Українська ідентичність у часі та просторі: історична пам'ять, інтерпретація минулого та сучасні виклики війни

The purpose of the article is to analyse the main aspects in the evolution of theatrical culture in Ukraine in the context of the formation and preservation of national identity. The research methodology is based on a combination of different approaches, including historical, sociocultural and artistic analysis of theatrical events and their interaction with political, sociocultural and economic factors. The historical approach enabled the author to trace the main stages of the development of theatrical culture in Ukraine, in particular the influence of political and social conditions on the formation of the national theatre. The artistic analysis enabled focusing on the aesthetic aspects of theatrical creativity, and the socio-cultural approach – to investigate the relationship between the theatre and society. Scientific novelty. The study is groundbreaking in its analysis of the impact of contemporary events, such as Euromaidan 2014 and the full-scale invasion of 2022, on Ukrainian theatre culture, as well as exploring the process of de-Russification in theatre. In addition, the article emphasises the role of individual artists and the development of modern drama, which underlines the theme of war and national identity. Conclusions. The process of formation of national identity in Ukraine in the context of historical events and cultural transformations was highlighted. Despite the various prohibitions of the desire to destroy national identity, the activities of outstanding national figures, in particular theatre figures, have always popularised Ukrainian culture. A promising direction in the development of theatre culture is to take into account all mental and ideological differences within the framework of Ukrainian values, since every Ukrainian is currently rethinking the question of their identity. The evolution of Ukrainian theatrical culture is an integral part of the process of formation and preservation of national identity. The theatre itself is an important tool of socio-cultural development, which helps Ukrainian society to realise its uniqueness and preserve its cultural heritage.

Розглянуто особливості формування української національної ідентичності. Виявлено розмитість та амбівалентність національної ідентичності України на сучасному етапі її розвитку. Проаналізовано причини, що гальмують процеси завершення формування української нації. Обґрунтовано роль національної ідеї як чинника формування української національної ідентичності.

The article examines the relevance of historical memory research as a key factor in the formation of national identity and an instrument of state policy. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Bulgaria, faced the need to develop a balanced historical policy amid transformational processes. This study aims to identify and summarise the main political practices that shaped social consciousness in the post-communist period.The article analyses the influence of political elites on the formation of historical memory policy in Bulgaria in the context of the post-communist transformation of society. The goal is to identify and generalise the main dimensions of memory policy and political practices, and to determine their influence on the formation of historical consciousness and the national idea in the context of post-socialist changes. Special attention is paid to comparing Bulgaria’s experience with Ukrainian realities, which is relevant in the context of modern hybrid warfare and the fight against historical myths.The study is based on the analysis of historical, political, and social aspects of memory policy-making. Approaches are used that allow studying commemorative strategies, in particular regarding decommunization, revising the content of textbooks, and constructing a new national pantheon of heroes. The analysis includes the study of legislative initiatives (such as laws on the criminal nature of the communist regime and the decommunization of science), the