Адаптация мер по модернизации сельского хозяйства в странах с развитым сельским хозяйством применительно к России

In November 2019, the European Investment Bank (EIB) announced its ‘metamorphosis’ into a ‘Climate Bank.’ Associated with the EU’s Green Deal, presented a month later, the EIB claimed to be the first international climate bank and a front runner in the EU’s priority climate agenda. The EIB is mandated through the treaties to support EU policymakers. However, with its ‘makeover,’ the EIB also announced the launch of a new climate strategy and energy lending policy, ending fossil fuel financing after 2021. It is thus valuable to examine the question of whether the EIB has developed into a policymaker, and if so, how this can be best understood. In exploring this question, this article follows a principal-agent approach, attempting to discern the rational interests behind organisational rhetoric and posits that the EIB’s claimed transformation hints at a type of policymaking activism, exploiting a policy window to serve the EIB’s rational interests in a strained political and market contest. This represents a paradigm shift in the EIB’s institutional behaviour and rhetoric within the EU governance constellation and is, in fact, in this sense a ‘quantum leap’ as suggested by the EIB. However, it remains to be seen if the bank’s metrics will prove a bold departure from their current activity or simply another adaptation to a policy field of intense interest to the EU, as has occurred on several occasions in the past.

The aim of a paper is to examine EIB activities in financing, advising and promotion of PPPs in EU member countries. Research is based on data gained from published by EIB materials and statistics. PPPs are much more complicated in legal, social, political, economical sides than projects conducted traditionally by public sector. Moreover high level of capital intensity of infrastructure assets is a stumbling block to gather the whole amounts to cover investments, mainly in form of loans. Banks become one of the main partners, and at the same time decision makers in PPP projects. A high level of risks in PPP projects combined with high level of capital intensity eliminates small, local banks leaving in the field big commercial banks and multilateral institutions, like as World Bank Group, Asian Development Bank, or in Europe European Bank of Reconstruction and Development and European Investment Bank (EIB). EIB is both a bank and a public institution. Together with loans EIB also offers advisory and technical assistance which can help projects to maximise value for money. As a unique financial institution EIB plays a catalytic role in promoting sound and important projects towards EU policy. The main task of EIB is to contribute towards the integration, balanced development and economic and social cohesion of EU Member States. EIB plays very crucial role in PPP development in EU, specially in countries with not very sophisticated financial markets. It seems that EIB is the biggest supplier of funds to finance PPP in European market.

Introduction. The global shift toward sustainable natural resource use and the minimisation of economic dependence on traditional energy sources represents a necessary stage in societal development within the framework of climate change mitigation and sustainable development. The subject of the study is the potential for integrating renewable energy sources (RES) into business operations in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance the climate resilience of corporate processes in Ukraine and Europe. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the key trends, economic incentives, and institutional mechanisms that support the transition of businesses to RES within the strategies of sustainable development, the circular economy, and decarbonisation, with an emphasis on assessing the economic impacts on energy independence, GDP, and investment payback. Methodology. The methodological framework integrates general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, induction, deduction), a systems approach, as well as economic calculations (ROI, cost–benefit analysis, assessment of savings from reduced energy imports) based on data from IRENA, the Energy Community, the European Investment Bank, and Ukraine’s national energy strategies up to 2035. Results. The article analyses key outcomes of effective European best practices (Germany, Sweden, Romania, Poland) involving green certificates, subsidies, and tax incentives. For Ukraine, the share of renewable energy may reach 21.07 billion kWh by 2025, yielding savings of 5–7 billion UAH on energy imports. The ROI of solar and wind projects is estimated at 10–15%, with a payback period of 5–7 years. Investments in RES are projected to create up to 150,000 jobs with a multiplier of 1.5–2. The transition of businesses to RES is economically advantageous and strategically essential for achieving climate neutrality, strengthening energy security, and supporting Ukraine’s post-war recovery. Practical recommendations include the introduction of a national system of green contracts, grant programmes for pilot projects, integration of RES into the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2025–2030, and attracting €5 billion annually in EU financing. Accelerating the European integration of Ukraine’s energy sector and harmonising legislation with the EU Green Deal constitute critical factors for shaping an adaptive decarbonisation strategy up to 2050.

The article highlights the historical aspects of Ukraine's cooperation with two international financial institutions, which provide Ukraine with significant credit resources: the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank. The structure of these institutions, the purpose of their work, means and methods of achieving the goals defined in the statutory documents were considered. The cooperation of Ukraine with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank on the implementation of investment projects in the public and private sectors was studied, the peculiarities of the project implementation were analysed and the factors that impact low disbursement were investigated. Attention is drawn to the importance of using investments from international financial organizations in full and the importance of further close cooperation with institutions that provide credit resources to Ukraine in periods when the state does not actively cooperate with the IMF. Generalised suggestions for improving Ukraine's cooperation with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank were prepared, separately for each bank, the steps that need to be taken to increase the disbursement of loans for investment projects implemented in Ukraine with international financial organizations were listed.

