Москва против Ленинграда: конкуренция в поле культуры эпохи нэпа (на материале архивных разысканий в фондах Госиздата)

In the National University of Colombia there are currently 25 museums and collections including art, medicine, natural science, anthropology and history. Taken together, they comprise the largest, most diverse and most important museum in Colombia, and also the least known. The collections are the product of the conservation and research work of the university in the 141 years of its existence. In recent years, the National University of Colombia has not only become more aware of the importance of its cultural and scientific heritage, but also of the marginality of the work in the university museums. For that reason, in 2006 the university began to work on a Museums and Cultural Heritage Project to develop policies for the conservation, acquisition, documentation, research and communication of its own cultural heritage. The National University of Colombia hopes, through the development of a stronger, structured, ethical, responsible, efficient and representative project about Museums and Cultural Heritage to be better prepared for current challenges. In addition, the project hopes to generate a new landscape of accessibility to the museums and collections of the National University of Colombia. In short, the Museums and Cultural Heritage System of the National University of Colombia, through a ‘Museums portal’ located in a colonial building in Bogota known as Claustro de San Agustin (Cloister of St. Augustine) seeks to highlight the cultural heritage of the university, and become, beyond the classrooms and research centers of the campus, an important reference for the meeting of teachers, students, citizens and other cultural and academic institutions. Open door policy Colombia National University has 25 museums and collections, which together give the university the largest and most diverse collections in Columbia. The collections of science, art, medicine, natural science, and anthropology are the result of the research and collecting of the university during its 141 year history. The goal of the Cultural Patrimonio and Museums System (PMS) is to provide more public access to the cultural heritage of the university so that the university becomes meeting place; a place where teachers, students, academic and cultural institutions, social actors, and citizens can come together. In October 2007 the San Agustin Cloister opened its doors as the headquarters of the PMS of the National University. At that time we had 3 to 5 visitors daily and in December 2008, the average was 125 people daily. To date, we have had a total of 27,400 visitors. Yet even more important information can be obtained by looking beyond the numbers. The essential question is: Why is it so important open the doors of university to the citizens? The answer is as simple as it is political: because the audience has to have access in order to contribute to the preservation of National University heritage. Beyond the campus: The other visitors of the university museums The museums that are located on the campus of the university are known to the community because of the importance of the campus, but access to the museums was limited in the past because the activities of the museums were primarily linked to the university’s curriculum. The cloister is located strategically in downtown Bogota, in the main cultural zone. It is able to distribute information about the university museums, resulting in visits from people who work in the

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of economic policies on income inequality: a comparative study of Switzerland and Bolivia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Switzerland, with its advanced economy, implements progressive tax policies, robust social welfare programs, and equitable education systems, contributing to relatively low income inequality. In contrast, Bolivia, a developing nation, faces challenges in reducing income inequality due to less effective economic policies, limited social safety nets, and a larger informal sector. The study underscores that while Switzerland's policies effectively mitigate income disparities, Bolivia's efforts are hindered by structural economic issues and policy limitations. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Kuznets curve theory, the human capital theory & the social stratification theory may be used to anchor future studies of climate change on risk management practices in agriculture in Switzerland. From a practical perspective, the study provides actionable insights for improving the design and implementation of economic policies. The study offers several policy recommendations for both developed and developing economies. Policymakers in Switzerland should consider revising tax policies to address the increased burden on higher-income individuals and improve the overall equity of the system.

Program culture, mentorship, and case volume in hand fellowship selection: A multi-year applicant survey

Promoting wind power is at the top of the government's agenda in China because of the cleanliness and sustainability of this power source. Improving the productive efficiency of the wind power industry (WPI) is crucial to accelerating the transformation of China's energy structure. Yet the question remains whether policies can effectively stimulate the productive efficiency of the WPI. Using microdata from listed Chinese wind power enterprises from 2006 to 2019, we measure the productive efficiency of these enterprises and then assess the effect of policy on this efficiency. The results show that between 2006 and 2019, the Chinese WPI is inefficient. The average productive efficiency of enterprises in eastern China is 0.164, higher than that of enterprises in central and western China (0.129). Moreover, there is a significant negative correlation between economic policy and the productive efficiency of enterprises. Soft policy is positively related to productive efficiency, whereas the effect of regulatory policy is not statistically significant.

