Два подхода к толстовству в произведениях И.А. Бунина и С. Каронина (Н.Е. Петропавловского)

The article deals with the collection of artifacts (jewelry, household items) in the form of Christian symbols or with images of Christian symbols obtained during the study of archaeological sites of the Middle Ages in the Euro-pean North-East. All items date back to the 12thand13thcenturies and are kept in the funds of the Museum of Ar-chaeology of the Komi Scientific Center ILLH. The publication defines the typological and chronological composi-tion of the collection of 38 items, and provides analogies with the excavations in the European northeast and other archaeological sites of Russia.The artifacts are of great scientific interest for the study of historical and cultural pro-cesses that took place in the north and north-east of Europe at the beginning of the 2ndmillennium AD.The initial stage of distribution of products with Christian symbols can be divided into two sub-stages: 1. First half of the 12th century. Finds of coin-shaped pendants with the image of a cross. 2. Second half of the 12th–early 14thcentury. Var-ious types of pendants with images of a cross, household items with images of crosses. Wearable crosses and icons appear. The finds of these artifacts indicate the familiarity of the population with the traditions of Christianity. These archaeological finds suggest the spread of Christian ideas to the European North-East at an earlier time –dating back to the 12thand 13thcenturies. The Christianization of the region (as a historical process) begins with the Old Russian colonization at the beginning of the 12thcentury. The finds of objects of Christian worship testify to the familiarity of the population with Christian culture, and indicate contacts with the territory for which this culturewas characteristic. The distribution of the objects with Christian symbols and ideas of Christianity was associated with the inhabitants of large settlements founded by settlers from the territory of Russia.

The article deals with topical issues related to religious and cultural processes in the modern world. There is a comparative study of the concepts of local civilizations by N.Y. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A.J. Toynbee. Their views on the essence of religion, its place, role and functions in different civilizational communities are examined. The author singles out the general and special in the views of these thinkers on religion; gives an assessment of the relevance of their theoretical and methodological ideas in modern times. The work reveals the origins, ideological and theoretical foundations and specificity of the civilizational approach to cultural and historical processes in the context of the classical and non-classical paradigms of scientific and humanitarian cognition. There is given a systematic description of early versions of the concepts of local civilizations, from the point of view of their theoretical, methodological and general cultural grounds. The work combines the diachronic approach (analysis of specific ideas and concepts in the context of their chronological sequence and theoretical-methodological continuity) with the synchronic approach (correlation and comparison of concept components as equivalent in logical and theoretical planes).

This paper covers some issues concerning trigger and innovation barriers mechanisms in historical, cultural, and sociological processes. The idea of some triggering moments in the historical process does not seem to be only of minor importance anymore. We should bear in mind that various trigger effects while competing, cause various trends which could be more or less productive in begetting social and epistemological trends. This paper intends to cover some trends in New Modern Times period within the activity typical of the Cambridge Platonists School during the seventeenth century. Our intention in this paper is to demonstrate, that the common view of the Cambridge Platonists group as of some counterproductive force is not entirely true. We hold in here that the group should be regarded as some counter balancing trend rather than a bunch of purely mistaking retrogrades. The Cambridge Platonists we are about to demonstrate in this paper are of special interest for describing trigger effects as they are termed by the scholars as “the third component in western culture”. We could conclude that as their position as a moderator in various matters in science, philosophy, theology and even politics provided this group the best set of possibilities to compare and juxtapose many faceted trends of intellectual activity in XVII century. Their activity was of both spurring and limiting kind, enabling the thinkers of that period be more critical and not to omit the broad outlook in that turmoil of the XVII century.

The article examines topical issues of transformation of consciousness of the subject of traditional culture (Chechen society). It analyzes the historical and cultural processes that determine the vector of social con-sciousness formation of the Chechen society. It is observed that ethnicity and religion have been synthesized in the development of the consciousness of a cultural subject, in this case Chechen society. A sociological survey was conducted in order to identify the ratio of ethnic and religious in the consciousness of the subject of tradi-tional culture and to establish the factors that caused the transformation of his consciousness. The relevance of the research stems from the severity of the crisis of the ethnic and religious aspects of the consciousness of the subject of traditional culture, as well as explained by the importance of the search for further safe path of de-velopment. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that it is necessary to ensure an optimal correlation between ethnic and religious values in the human consciousness.