The European Investment Bank Complaint Mechanism (EIB CM) reviews complaints about acts or omissions of the European Investment Bank (EIB) for non-compliance with the EIB’s obligation and proposes corrective solutions. This article analyzes the potential and limitations of the EIB CM as an accountability mechanism. It reviews the EIB CM’s case law related to the environmental and social impacts of financed projects and makes comparisons with the operating documents of the accountability mechanisms of other development banks. The analysis indicates that, despite several shortcomings, the complaints review of the EIB CM has significant potential.

Introduction. Ukraine's cooperation with regional economic organizations is a key factor in the integration of states into the world economic space and strengthening its international status as one of the leading states of Central and Eastern Europe. In modern conditions of globalization and regionalization of international relations, regional organizations, such as the European Union (EU), the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development - GUAM, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), as well as international financial institutions of a regional nature (EBRD, EIB, BSTDB), act as advertising partners. Ukraine. Legal support for cooperation with them is implemented at two levels: international (through international treaties, agreements and membership in relevant organizations) and national (through legislative consolidation and adaptation of norms to the Ukrainian legal space). These processes require detailed scientific analysis and development of practical recommendations to increase their effectiveness. The presented publication is dedicated to the search for relevant ways to solve the problems of international legal support for the development of Ukraine's cooperation with regional economic organizations. Summary of the main results of the study. In the course of the study, the author analyzed the international legal foundations of the functioning of regional financial organizations. Regional financial organizations (RFOs) are created on the basis of multilateral international agreements that are binding on the participating states. They are endowed with the status of international organizations. The most significant RFOs cooperating with Ukraine include: the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Black Sea Bank for Trade and Development (BSDT). Ukraine's cooperation with the RFO operates on the basis of: multilateral founding treaties, bilateral agreements (for example, the Framework Agreement with the EIB), national legislation (the Law of Ukraine "On International Treaties of Ukraine"), etc. The created legal conditions provide for: compliance with the principles of the rule of law, transparency, and the fight against corruption; granting RFOs immunities and privileges; guarantees of the proper use of financial resources. We have analyzed the main problematic issues and gaps in the international legal support of Ukraine's cooperation with the RFOs, identified the main problems and possible ways to further improve the legal support of such cooperation. The author includes the following problematic aspects: bureaucratic barriers and low efficiency of the use of funds; insufficient harmonization of national legislation with international standards; difficulty in ensuring transparency and anti-corruption control. Among the promising areas of work to improve Ukraine's cooperation with the RFOs, the author identifies the following: intensification of cooperation within the framework of the post-war reconstruction program ("Rebuild Ukraine"); involvement of the RFOs in "green" and digital projects; creation of a single coordination body in Ukraine for interaction with international financial institutions. Conclusion. Regional financial organizations are a number of international legal entities that form a modern system of economic governance. For Ukraine, cooperation with the EBRD, EIB and BSEC is of strategic importance, providing financial support, reconstruction and integration into the European economic space. The international legal support of this cooperation is based on founding treaties, bilateral agreements and national legal acts. At the same time, the effectiveness of interaction depends on internal reforms, determination of legal quality and the fight against corruption. In the future, Ukraine should strengthen its legal status in relations with the Russian Federation, ensure the effective use of international resources, and expand the scope of cooperation for successful post-war reconstruction and integration with the EU.

La rive sud de la Méditerranée est l'une des grandes priorités pour l'Europe. À ce titre, la Banque européenne d'investissement (BEI) est un partenaire financier majeur, depuis notamment la mise en place de la Facilité euro-méditerranéenne d'investissement de partenariat (FEMIP) en 2003. Ce sont ainsi près de 25 Md€ qui ont été engagés pour accompagner le développement des pays de la rive sud, avec une capacité d'adaptation aux besoins. Concentrée initialement sur les grands projets d'infrastructures publiques, l'activité de la BEI s'est progressivement orientée vers le soutien à l'emploi et au secteur privé, à la microfinance, avec une priorité donnée au climat, et toujours un objectif de catalyse d'autres investissements (publics ou privés) pour augmenter l'effet de levier. La BEI intervient toujours en partenariats. Le constat est cependant une approche européenne morcelée limitant l'impact des financements européens. C'est le sens de la réflexion en cours, à laquelle la BEI contribue, pour améliorer le schéma d'aide européenne en dehors de ses frontières. Classification JEL : O19, O43, O55.

