Оцінка термомутантів м2-м5 пшениці м’якої озимої, відібраних з колекційних зразків пшениці м’якої ярої

The purpose of the research is substantiation of the structure of crop acreage and cultural practice in the steppe zone of Orenburg Region. Time constant Held trial was carried out on the site of the Kuibyshev's experimental production farm located in Orenburg district. Field investigation method was used. Seed material was the following winter rye, winter wheat, spring durum wheat, spring soft wheat, peas, millet, barley. The research was based on the analysis of data on meteorological conditions and crop yields over 30 years. During the research period (1990-2019) significant changes in weather conditions took place. The greatest impact on productivity was exerted by air temperature, increased by 2.0°C during the agricultural year, in autumn period it decreased by 1.4°C, winter became warmer than usual by 2.6°C, spring and summer - by 1.8 and 0.4°C, respectively. Maximum precipitation period was observed in the first rotation - 477 mm, which is 110 mm more than the long - term average (367 mm), minimum - in the fifth rotation (334 mm), the deficit amounted to 33 mm. The most favorable conditions were for winter rye, the yield level rotation ranged from 2.18-3.26 tons per 1 ha. The highest winter wheat yield was observed in the first rotation - 2.54 ton per 1 ha. Barley is more resistant to local weather changes, it was inferior only to winter crops in yield, and the rotation range was1.21-2.49 ton per 1 ha. For other grain crops the objects of the study weather conditions were extremely unfavorable. The research was carried out in accordance with the research plan over 2020-2021, developed by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution titled «Federal Scientific Center for Biological Systems and Agritechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (№0761-2019-0003). The article is dedicated to the memory of V. A. Korchagin - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation.

هدف از پژوهش کنونی بررسی دورنمایی از اثرات احتمالی تغییر اقلیم بر جابه‌جایی زمانی تاریخ وقوع اولین و آخرین یخبندان‌های پاییزه و بهارۀ ایران است. بدین منظور از داده‌های دیده‌بانی 43 ایستگاه همدید کشور (1981-2010) و داده‌های شبیه‌سازی شدۀ LARS WG در دو مدل آب‌وهوای جهانی GFCM21 و HadCM3 در بازه‌های زمانی (2065-2046) و (2099-2080)، تحت سه سناریوی انتشار A1B، A2 و B1استفاده گردید. نتایج، بیانگر جابه‌جایی اولین یخبندان پاییزه‌ به سمت اوایل زمستان و جابه‌جایی آخرین یخبندان بهاره به‌سوی اواخر زمستان در گسترۀ ایران است. پراکنش زمانی-مکانی تغییرات متفاوت است؛ به‌گونه‌ای که بیشترین جابه‌جایی‌های مثبت در رخداد اولین یخبندان پاییزه در دورۀ (2065-2046) در ایستگاه‌هایی چون خرم‌‌آباد، رشت و گرگان مشاهده می‌شود. میزان تغییرات در ایستگاه‌های شمال شرقی (سبزوار و سمنان)، نیمۀ جنوبی (کرمان، بم و آباده) و بیشتر ایستگاه‌های شمال‌غرب نسبت به دیگر مناطق کمتر است. در دورۀ (2080-2099) بیشترین روند منفی در ایستگاه‌های گرگان، رشت، اردبیل و شهرکرد خواهد بود. خوی، قزوین، بم و کاشان کمترین جابه‌جایی منفی خواهند داشت.