Introduction. The effectiveness of a country’s economic policy can be measured using economic or social criteria that are interconnected and interdependent. Therefore, it is desirable to have a relatively small number of generalizing criteria-indicators (or even better – a single synthetic criterion-indicator) with the help of which it would be possible to measure the effectiveness of state economic policy, but the search for such criteria-indicators continues. The analysis of approaches to solving this problem shows that the priority direction is the use of the concept of quality of life. Purpose. In this work, we aim to analyze the dynamics of Ukrainian synthetic indicators of quality of life and a defined set of key explanatory variables-determinants of the state’s economic policy in order to identify problem areas in the socio-economic development of Ukraine. That is, consider approaches to solving the fourth task of our research based on the application of regression analysis. Results. Approaches to the study of the dynamics of synthetic indicators of the quality of life (QOL) and their determinants, which are determined on the basis of regression analysis from the a priori data set of the state’s economic policy, are considered. An analysis of the results of the dynamics of these SIAs and their determinants during 2010-2019 is presented. The obtained results indicate that on the basis of the analysis of the dynamics of Ukrainian synthetic indicators of the quality of life and their determinants, it is possible to ensure the identification of problem areas in the socio-economic development of Ukraine, which should be influenced by means of the state’s economic policy. Conclusion. As a result, we found a positive answer to the main question of our research: how, based on the analysis of the dynamics of synthetic indicators of the quality of life and their determinants, can we ensure the identification of problem areas in the socio-economic development of Ukraine, which should primarily be influenced by the means of state economic policy?

This paper argues that we are witnessing a neoconservative turn in Latin American literary and cultural criticism. That turn is doubly paradoxical: first, because it occurs in the context of the re...

BackgroundViolence against women is a major public health problem and a violation of women's human rights. Estimates published by WHO indicate that globally, about 1 in 3 (30%) of women worldwide have been subjected to either physical or sexual intimate partner violence. The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007 found that over 50% of married women reported experiencing some form of intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse. This study attempts to understand the determinants of domestic physical violence for designing effective policies and interventions aimed at reducing domestic violence.MethodThis study uses cross-sectional secondary data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019, focusing on physical assault among Bangladeshi women. The MICS is a nationally representative survey that collects data on various indicators including women’s health and physical assault. 969 out of 49,172 women faced domestic violence. Logistic regressions were used to determine significant determinants influencing domestic violence. We used women’s experience of domestic physical violence as the dependent variable and some related independent variables, e.g., women’s residence, wealth, higher education, different functional difficulties among women, husband’s polygamy, access to the internet etc.ResultThe study found that only 7% of domestic violence is reported to the police (Pearson Chi2 p-value < 0.001). There was significant variation across divisions. The highest prevalence of domestic violence was observed in Khulna (29%), followed by Rangpur (24%) and Dhaka (19%). Women’s residence (OR of those residing in urban area = 1.56, p-value < 0.100), wealth (OR = 0.656, p-value < 0.010), higher education (OR = 0.485*), different functional difficulties among women (OR = 1.320–1.758, p-value < 0.010), husband’s polygamy (OR = 2.132, p-value < 0.010), internet access (OR = 0.518, p-value < 0.010) were found significant determinants of domestic violence.ConclusionThe factors driving domestic violence among Bangladeshi women are multifaceted and context-dependent. While education, financial independence, and autonomy can act as protective factors, the interplay of traditional practices like dowry, gender norms, and socio-economic conditions creates a complex risk environment. This study highlights the importance of understanding how these factors evolve over a woman's life, which is crucial for developing effective policies and interventions to reduce domestic violence.

Small business under the COVID-19 crisis: Expected short- and medium-run effects of anti-contagion and economic policies

Policies for enhancing patent quality: Evidence from renewable energy technology in China

The works of Ilia Chavchavadze - a prominent Georgian public figure of the nineteenth century and one of the founders of the Georgian National Economic Doctrine - are still relevant. His name grows stronger and stronger over time. Even in modern Georgia, Ilia Chavchavadze›s name is the most often used to prove the validity of one›s own opinion.The article discusses Ilia Chavchavadze›s views on international trade and trade policy and draws parallels with modernity. He researched the essence, causes, directions, and consequences of international trade and trade policy, and in 1887 he devoted a collection of articles entitled «Customs policy in Europe, free-trading and protection». He explained why countries start trading, that international trade is very important and without it there can be no economic specialization - the international division of labor. In his research, Ilia Chavchavadze depthly discussed the directions of trade policy - liberal and protectionist. He discussed the arguments of the both directions proponents on the advantages of strengthening the country and the economy. Ilia Chavchavadze supported Liberal Trade Policy, because he believed that the main goal of any economic policy should be to maximize the well-being of society. Ilia Chavchavadze has raised another very important issue in this research. He pointed out at the end of the nineteenth century that economic policy is not always based on economic rationalism, economic science, and that economic policy makers might have completely different motivations. Ilia Chavchavadze believed that for the development of the country it was necessary to establish and deepen international - including trade and economic relations. According to Ilia, the start of the country›s international economic relations requires great care and attention, it is very important to choose reliable, trustworthy partners. In 2006, Georgia experienced the negative consequences of a relationship with an unreliable trading (and not just a trading) partner. Russia banned the import of Georgian wines on March 27, 2006, and also banned the import of Georgian mineral waters in May. The ban has had a very negative impact on Georgian exports, as well as on viticulture and winemaking. Finally, it can be said that Ilia Chavchavadze was well versed in the essence and directions of trade policy; He was well aware that it was very important for the country to choose a logical, rational economic policy for its economic strengthening; He discussed in detail the characteristics of both directions, protectionist and freetherical, the pros and cons, the consequences of their possible impact on the economy and public welfare. With well-founded reasoning and argumentation, he supported liberal trade policy based on the principle of the well-being of society.