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has been at the vanguard of public-private partnership (PPP) promotion and has been followed by most regional development banks (RDB) and many national development banks around the world. EIB activism on the promotion of PPPs can best be understood through the lenses of policy and norm entrepreneurship. Operating strategically, the EIB repeatedly created a ‘policy window’ through which to promote PPPs in different contexts. The EIB developed unrivalled PPP expertise among public bodies globally—with the possible exception of the United Kingdom Treasury. While the EIB was potentially motivated by ‘rationalist’ institutional goals, ideational considerations motivated a small group of British and Irish norm entrepreneurs to promote PPPs. The EIB promoted PPP usage to other RDB through the sharing of expertise and the joint financing of projects.

Adoption of the “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Union certification framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming and carbon storage in products” represents a significant policy shift, introducing a voluntary, harmonised EU certification framework. This study assesses the policy coherence of the CRCF Regulation and related EU regulatory and policy documents, examining how the certification framework for carbon removals, including carbon farming, is integrated into the EU’ broader climate and agricultural policy landscape. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on 31 EU documents, which were selected using snowballing sampling approach and nine search terms related to carbon removals, soil emissions and carbon farming. The identified text fragments were coded and grouped into nine thematic groups and qualitatively analysed to assess whether they reflect horizontal and vertical policy coherence or, indicate gaps and ambiguities. The results highlight a high degree of horizontal coherence with key EU documents, including the EU’s Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Regulation and the Common Agricultural Policy. However, several gaps and ambiguities remain, particularly regarding baseline methodologies, potential overlaps in funding mechanisms, and practical implementation pathways. These findings underscore the need for stronger vertical integration and methodological clarity to ensure that certified activities effectively support EU climate goals.

The article provides an overview of individual methods and tools of government support for agriculture used by one of the North Arctic regions of Russia – Yakutia. The experience of the region shows that achieving the development goals of the agricultural industry and government support programs implemented at all levels, both federal and regional, are of particular importance. The study examines the theoretical foundations of government support for agriculture, the experience of foreign countries, and the current measures of government support for the agro-industrial complex of Yakutia and their impact on investments. The purpose of the article is to identify existing problems in the industry and make suggestions for improvement of government support mechanisms that increase its investment attractiveness and increase the level of food self-sufficiency and independence of the region. The conclusion of the study: the government support is one of the main factors that can currently ensure the development and investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The effectiveness of existing measures was proved by the results. Despite the complex natural and climatic conditions, as well as significant transformations in the organizational and legal structures of agricultural producers, the region has managed to slightly, yet notably, increase the volume of agricultural production. It has also stabilized the population of certain traditional agricultural animal species in Yakutia and initiated large-scale investment projects that, while still in the early stages, are essential for enhancing the quality indicators of agriculture. The study revealed the most successful mechanisms of government support used at the regional level, as well as a focus on the need for an integrated approach to the solution of the issue of further state influence on the success of agricultural development. The authors’ suggestions, if necessary, can be used in scientific research and the development of strategic documents aimed at creating conditions for the sustainable development of the agricultural industry of Yakutia. Authors’ contribution. A.K. Efremov – analysis of the current state and dynamics of development of agriculture in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), study of current measures of government support at the regional level, including subsidies, preferential lending and infrastructure assistance, identification of key problems and barriers hindering the attraction of investments; N.V. Rodnina – theoretical substantiation of the need for state regulation in the agricultural sector, assessment of the effectiveness of the implemented government support programs, preparation of an analytical review of investment projects implemented with state support, development of recommendations for increasing the investment attractiveness of agriculture in Yakutia through the development of cooperation, PPP and human resources.

