management during different seasons may effectively reduce GHG and NH3 emissions.

The role of cattle in the epidemiology of bluetongue (BT) as well as the distribution of different vector species throughout South Africa is not well understood. Mnisi, a rural area located in Mpumalanga, South Africa, was selected for an epidemiological study. The prevalence of Culicoides species associated with this area as well as whether bluetongue virus (BTV) is circulating in the area is unclear. Sera were collected from 1 260 cattle and screened with a BTV-specific cELISA. Light traps operated during autumn and winter periods. Midges were identified to species level, pooled (n = 200) and screened for BTV RNA with a real-time RT-qPCR. Blood samples from seronegative cattle were also screened for BTV RNA. Antibodies specific to BTV were detected in 95.7% of the sera with a statistical significant difference (p < 0.05) between age groups and villages. Twenty-five different Culicoides species were identified of which C. imicola was the most abundant. Bluetongue virus RNA was detected in 51.2% (autumn) and 75.9% (winter) of the midges collected. A total of 35.5% seronegative cattle tested positive for the presence of BTV RNA. These results demonstrate that BTV as well as different vectors are circulating in the Mnisi area.

Asian Soybean Rust is one of the most important soybean diseases. Since the past decade, some im- portant soybean production areas in America, like Brazil and the United States of America, have been affected by this disease. Due to the seriousness of this threaten, in 2009, the Mexican government implemented a surveillance program based on the installation and monitoring of sentinel plots in areas planted with crops considered as susceptible hosts for this organism. In order to support the strategy to prevent the establishment of the disease in Mexico, in the present study the potential distribution of the organism was evaluated considering the following criteria: 1) the suitability of climatic conditions for soybean rust; 2) the extent of the cultivated areas with susceptible hosts, and 3) the inoculums availability. Favorable days for Asian soybean rust infection were calculated with a simple model which uses climatic variables as inputs. The model was applied to classify the agricultural areas of the country according to the probability of occurrence of favorable conditions for infection of soybean rust in the summer and winter growing seasons. The Results indicate that in the summer the greatest number of favorable days for infection occurs, mainly in Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacan, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora. In the winter, the favorable days decrease considerably. Based on these results we conclude that the probability that the Asian soybean rust would be overwintering in Mexico is low.

In this research the thermal stratification of the water in the Torogh Dam Basin and the resulted changes in its quality with respect to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen was investigated using the Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model. The results indicated that in wet years such as 1998, when the average annual precipitation and the resulted inflows to the basin is higher than its long-term average, the water level in the basin reaches above 50 m. Under such conditions, thermal stratification starts from mid-spring and lasts to the end of summer, and establishes through the total depth of the basin. Consequently, considerable changes in water quality occur through the depth. However in dry years such as year 2000, the water level in the basin diminishes considerably (16 to 20m in depth) and thermal stratification either does not establish or if establishes, it is incomplete, starts much earlier and persists for much shorter periods of time. On the basis of the model’s results, the differences observed in the average temperatures of the surface and deep layers of the basin during the spring and summer seasons of 1998 were 10◦C and 11◦C, respectively while in the spring of 2002, the observed difference was only 1.5◦C. The results of the study also showed concurrent occurrence of salinity stratification with thermal stratification which results in increase in salinity with increase in depth. The difference between salt concentration of the surface and deep water layers of the basin was observed to be 43 mg/lit in the spring of 1998 and 10 mg/lit for the summer of the same year. In regard to the dissolved oxygen concentration, the simulation results showed a difference in the range of 0 to 9 mg/lit between the surface and deep water layers. With the start of stratification, oxygen concentration decreases gradually with depth., such that in July the lowest 10m layer of the basin becomes completely anaerobic, providing conditions for production of undesired odors, tastes and color. During the period of 1998 to 2004 (period of data analysis and simulation run), the water quality of the basin was observed to be uniform in autumn and winter months indicating a complete mixing condition in the basin. Key Words: Water Quality Models, Thermal Stratification, Water Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Dam’s Basin.

بررسی منشأ و شرایط شکل گیری آگات های خور و بیابانک (استان اصفهان)

The Yellow River basin is one of the main climate sensitive areas in China, and climate change has a significant impact on ecological environment evolution and socioeconomic development. In this paper, the evolution characteristics of temperature, precipitation, moisture flux divergence, evapotranspiration, and desertification risk in the Yellow River basin in the past 40 years are analyzed by using ERA5 reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast. The results show that the Yellow River Basin has a significant warming trend in the four seasons from 1979 to 2019, with the most obvious in spring. Different with temperature, the seasonal precipitation showed a decreasing trend in spring and summer, and increasing trend in autumn. In the past 40 years, annual fluctuation of water vapor convergence in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin is the smallest, followed by the middle reaches, and the lower reaches. Meanwhile, the evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend, with little increasing trend in the upper reaches. The desertification risk of the Yellow River Basin is above the medium level as a whole, with a spatial distribution increasing from south to north, and decreasing trend from 1982 to 2014. In the context of global climate change, the change rules of the water cycle such as evapotranspiration, vapor transport and precipitation in the Yellow River basin are clarified, which can provide scientific basis for maintaining the ecological security of the Yellow River basin and preventing the risk of major meteorological disasters. © 2020, China Water Power Press. All right reserved.