This investigation was done during two successive seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011) on 10 years old (Psidium guajva, L) seedy guava trees at Mariout Research Station of the Desert Research Center. This investigation aimed to compare fruit growth curve of summer and winter guava fruit also study the effect of some treatments: 1- control (sprayed with water only). 2- Calcium chloride at 1%. 3- Calcium nitrate at 0.6%. 4- Paclobutrazol at 150 ppm. These treatments were sprayed twice (the first spray was applied 80-85 days after full bloom at August in spring summer (SS) guava and first week of December in Autumn winter (AW) guava, the second spray was done ten days after the first spray in both) to study the impact fruit quality in guava. Guava from the (SS) season grew faster (total= 122 days) than the (AW) fruit that required 186 days. Weight, volume and diameter constituents were higher of fruit in (SS) fruit than in the (AW) fruit, while total soluble solids and acidity were higher in (AW) than in the (SS) fruit. The obtained results showed that, spraying with calcium nitrate at 0.6% with spring summer date gave the lowest values of titratable acidity and the highest values of total sugars. Moreover, spraying with calcium nitrate at 0.6% with autumn winter date gave the lowest values of weight loss, the highest values of fruit firmness of flesh, the lowest values of decay percentage, the highest values of total soluble solids and the lowest values of incidence of rot% in both seasons at shelf life storage about 10 days. We can be recommended by spraying calcium nitrate at 0.6% 80-85 days after full bloom in both dates to get the best results of fruit quality.

In this research the thermal stratification of the water in the Torogh Dam Basin and the resulted changes in its quality with respect to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen was investigated using the Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model. The results indicated that in wet years such as 1998, when the average annual precipitation and the resulted inflows to the basin is higher than its long-term average, the water level in the basin reaches above 50 m. Under such conditions, thermal stratification starts from mid-spring and lasts to the end of summer, and establishes through the total depth of the basin. Consequently, considerable changes in water quality occur through the depth. However in dry years such as year 2000, the water level in the basin diminishes considerably (16 to 20m in depth) and thermal stratification either does not establish or if establishes, it is incomplete, starts much earlier and persists for much shorter periods of time. On the basis of the model’s results, the differences observed in the average temperatures of the surface and deep layers of the basin during the spring and summer seasons of 1998 were 10◦C and 11◦C, respectively while in the spring of 2002, the observed difference was only 1.5◦C. The results of the study also showed concurrent occurrence of salinity stratification with thermal stratification which results in increase in salinity with increase in depth. The difference between salt concentration of the surface and deep water layers of the basin was observed to be 43 mg/lit in the spring of 1998 and 10 mg/lit for the summer of the same year. In regard to the dissolved oxygen concentration, the simulation results showed a difference in the range of 0 to 9 mg/lit between the surface and deep water layers. With the start of stratification, oxygen concentration decreases gradually with depth., such that in July the lowest 10m layer of the basin becomes completely anaerobic, providing conditions for production of undesired odors, tastes and color. During the period of 1998 to 2004 (period of data analysis and simulation run), the water quality of the basin was observed to be uniform in autumn and winter months indicating a complete mixing condition in the basin. Key Words: Water Quality Models, Thermal Stratification, Water Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Dam’s Basin.

Spatiotemporal pattern of phenology across geographic gradients in insects

This work (now slightly revised) appeared sequentially in the New Zealand Archivist as follows: Summer 2001 (Part 1), Winter 2002 (Part 2), Spring 2002 (Part 3), Summer 2002 (Part 4), Autumn 2003 (Part 5), Autumn 2004 ( Part 6), Winter 2004 (Part 7), December/Summer 2004 (Retrospect). It is formatted (with paragraph numbering) for publication in full on the Internet.New Zealand Archivist, vol. Part 1-7

Mastrus ridens (Horstmann) (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of cocooned larvae of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) This host stage is available for parasitism by M ridens (which is not known to diapause) throughout winter and early spring A study was conducted at ambient field temperatures during this period to investigate the minimum temperature required for flight initiation by M ridens Ten female and 10 male adults (37 days old) from the laboratory were transferred into two containers and placed in an apple orchard for 1 h for temperatures to equilibrate The container was then opened inside a large net cage and the numbers of parasitoids that flew into the cage at different temperatures were recorded The experiment release periods while establishing the parasitoid throughout New Zealand and (2) determine when the females are first active in spring before the codling moth larvae pupate