The purpose of the article is to assess the practice of attracting international sources of financial support for public transportation at the regional level, to identify problems with insufficient effectiveness of the implementation of international financial support projects and the formation of solutions at various system levels. It is determined that the main sources of financing of transport entities are self-financing, lending, state and international financial support. The preconditions for the use of credit funds of international financial donors for financing public transport and the conditions for lending to transport entities are described. Peculiarities of public transport lending by way of implementation of the project "Ukraine Urban Public Transport" are analyzed, and it is highlighted that its purpose is to realize the strategic priorities of the transport industry, institutional reforms and informatization. It is clarified that the responsibility for the performance gaps under the project, defined in the assistance agreements, is allocated to the City Councils and / or public transport entities. An assessment of international financial support is made and the reasons for short receipt of funds by transport companies from international financial organizations are specified. The amount of losses on incomplete implementation of the plan of expenditures and provision of credits for the realization of projects in the transport sector of Ukraine is clarified. Inefficiency in finding additional sources of financing of the project "Ukraine Urban Public Transport" is justified due to the impossibility to allocate financial responsibility to a certain project group in case of delay in non-implementation of the project plan at all levels. The organizational and financial mechanism of providing international financing for urban public transport by the European Investment Bank is proposed. It is argued that the mentioned mechanism, in contrast to the existing ones, identifies control points for the flow of financial resources, which provides an opportunity to suggest ways to intensify control activities by observers of the European Investment Bank and the public. The main disadvantage of receiving financing from the European Investment Bank in the framework of the project "Ukraine Urban Public Transport" is identified: obligations to pay VAT to the State budget are allocated to the business entity of the transport sector. The problems of inefficiency of implementation of financing sources of international financial organizations (on the example of the European Investment Bank) are identified and the directions of their solution are offered. The need for coordination of bodies of state supervision at the regional level with the observers' control activity is identified to promote the efficient and meaningful use of international financial sources by economic entities in the transport sector. It is proposed to supplement the state and supranational control with public control functions through the following options for establishing cooperation: 1) interaction of public councils at local self-government bodies with independent observers of international organizations involving auditors of the Accounting Chamber; 2) control of the process of implementation of the credit project of important infrastructure projects, including public transportation, by public organizations of the regional level. Methodology. In accordance with the purpose, the following research methods were used: a systemic approach (in identifying the components of the organizational and financial mechanism of international financial projects and their relationship), methods of comparative and statistical analysis (in assessing the receipt of financial resources from international financial sources). Results. The problems of inefficiency of implementation of financing sources of international financial organizations (on the example of the European Investment Bank) are identified and the directions of their solution are offered. Practical implications. Improving efficiency of using the international sources of financial support at the regional level will contribute to the renewal of the rolling stock of urban public transport, ensure its sustainable operation and development, save jobs at utility enterprises, increase revenues of utility enterprises from the provision of transportation services to the population. Value/originality. The organizational and financial mechanism for providing international financial support for urban public transport by the EIB has been developed, which, unlike the existing ones, identifies control points for grant flows, providing an opportunity to suggest ways to intensify control activities by the EIB observers and the public.

Over the past two decades, the European Investment Bank (EIB) has become the world's largest multilateral financial institution. This chapter contends that the EIB is a fascinating case to consider when investigating the politicization of the EU's economic governance, echoing the increasing demand for a more profound reflection of the EIB when studying current trends in the European political economy and governance. The scholarly observation of the European integration process and its institutions becoming politicized in the wake of the Euro area crisis has several facets. As bankers, the EIB has always emphasized the need for an AAA rating as a crucial element of its business model and has sought to prevent any intrusion in its business models that could risk it.

The European Investment Bank (EIB) constitutes one of the main institutional pillars upon which the European Union (EU) was built. Strikingly, the institution has attracted little research. EIB Statutes can be condensed down to five overarching objectives that its lending should prioritize: originally, development, integration and investment, and, since the mid-1990s, environmental protection and tackling unemployment. This chapter provides a comprehensive qualitative analysis of EIB lending to Europe from its origins to the present and examines the Bank’s loans in light of its lending objectives. We find a watershed moment occurring at the end of the Cold War. Until the 1990s, the EIB promoted integration and development above the alleviation of capital constraints. Since then, however, there was a progressive ‘mechanization’ of EIB loans at the expense of securing the institution’s mission, to the extent that loans were increasingly associated with capital subscribed by its members. This could mean that the EIB mission as found in its Statutes and its lending practice is becoming increasingly misaligned.

This chapter examines the important role that can be played by national and regional development banks in the green transformation. Our focus is on the European Investment Bank (EIB), but we argue that EIB’s effective mechanisms to fund the initiatives of the European Green Deal can be diffused worldwide to other regional and national banks, including in Latin America. Carbon shadow carbon pricing, green taxonomy, climate roadmap, and new instruments such as venture debt constitute experiences that can be drawn on by Latin American and other countries.

Policies promoting development need to take into account the fact that globalisation has made space more rather than less important. To take full advantage of agglomeration economies that come with urban concentration, infrastructure plays a key role. For a long time development policies have focused on the provision of infrastructure. In this work, we analyse: first how urban concentration and infrastructure interact with each other for encouraging economic growth; and second whether policies promoting infrastructure have considered the spatial distribution of economic activity. As a case study, we focus on the European Investment Bank (EIB) projects financing infrastructures, for both the European Union and the EU neighbourhood. We perform panel data analysis considering different measures of infrastructure, and we also analyse the EIB projects. Our results suggest a relevant role of connectivity infrastructure (i.e. transport and communications) for agglomeration benefits to take place in European Neighbouring Policy countries. Our results also suggest that EIB funding in ENP countries is mostly country specific and displays no spatial dimension.