activities of institutions (such as the Commission for the Opening of Documents and the Institute of National Remembrance), and public discussions.The influence of external factors, such as Russian information propaganda, is also taken into account. The study uses a comparative approach, comparing the Bulgarian experience with Ukrainian realities.For the first time, the influence of political elites on the politics of memory in Bulgaria after the fall of the communist regime was systematically analysed, focusing on the mechanisms and practices of decommunization, the revision of historical narratives, and the formation of a new national identity. It has been proven that these processes were not always straightforward, as society showed an ambiguous attitude towards the communist past, combining its criticism with a certain nostalgia for the past. It is studied how the politics of memory is used as a tool to ensure social unity and counter external threats. The role of historical myths in the formation of the «image of the enemy» and the manipulation of public opinion is revealed.An effective public policy of memory is an important tool for ensuring social unity and consolidation, contributing to the formation of a Bulgarian-centric national identity. Although the process of decommunization in Bulgaria was slow, it included important legislative steps, such as the recognition of the criminal nature of the communist regime. Political elites oriented towards European values played a key role in abandoning the socialist past and regaining power. At the same time, the existence of a pro-Russian political bloc indicates the use of historical memory to destabilise the country. The experience of Bulgaria shows that the revision of textbooks, the creation of a pantheon of heroes, and the fight against historical myths are key elements in the formation of a new historical consciousness.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the role and place of cinema in the formation and strengthening of modern Ukrainian identity; to study the main trends observed in the development of contemporary Ukrainian cinema in the direction of state-building and geopolitical processes, in particular in the context of the war that Russia unleashed against Ukraine in 2022; to examine the shortcomings that negatively affect the quality and perception of Ukrainian cinema in Ukraine and the world. Research methodology. To achieve the set goals and solve the tasks, the researchers used such diverse approaches and methods as analysis (to study contemporary popular films) and synthesis (to identify trends in the development of Ukrainian cinema), historical method (to clarify the historical realities of Ukraine’s development), literary analysis (to study literary sources that highlight identity in cinema). Scientific novelty. For the first time, contemporary Ukrainian cinema is analysed in terms of trends in the formation of national identity through feature films. The main components of Ukrainian national identity are identified: awareness of cultural heritage, understanding of one’s role in the collective identity, and active consumption of cultural and information space, including cinema. The role and place of cinema in the formation and strengthening of modern Ukrainian identity are analysed. Conclusions. It is determined that the formation of Ukrainian national identity is conditioned by history, language, culture, religion, territory, traditions, politics and education. The article has analysed the Ukrainian cinema space and found that there is a tendency to rethink classical works and appeal to Ukrainian culture as a means of forming national identity, as well as to cover the topic of war and heroic events in the history of Ukraine, which contributes to the self-identification of Ukrainians as courageous fighters for freedom and independence. The study also has identified shortcomings, such as the use of “trouser culture”, acting unprofessionalism and instability of cinematic development, which negatively affect the quality and perception of Ukrainian cinema.