The purpose of the paper is to clarify the place and role of religious and secular education in the process of intercultural dialogue in the formation of the legal culture of the transitional period in the state, in particular the period of activity of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Methodological basis - the basis of the methodology of the research is the general theoretical methods, principles and approaches to the definition of the constitutionally-legal consolidation of the state and church status in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In particular, the formal-logical method was used to study the conceptual apparatus defined by the article's theme. Functional and comparative legal methods are used for comparative analysis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In the process of studying legal culture and legal awareness as an element of culture in the state a structural and functional method was used. The most important is the historical-retrospective method. This method has allowed to specify the previously mentioned methodological principle of historicism and to know the laws of the genesis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. Scientific novelty consists in the systematic analysis of the factors that influence the cultural and educational process in the formation of a citizens' sense of justice. At the same time, it was first established that the main factor of the historical and cultural process in the First Czechoslovak Republic, the formation of legal culture and legal consciousness was Catholicism. It was he who also influenced the constitutionally-legal consolidation of the right to education and upbringing, a change in the educational ideal took place: the spiritual life of man became the subject of in-depth study and acquired the highest priority of religious significance. Conclusions. In the First Czechoslovak Republic, the cultural-educational process served as a paradigm of intercultural dialogue for people of different ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The role of education in this context is defined as a strategic resource for improving the well-being of individuals in the formation of tolerance and mutual respect in the process of observance of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Intercultural dialogue, in this case, is a combination of components, in particular spiritual and secular education, in shaping a person's respect for language, religion, culture, and world outlook.

This study examines the role and meaning of religion in the philosophical systems of Hegel and Lotze from a comparative perspective. While Hegel, within the framework of absolute idealism, considers religion as a stage in human consciousness’s journey toward absolute knowledge, Lotze develops a metaphysics of value that grounds religion in individual ethical and existential experience. For Hegel, religion is part of a dialectical progression alongside art and philosophy; however, the highest form of knowledge is philosophy. Religion conveys truth through symbols and myths, whereas philosophy transforms these representations into conceptual knowledge. In Hegel’s system, God is understood as Geist (Spirit), which realizes itself through historical processes. In contrast, Lotze argues that God is not merely a metaphysical principle but a conscious and ethical being. According to Lotze, religion is not just a historical phenomenon but an existential necessity, reflecting an individual’s direct engagement with moral values. Love, in Lotze’s view, is the highest manifestation of God and the ethical foundation that enables humans to establish a connection with the divine. Ultimately, while Hegel’s approach is speculative and historically process-oriented, Lotze’s focus on individual consciousness and moral responsibility offers a more personal and existentially grounded religious philosophy. This perspective presents a compelling alternative for modern individuals seeking to comprehend their religious experiences in a meaningful way.

The article deals with peculiarities of the transformation of historical conscious­ness in the context of modern ethnic groups. The ethnic identity of a person is in­extricably linked to his or her historical consciousness. This connection is not lim­ited only to the knowledge of historical events, but suggests a way of organizing such knowledge of the ethnos’ past in the space of personal meanings and values. The past has a special being status in a person’s consciousness: it is that which was, which fatally determines the present and the future. The authors emphasize that processes of globalization and the associated culture of mass consumption transform historical consciousness of modern people, in which the existential con­nection of times breaks down. The events of the past lose their existential status, and turn into a set of information items, material for the hermeneutic framing of history. At the same time, globalization leads to the formation of a multicultural society in which the past is used as a symbolic resource of group consolidation. In such a society, historical consciousness assumes quasi-traditional forms based on the framing of simplified and unambiguous mythologies of the historical past, in which the present and the future dissolve. The specificity of historical truth, which combines the verification of facts about the events of the past, the uncover of the value-semantic integrity of the historical process and its ideological and moral grounds, is investigated. The importance of historical truth in the formation of ethno-cultural identity is substantiated

Choices need to be made between competing uses of health care resources. There is debate about how these choices should be made, who should make them and the criteria upon which they should be made. Evaluation of health care is an important part of this debate. It has been suggested that the contribution of health economics to the evaluation of health promotion is limited, both because the methods and principles underlying economic evaluation are unsuited to health promotion, and because the political and cultural processes governing the health care system are more appropriate mechanisms for allocating health care resources than systematic economic analysis of the costs and benefits of different health care choices. This view misrepresents and misunderstands the contribution of health economics to the evaluation of health promotion. It overstates the undoubted methodological difficulties of evaluating health promotion. It also argues, mistakenly, that economists see economic evaluation as a substitute for the political and cultural processes governing health care, rather than an input to them. This paper argues for an economics input on grounds of efficiency, accountability and ethics, and challenges the critics of the economic approach to judge alternative mechanisms for allocating resources by the same criteria.

Forms: Whole, Rhythm, Hierarchy, Network Misfit Forms: Paths Not Taken by the British Novel What Lies Between: Void Aesthetics and Postwar Post-Politics

The article attempts to substantiate the approach to law as a socio-cultural phenomenon as decisive for its interpretationтin the historical process. P. Bourdieu’s formula «law is cultural capital» is offered as a starting point. Attention is drawn to law as a socio-cultural phenomenon, legal values as cultural and spiritual values, legal tradition, etc. Attention is drawn to some provisions of Dvorkin’s interpretive theory regarding the conditionality of the content of legal norms by political (strategies pursued by legislators through norms) or moral (principles implemented by judges in resolving conflicts in society) factors. It is concluded that to interpret the law in historical retrospect, when it comes to mastering the legal experience of a society accumulated over the centuries, the most productive, considering and researching law as a socio-cultural phenomenon. Culture, the core of which is values, as a collective programming of consciousness, which distinguishes members of one group or type of people from another (according to G. Hofstede), which includes law, determines the level of implementation and collective life of people in society / state, their social integration and social reproduction in general during a certain historical period. Keywords: law, socio-cultural phenomenon, cultural-historical process, interpretation.