Management of livestock manure may recycle nutrients and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. The objectives were to ascertain effects of environmental conditions and turning on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 emissions and if treatment with 8.5 g of dicyandiamide (DCD), a denitrification agent, altered GHG emissions. Manure and bedding were collected from feedlot pens and used to construct 3 piles (~1.9 m3 volume) each in winter (WI) and spring (SP). WI piles were turned once, and SP piles were turned twice. Methane, N2O, and NH3 emissions were collected. Methane and N2O flux measurements were collected from SP piles using a static chamber (3.7m L x 2.2m W x 0.9m H). Initial dry matter and nitrogen contents were 33.2 and 30.0% and 20.1 and 17.7 g/kg in WI and SP piles, respectively. Average ambient temperatures and wind speeds were 0.3oC and 10.7oC and 1.76 m/s and 1.97 m/s during WI and SP, respectively. Internal temperatures reached 51±3.9oC on d 4–11 and gradually decreased. Normalized CH4 averaged 2.19 mg٠s٠m-4 and N2O emissions averaged 0.84 mg٠s٠m-4, and were not different between the WI and SP piles. Turning did not affect CH4 emissions from WI piles, but were 55% greater (P < 0.05) when SP piles were turned a second time. Emissions of N2O increased 51% when WI and SP piles were turned (P < 0.05). Ammonia emissions were 83.5% greater from WI piles due to their higher initial concentrations of NH4+-N (2.21 vs. 1.11 g/kg; P < 0.05). Turning did not influence CH4 and N2O fluxes. Addition of DCD at pile formation appears to decrease N2O emissions and fluxes 3 and 10 d later. Turning management and season impacted overall CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions. Fine-tuning manure handling and management during different seasons may effectively reduce GHG and NH3 emissions.

به‌منظور ارزیابی آثار تنش رطوبتی بر صفات زراعی و مورفولوژیک لاین‌های اینبرد نوترکیب گندم، مطالعه‌ای با استفاده از 169‌لاین در قالب دو طرح لاتیس جداگانه (تنش رطوبتی و شاهد) اجرا شد. دو رژیم رطوبتی مشتمل بر آبیاری بر اساس 70 و 130‌میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A و همین‌طور درصد رطوبت وزنی خاک استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که تفاوت بین لاین‌ها در شرایط عادی رطوبتی برای کلیه صفات به‌جزء تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن دانه در سنبله، طول سنبله، تعداد روز تا گرده‌افشانی و تعداد روز تا رسیدگی معنی‌دار بوده است. در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نیز تفاوت لاین‌ها برای همه صفات به‌جزء تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار‌دانه و طول سنبله معنی‌دار بود. تنش رطوبتی موجب کاهش تعداد روز تا ظهور سنبله، تعداد روز تا گرده‌افشانی، تعداد روز تا رسیدگی، تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح، طول سنبله، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار‌دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت گردید. وراثت‌پذیری خصوصی شاخص برداشت در شرایط عدم تنش رطوبتی کمتر از شرایط اعمال تنش بود. بیش‌ترین وراثت‌‌پذیری خصوصی در شرایط معمول رطوبتی به تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح (77درصد) و در شرایط تنش رطوبتی به عملکرد دانه (84درصد) اختصاص داشت. نتایج رگرسیون مرحله‌ای در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نشان داد که تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح اولین متغیر وارد شده به مدل بوده است که به‌تنهایی 65‌درصد از تغییرات عملکرد دانه را تبیین نمود.

Investigou-se a variabilidade anual, mensal e sazonal da temperatura e o comportamento da precipitação pluviométrica anual e mensal no município de Cáceres/MT, de 1979 a 2009. A média da temperatura máxima variou de 32,3°C a 32,8°C nas décadas de 1980 e 2000 concomitantemente, sendo a máxima média mais elevada de 26,5°C e a mais baixa de 24,9°C, respectivamente. As médias mensais da temperatura média ficaram entre 22,8°C em julho e 27,6ºC em outubro. A temperatura média variou entre 17,3°C no inverno e 33,8°C na primavera. A precipitação anual apresentou mínima de 972,9 mm (1985) e máxima de 1624,1 mm (1998). O município de Cáceres apresenta uma estação seca (maio a setembro) e uma chuvosa (outubro a abril).