З’ясовано чинники, що негативно впливають на формування української національної ідентичності на сучасному етапі розвитку українського соціуму, серед яких: гібридна війна Росії проти України, культурна експансія сусідніх держав в Україні, інтенсивні глoбалізаційні прoцеси, домінуючий вплив інформаційних потоків зарубіжних держав на інформаційно-культурний простір України, недосконалість освітньої, мовної та культурної публічної політики України. Проаналізовано діяльність органів публічного управління щодо забезпечення розвитку української культури, мови, відродження української національної пам’яті. Запропоновано шляхи удосконалення публічної політики у сфері забезпечення етнокультурного розвитку української державотворчої нації у контексті формування української національної ідентичності, зокрема: на основі системності та комплексності етнополітики прискорити процес формування єдиного українського мовно-культурного та мовно-інформаційного простору, української соцієтальної культури; розробити та втілити державну програму національно-патріотичного виховання, збільшити фінансування галузей освіти й науки, підвищити якість українських освітніх та наукових продуктів.

The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of commemoration of Shevchenko's anniversary in the context of the activities of Ukrainian public centers and organizations in Odesa in the last quarter of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Research methods have become personalistic and systemic. Sources: archival and published documents, as well as epistolaries, journalism, memoirs gleaned from Ukrainian periodicals. The main results consist in understanding the process of commemorating Shevchenko's anniversary as an important factor in the formation of Ukrainian national consciousness and identity among the population of Odesa – an important socio-economic and socio-political center of southern Ukrainian lands. It is shown that the preservation of the historical memory of the great Ukrainian poet and thinker T. G. Shevchenko had a long history in Odessa from the last quarter of the 19th century before the First World War. Commemoration of the Shevchenkiv anniversaries can be traced in the activities of various Ukrainian public centers and organizations, in particular the Odesa Ukrainian Community, the Odesa «Prosvita», the Odesa «Ukrainian Club» and the «Ukrainian House». The main forms of holding Shevchenko's commemorations were literary, musical and vocal evenings of memory; reading reports, lectures, abstracts about Kobzar; publications about T. G. Shevchenko in newspapers, magazines, brochures, bibliographic indexes, etc.; organization of appropriate memorial services. In the 1870s and 1880s, measures to perpetuate the memory of T. G. Shevchenko were held illegally, and from the end of the 19th century gained publicity and relative mass. A notable role in the organization and implementation of events to perpetuate the memory of the Ukrainian poet and thinker belonged to such figures as L. A. Smolenskyi, O. O. Andrievskyi, P. O. Zeleny, M. F. Komarov, I. M. Lutsenko, D. D. Sygarevich, A. V. Nikovskyi, S. P. Shelukhin, and others. The commemoration of Shevchenko's anniversary faced internal difficulties of an organizational and ideological nature that arose in the Ukrainian ethno-national community of a polyethnic and multicultural city. Shevchenko's measures, first of the Odesa Ukrainian community, and later of the Odesa «Prosvita» and its successors, were in the field of view of the local administration, gendarmes and police, who exerted undisguised pressure and repression on conscious Ukrainianism and its public centers and organizations, sought to block the process of spreading Ukrainian national consciousness and identity in the city. However, the punitive and protective measures of the Russian imperial regime could not stop the activity of conscious Ukrainianism in Odessa to perpetuate the historical memory of T. G. Shevchenko, which was of great importance for the revival and preservation of the historical heritage of Kobzar, the spread of Ukrainian national and cultural values in the Russified and at the same time multifaceted in ethno-cultural, ethno-national and social dimensions of the region. Concise conclusions. It has been proven that from the end of the 1870s to 1914, Ukrainian public centers and organizations accumulated important historical experience in commemorating Shevchenko's anniversaries. This activity contributed to the national consolidation of local conscious Ukrainianism, the formation of the modern Ukrainian ethno-cultural landscape.

Problem statement. The article is based on a collective study of the national memorial practice to perpetuate the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war with the involvement of experience in the implementation of similar memorial objects from world practice. Memorial complexes are considered in the context of historical, cultural and collective memory. The importance of architectural and design tools as an artistic language of memorialization is asserted, capable of creating not only a form, but also to give symbolism, evoke certain moods and emotions. The role of memorials in the formation of national identity, social consciousness of the people is highlighted. The purpose of the article.: to identify current trends and new approaches in memorializing the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war by means of architecture and design based on the transformation of ideological institutions of society, the formation of its historical and collective memory, national identity. Methodology: the study involves comparison, analysis and synthesis of the world and Ukrainian experience of memorialization of war events in the historical and cognitive aspects. Conclusion: the realization of ideas, ideas, concepts and symbols of architects and designers, as generators, the leading link in the unity of many specialists involved in the creation of modern memorials, can become an effective tool for creating a new historical identity of the people, based on the material embodiment of collective memory and national traditions. Scientific novelty: an analysis of artistic means of architecture and design was carried out on three types of memorials to identify their features and implementation in time. Memorials are considered in the aspect of historical, cultural and collective memory. The role of memorials in the formation of Ukrainian identity and ideological trends of society is substantiated. Practical significance. The practical value of this research lies in its potential to create a material component of the new national identity of the Ukrainian people.

This article explores the role of ethnopsychological factors in the formation of national identity among adolescents. The study involved 9th-10th grade students from general education schools in the Samarkand region. The level of national identity and its influencing psychological factors – attitude toward the native language, historical memory, participation in cultural rituals, and the sense of belonging to an ethnic group – were assessed using diagnostic methods. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software. Pearson correlation and factor analysis revealed that national identity is positively correlated with these factors. The results indicate that ethnopsychological approaches are essential for strengthening national self-awareness among youth.