This study examines the variables influencing individual investors' decisions to make investments in the fast-paced financial landscape of Nepal. Two main goals were investigated: first, the relationship between financial literacy, investment decisions, and economic independence was explored; second, the effects of these aspects were examined in detail. The results show a robust positive association between financial literacy and wise decision-making, as well as between investment decisions and economic independence. Its importance was highlighted when it was found that economic independence strongly predicted investment decisions. Furthermore, financial literacy was shown to be an essential aspect impacting investing preferences. These findings underscore the significance of financial education and empowerment for individual investors in Nepal. Prospective avenues for investigation comprise delving into cultural impacts, evaluating the effectiveness of financial literacy initiatives, and examining the effects of nascent FinTech platforms on investing choices. This research adds to our understanding of the dynamics of investments in Nepal's changing financial system and provides valuable information for policymakers and investors.

The Seoul Eco-mileage Program is a representative project of the One Less Nuclear Power Plant (OLNPP) scheme, which addresses the energy transition policy of Seoul aiming to reduce CO2 emissions. Unlike other governmental projects, the success of this program requires the direct participation of citizens. This study investigates the influence of civic engagement in participant towns (Level 1: 423 administrative towns) and districts (Level 2: 25 administrative districts) on CO2 emissions reduction (kg CO2/membership) throughout 2017 in Seoul via multilevel modeling. Our results show that town-level civic engagement, as measured by voter turnout, is positively correlated with the performance of the Eco-mileage Program. Moreover, when civic engagement factors (social trust, volunteer activities, and citizen participation) at Level 1 interact with Level 2 factors (housing prices, motivation of district leaders, and energy-saving practices) in each district, we observed cross-level interactive effects on CO2 reduction. Among Level 2 factors, the representative institutional capacities, such as financial independence and ordinance, showed positive correlations with the performance efficacy of the energy transition policy of Seoul.

Effect of different economic support policies on the optimal synthesis and operation of a distributed energy supply system with renewable energy sources for an industrial area

Government interventions in market failures can encounter objections from those who doubt their efficacy. Acocella, a leading expert on economic policy, counters these unfounded criticisms, making the convincing case for the foundation, coordination and reach of government action through economic policy. Arguing for the governmental potential to devise democratic, fair and effective institutions and policies, this book also demonstrates the validity of the principles outlined by Frisch and Tinbergen, amongst others, for controlling the economy, in a strategic context, equivalent to the rational expectations assumption. Demonstrating how unconventional monetary policies (such as macro-prudential regulation, new fiscal rules, and new forms of international policy coordination) can offer an effective response to the multiplicity of current economic issues, the recent financial crisis arguably indicates that economic policy must once again take centre stage as the applied complement to mainstream economic theory.

Introduction. Urbanization constitutes a significant factor shaping the contemporary state and future trajectories of a nation’s demographic and social development. The consequences of urbanization processes include the expansion of cities, the intensification of agglomeration trends, and alterations in the size, distribution, and composition of the population. The latter is of particular relevance for the Indigenous peoples of the national republics of the Ural-Volga region – specifically the Finno-Ugric and Turkic groups – who experienced a relatively late integration into the urban milieu. The objective of this research is to identify the key patterns in the distribution, dynamics, and proportion of the urban population within the national republics of the Ural-Volga region from the second half of the 20th century to the early 21st century. This article provides a novel comparative analysis of urbanization processes, examining both the general population and the Indigenous peoples of these republics through an ethnic lens for the period under review. Materials and Methods. Using descriptive statistics, the author analyzes data from the 1989, 2002, 2010, and 2020 Soviet and Russian national censuses, current demographic records, and regional strategic planning documents to identify key trends in agglomeration processes. The analysis focuses on six national republics of the Ural-Volga region: those with indigenous Finno-Ugric (Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia) and Turkic populations (Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia). Results and Discussion. The republics under examination exhibit a center-periphery pattern in the development of their urban settlement networks. A distinct group of core cities has emerged, situated within the most socio-economically advanced territories of these republics, where agglomeration processes are underway. The distribution of the urban population reflects a pan-Russian trend of population concentration in major cities, regional capitals, and agglomerations. The national republics are distinguished by the specific dynamics in the scale and level of urbanization, observable for both the total population and the titular ethnic groups. The Republic of Tatarstan and the Udmurt Republic exemplify two contrasting trends: the former demonstrates a consistent increase in both the size and proportion of the urban population, whereas the latter experiences a decline. In the remaining republics, the dynamics of absolute and relative urbanization metrics are less stable, with periods of growth periodically alternating with decline, and vice versa; the nature of these changes can vary significantly. Conclusion. A comparative regional analysis of these issues allows for an examination of how specific regional and ethnic populations are integrated into the urban milieu. This approach is instrumental in identifying prospects for socio-demographic development and in devising effective policy mechanisms for national, social, and demographic governance, aimed at safeguarding demographic potential during urbanization.