The chapters in this volume explore, engage and expand on the key thinkers and ideas of the Austrian, Virginia, and Bloomington schools of political economy. The book emphasizes the continuing relevance of the contributions of these schools of thought to our understanding of cultural, social, moral and historical processes for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences and humanities. An analysis of human action that deliberate divorces it from cultural, social, moral and historical processes will (at least) limit and (at worst) distort our understanding of human phenomena. The diversity in topics and approaches will make the volume of interest to readers in a variety of fields, including: anthropology, communications, East Asian languages & literature, economics, law, musicology, philosophy, and political science.

Afroamericans are members of the black race in the United States, and this group has a history dating back to slavery. Most of them are from people brought from Africa and forced to work as slaves and their descendants. The historical process of afroamericans was shaped by the abolition of slavery, the civil rights movement, and subsequent social struggles. Although the cultural heritage and historical experiences represented by afroamericans in the world are particularly evident in America, this heritage has a wide influence around the world. Afroamericans have made great contributions in many fields such as art, music, literature, and sports. For example, the development of musical genres such as jazz, blues, hip-hop and gospel can be traced back to afroamericans. The impact of afroamericans on the world is not limited to the cultural sphere; They were also socially and politically influential. Afroamericans have played an important role in the fight against racism in the United States and in the defense of black rights globally. Global resistance and advocacy movements such as Black Lives Matter are important examples of this struggle. These historical and cultural processes have contributed to the struggle for social justice and equality not only in America, but throughout the world.

Scholars, practitioners and activists generally agree that investor interest in land has climbed sharply, although they differ about what to call this phenomenon and how to analyse it. This introduction discusses several contested definitional, conceptual, methodological and political issues in the land grab debate. The initial ‘making sense’ period drew sweeping conclusions from large databases, rapid-appraisal fieldwork and local case studies. Today research examines financialisation of land, ‘water grabbing’, ‘green grabbing’ and grabbing for industrial and urbanisation projects, and a substantial literature challenges key assumptions of the early discussion (the emphasis on foreign actors in Africa and on food and biofuels production, the claim that local populations are inevitably displaced or negatively affected). The authors in this collection, representing a diversity of approaches and backgrounds, argue the need to move beyond the basic questions of the ‘making sense’ period of the debate and share a common commitment to connecting analyses of contemporary land grabbing to its historical antecedents and legal contexts and to longstanding agrarian political economy questions concerning forms of dispossession and accumulation, the role of labour and the impediments to the development of capitalism in agriculture. They call for more rigorous grounding of claims about impacts, for scrutiny of failed projects and for (re)examination of the longue durée, social differentiation, the agency of contending social classes and forms of grassroots resistance as key elements shaping agrarian outcomes.

The paper argues that development, understood as the set of economic, social, cultural and political processes oriented towards improving people’s lives, is a normative project which rests on ethical foundations. Working in international development requires therefore an ethical reflection. The paper discusses development ethics as an inter‐disciplinary field of study. It describes one leading contemporary ethical perspective in development studies, the capability approach, and examines how it can be used to analyse concrete cases of development. It argues that the capability approach presents aspects of different ethical frameworks, each of which provides a distinctive angle to the ethical analysis of development processes. The paper concludes with analysing a development case in Peru using the capability approach.

Islamic education cannot be separated from cultural values. Especially in Indonesia, an archipelagic country consisting of more than 17,000 islands and inhabited by around 255 million people. The number indicates that cultural, ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity must be found in Indonesia. This diversity is a characteristic as well as a valuable asset that must be cared for, fostered, protected and preserved. One attempt to maintain culture can be pursued through education. The relationship between Islamic education and Indonesian culture is like a currency coin that must synergize and strengthen each other, because education is actually a cultural process. The importance of Islamic religious and cultural education is contained in the Law on the National Education System (No. 20/2003) which states that education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and process so that students actively develop their potential, to have religious spiritual strength, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed by themselves, society, nation and state. This journal will discuss the relevance between Islamic education and culture. The research was conducted using the library research method. The results of the study show that Islamic religious education and Indonesian culture have a very significant and inseparable relevance. Islamic Religious Education must be able to lay a moral, ethical, and spiritual foundation for the development of Indonesia, which has a diverse cultural background.