The article addresses a pressing issue of Ukrainian education in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war – the formation of national identity among youth. This issue has gained special significance, as it is the younger generation that shapes the future of the state. The authors conduct an in-depth analysis of the concept of national and national-cultural identity based on the works of Ukrainian and foreign scholars, as well as domestic legal documents. Key challenges associated with the identity crisis are identified: the impact of globalization, erosion of national values, information warfare, and alienation – all of which call for new educational approaches. A review of theoretical approaches to understanding national identity and national-cultural identity is provided, alongside an analysis of scientific literature, legislative acts, and historical prerequisites for identity development. Special attention is given to pedagogical conditions and effective methods within extracurricular activities: cultural events, educational training, volunteer work, and project activities that foster national consciousness. Student self-governance, engagement with contemporary heroic figures, objective representation of history, the development of aesthetic taste and patriotic worldview are considered foundational for nurturing a citizen with a clear national identity. The article emphasizes that forming a Ukrainian identity means not only preserving cultural heritage but also integrating into the common European space – where values of freedom, dignity, and self-awareness are upheld. It highlights the importance of developing a "self-concept" in youth and fostering emotional-value-based attitudes toward their nation, language, culture, heroes, and national history. National identity should become part of students’ personal, civic, and professional self-awareness. This material has interdisciplinary relevance and may be useful for scholars, educators, youth mentors, and developers of educational programs in the field of humanities.

Introduction. Identification and analysis of factors influencing the transformation of the main institutions of constitutional law, the emergence and development of new constitutional and legal institutions are considered to be an urgent problem for the science of constitutional law. One of the dynamically developing institutions of constitutional law is, in our opinion, the protection of historical memory. The article uses formal legal, historical and comparative methods. Their application will allow for a comprehensive study of the constitutionalization of state memorial policy in Russia and abroad. Theoretical analysis. The protection of historical memory is a multi-component constitutional and legal institution that includes at least three levels: creation and consolidation of the state memorial concept (national image of history); preservation of historical heritage; protection of historical memory from encroachments and distortion. The authors study them in more detail, first, by examining constitutional law of foreign states, and, then, by looking at the constitutional law of the Russian Federation. Empirical analysis. The research into constitutional and legal acts of foreign countries makes it possible to identify a steady tendency towards increasing social and political significance of understanding one’s own national history, which contributes to the formation of a constitutional and legal institution for the protection of historical memory in many foreign countries. Legislation aimed at protecting historical memory was gradually being formed in Russia, including both measures of positive legal regulation and prohibitions on publicly challenging historical facts related to the Second World War. The task of developing a unified political and legal concept of the national image of history and its constitutional and legal legalization turned out to be more difficult. Results. The establishment of the state memorial concept at the constitutional level is aimed at solving the tasks of determining the axiological foundations of development of society, formation of national identity, preservation of cultural identity and spiritual and informational sovereignty. The high social significance of regulated public relations, their relative isolation and internal structural unity give reason to conclude that a new constitutional and legal institution for the protection of historical memory is being formed. This process is typical of both Russia and foreign countries. The controversial issues of the formation of this institution are related to its relationship with the already established principles and institutions of constitutional law.

This article is devoted to memory routes, which open up new opportunities for the tourism industry by transforming ordinary routes into educational and cultural tools. Integrating them into the tourist space enriches visitors' perception of history and culture, while also emphasizing the importance of an ethical approach to presenting historical events. Such routes not only enhance cultural tourism but also contribute to the formation of national identity and the preservation of historical memory. The article explores the role of memory routes in modern tourism. It identifies the content and place of memory routes in tourism from the perspective of various concepts such as cultural tourism, route tourism, cultural routes, and heritage routes. Memory routes are considered as a type of heritage route, specific tourist paths based on landmarks associated with historical events, significant locations, or figures that played a crucial role in shaping national or cultural identity. The integration of such routes into the tourism space and their impact on visitors' perception of history and cultural heritage are analyzed. Special attention is given to the concept of historical memory and the ethical aspects of presenting events as the basis for route formation. The importance of memory routes for shaping national identity and historical memory is emphasized.

In times of globalisation and cultural interaction, the preservation of national identity is particularly important. Cultural centres play a key role in fostering national values, building community, and preserving traditions. The success of preserving national identity depends on community involvement and financial support, and innovation, including digital technologies and youth engagement initiatives. The article examines the role of cultural centres in the formation of national identity, the role of digital technologies in disseminating national identity, and the involvement of young people in strengthening national identity through educational and cultural activities.