Journey time surveys were carried out during spring 2013 as part of an analysis of dwell-time on the Stillorgan Quality Bus Corridor (QBC), a key arterial bus corridor accessing Dublin city centre from its suburbs. The focus of the study was to understand the pattern of dwell-time on the corridor and to identify potential areas, if any, where service levels may be enhanced. The study should provide a beneficial and detailed observation of in-journey bus operations. This in turn can help to understand the impact of ticketing, boarding/alighting and other aspects of journey dwell within a high-level of service bus corridor. The Stillorgan QBC, between Foxrock Church and Leeson Street Bridge, comprises of 28 bus stops, 32 signalised junctions and measures approximately 9km. There are 60 locations, exclusive of running-time delays, where there is the potential for dwell to occur. 21 inbound journey time surveys were carried out in the morning commuter peak period over 7 days between the hours of 07:00 and 10:00, with 3 surveys carried out every day, one in each hour. Approximately 1,200 passenger boardings and 900 alightings were recorded. Individual fare transaction times were also surveyed. Several key findings emerged from the study. Dwell at junctions accounts for 13% of total journey time, with boarding and alighting accounting for 23%. 59% of passengers surveyed alight at four individual stops, and 24% of those surveyed board at two individual stops. Journey times are very variable, with a difference of 23 minutes between shortest and longest journeys (a variance of 110%). This has improved considerably since the last QBC Monitoring Report in 2010 when variances of 259% were recorded. Pre-paid tickets are the most popular and fastest method of payment with 55% of those surveyed using this method. Pre-paid ticket users take on average 7 seconds to board. There is no time-saving for LEAP Card (e-purse) users, who take on average 10 seconds to board (being the same for cash payers). The findings present evidence to support the implementation of off-board ticket purchase and/or the removal of both cash and e-purse ticket transactions from services. Service planning improvements, such as the consolidation of stops, multi-door entry/exit systems and measures to improve performance at junctions, are also suggested.

In fruit trees damage of frost and freezing is depended to time of chillhng and tree phonological stage. Almond (Prunus amygdalus B. (and apricot (P. armeniaca L.) cultivars are usually the first fruit trees to bloom and susceptible to damaging frosts in the early spring. A study was conducted on different types of almond and apricot cultivars in order to investigation the main factors related to frosting, irregular of productivity and low crop load of trees for 10 years. Six almond cultivars; Sahand, A200, Shkoofeh (very late bloom), Touno, Super nova (late bloom and self- compatibility), Managa (early bloom) and 6 apricot cultivars; Canino, Royal, Telton (self- compatibility), Ordbad, Nasiri and Asgarabad (self- Incompatibility) were evaluated for aspects of some biological and physiological characteristics that related to frost tolerance and fruit set. The results of 10 years evaluation showed that some cultivars despite were resistant to spring frost and usually their crop load was optimum. In addition of freezing damage, other factors like; undesirable climatic conditions in flowering time, direct or indirect influence on bearing and fruit set. Touno and Super nova as self compatibility and late blooming almond cultivars, Canino, Royal and Tilton as self- compatibility apricot cultivars were tolerant to cool and unfavorable climatic conditions in early spring. Therefore, they usually had higher and regular productivity. This differences were related to some phonological and physiological characteristics like; time of flowering, interior components of flower buds, time of niter and period of dormancy, temperature reaction of flower buds, effective pollination period, self – compatibility, frost resistance of pistils and flowers.

Drivers of Departure and Prospecting in Dispersing Juvenile Red Kites (Milvus milvus)

Mastrus ridens (Horstmann) (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of cocooned larvae of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) This host stage is available for parasitism by M ridens (which is not known to diapause) throughout winter and early spring A study was conducted at ambient field temperatures during this period to investigate the minimum temperature required for flight initiation by M ridens Ten female and 10 male adults (37 days old) from the laboratory were transferred into two containers and placed in an apple orchard for 1 h for temperatures to equilibrate The container was then opened inside a large net cage and the numbers of parasitoids that flew into the cage at different temperatures were recorded The experiment release periods while establishing the parasitoid throughout New Zealand and (2) determine when the females are first active in spring before the codling moth larvae pupate

Index to the Soviet Review, Volume XVI (Spring 1975 - Winter 1975-76