The passage on which I wish to comment comes near the beginning of the Parabasis and was written between spring 420 and winter 417 as part of the second version of the play. Aristophanes expresses his disappointment in the sophoi for whom he took the trouble to write the play. He had tried it out on them thinking them an intelligent audience, but had been undeservedly defeated. ‘Nevertheless’, he says, ‘in spite of that defeat I will not betray the intelligent. For ever since, in this theatre, an audience whom it is a pleasure to mention gave the best of receptions to “the Good Boy and the Impudent Boy” …from that moment I have with you sure guarantees of your goodwill.And then Aristophanes proceeds to list the merits of his comedies in general.

But the privations, or rather the hardships, of Lowood lessened. Spring drew on: she was indeed already come; the frosts of winter had ceased; its snows were melted; its cutting winds ameliorated. My wretched feet, flayed and swollen to lameness by the sharp air...

The age population structure of Olivancillaria vesica auricularia at Cassino beach, Rio Grande – RS, Brazil was studied according to the growth lines on the body whorl. The individuals were collected monthly from December 1996 to June 1998 at the washing and surfing zone. A total of 401 animals (220 males and 181 females) were collected. The shell size ranged between 15.2 mm and 57.0 mm, where 0 to 6 growth lines were distinguished. The growth lines are Orange longitudinal bands, with 1.0 to 2.0 mm width, over the external surface of the body whorl and transversally on the fascicle. The growth lines can be on the external lip (border) or approximately 5.0 mm distant from the border (middle). The number of the growth lines had strong correlation with the shell size (r = 0.86), which indicated that the number of growth lines found on the body whorl is proportional to the size of the shell. No significant differences were detected between sexes considering the number of the growth lines. Probably the formation of the growth lines could be related with seasonal environmental conditions. During the autumn and winter, animals with growth lines on the shell border were predominant, and during the spring and summer, animals with growth lines distant to the border were abundant.

Information on winds and waves near the coast is critical to scientists and coastal engineers working with coastal structure design, erosion rate estimates, navigation safety, and recreational purposes. This paper presents the first wind measurements and wave predictions along the coastline of Lagoa dos Patos based on one year’s wind velocity and direction data recorded every hour during 1988. Due to the prevailing northeastern wind during the summer and spring, the dominant wave direction on the west margin of the lagoon is NE and ENE, with significant wave height between 0.5-0.7 m and periods between 2.7-3.3 s. On the east side, during winter and autumn, WNW and WSW winds cause a maximum wave height of 1.6 m and period of 4.8 s, and significant wave heights between 0.4-0.8 m and periods between 2.4-3.4 s, respectively. The high frequency and short duration of winds with velocity between 0-2 m/s is the main factor controlling wave height in the lagoon. The average 6-m depth in this shallow and elongated lagoon acts as a secondary factor reducing wave height.

From May, 2005 to October, 2006, the gillnet fleet in Santa Catarina was composed of 245 boats. From these, 194 landed in Itajai, Navegantes and Porto Belo; 21 in Laguna; and 30 in Passo de Torres. Driftnet activity is higher between Spring and Autumn. The average net height was 18 m (n = 16; s = 7 m), net length 5222 m (n = 16; s = 1929 m) and mesh size 32,8 cm (n = 17; s = 9,3 cm). The average total length of the scalloped hammerheads landed was 171,8 cm (n = 717; s = 43,3 cm), median = 170 cm and there were high quantities of big juveniles landed. Sex-ratio was higher for males (72 %). ANCOVA models showed an average catch decline between 2000 and 2005. The catches increased from winter to autumn. Reference points were established for the sustainable management and conservation of S.lewini: (1) 30 % annual reduction on driftnet dimensions until reaching the size limits of 2500 m length and 10 m high; (2) Closure season from november to march; (3) Closure areas (< 20 m depth) to protect pupping grounds; (4) Mesh-size limit of 40 cm (between knots, stretched); (5) 200 cm as the minimum catch size for the scalloped hammerhead shark.