State control of history education is vital to ensuring a national narrative capable of legitimating the modern nation-state. Teaching socially shared perceptions of the past is an important element in the formation of national, ethnic, or religious identities (Smith, Myth and memories of the nation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999). Political elites try to control history education in order to institutionalize a particular memory that will reinforce the group’s collective identity. These narratives and historical memory can become a major source of tension and enmification between different groups. At a time of crisis, when there is a threat to a group’s identity, historical memory is used to valorize the group and restore its collective esteem. The rise of neonationalist discourse in the 1990s in Japan can be viewed through the lens of the nation’s identity crisis, a reaction of a nation struggling amidst feelings of insecurity and frustration. The 1990s was also a time of reconstruction of historical narratives in China as the country faced an ideological crisis following the outbreak of the Tiananmen prodemocracy movement which weakened the legitimacy of the Communist leadership. This chapter is about unresolved trauma, historical memory, and identity anxieties generating deep contextual elements for negative dynamics of enmification between China and Japan.

The article focuses on the impact of transformations in exhibition spaces on the formation of national cultural identity in Ukrainian society during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach used to highlight the peculiarities of the formation of the exhibition and exposition space of Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2024. Among the main methods used are the method of definitional analysis to analyze the concept of national and cultural identity, the method of source research and the method of comparative analysis to compare the state of the exhibition and exhibition space of Ukraine in the specified period. The scientific novelty is that it deepens the understanding that the transformations of the Ukrainian exhibition space in 2014-2024 caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war are becoming an important factor in the formation of national and cultural identity by promoting national unity and identification of Ukrainians with a particular nation. Conclusions. At the present stage, it can be stated that the transformations of the Ukrainian exhibition space in 2014-2024 have a significant impact on the formation of national and cultural identity. The consolidation of Ukrainians during the Russian-Ukrainian war is largely reflected in the works of artists who, despite wartime, actively present their work, which reflects the national culture of Ukrainians and the consequences of Russia's destruction of our country's cultural values. The themes of the Revolution of Dignity, Russian aggression, occupation of Crimea, events in Donbas and the full-scale invasion have gained particular importance in the cultural sphere and are now widely covered at art exhibitions, where visitors have the opportunity to feel their belonging to the Ukrainian nation through familiarization with the national culture and understanding the importance of preserving it during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Keywords: culture, national and cultural identity, exhibition space, personality, Ukrainian art, values.

Background. The current problem of modern science and philosophy is the formation of national identity, considering the transformation of the value system in the context of deglobalization. An attempt has been made to identify the factors determining the future position of Russia in the emerging multipolar world. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the work of foreign and Russian authors devoted to the issues of globalization and deglobali-zation; information society; mediatization and networking; national identity; value orientations and life strategies. The use of the systematic, as well as a structural and functional approach enables comprehensively examining the problem of the formation of national identity with regard to the value transformations, taking into account the interconnection and interdependence of factors influencing the change in the structure of values of the Russians, including young people. In addition, the interdisciplinary approach allows including, along with philosophical concepts and categories, concepts of economics, political science, cultural studies, etc. Results. The author finds that deglobalization is a megatrend today that testifies to the changes in global development. Despite the differences in approaches to assessing the process of deglobalization, it is obvious that nowadays the processes of disintegration have affected almost all spheres of life. There is a fundamental shift in the global community towards a decentralized economic model that allows all countries to focus on their own interests and values. A mood of deep doubt has arisen in the social space regarding the flawlessness of the prospects for globalization. The threats and risks that lead to a deterioration of the position of the country in the global space are identified; the existing disadvantages that prevent the consolidation of various groups of the Russian population are outlined. The external factors that determine possible advantages and strengths, which may create favorable conditions for the formation of national identity, are determined. Conclusions. The analysis of historical, philosophical, scientific, theoretical and methodological sources shows the improvement of the social, economic and political climate in Russia. Favorable prerequisites for the formation of national identity as a condition of national security have developed in the public consciousness. Further promotion of Russian national interests in the international arena and awareness of national identity is a demonstration of the modern trend of deglobalization and therefore, despite fears and concerns of an isolationist nature, all this will contribute to strengthening national and societal security, as well as the successful development of the country, which coincides with the expectations of almost all segments of the population.