ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ДЕГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

The article examines the relevance of historical memory research as a key factor in the formation of national identity and an instrument of state policy. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Bulgaria, faced the need to develop a balanced historical policy amid transformational processes. This study aims to identify and summarise the main political practices that shaped social consciousness in the post-communist period.The article analyses the influence of political elites on the formation of historical memory policy in Bulgaria in the context of the post-communist transformation of society. The goal is to identify and generalise the main dimensions of memory policy and political practices, and to determine their influence on the formation of historical consciousness and the national idea in the context of post-socialist changes. Special attention is paid to comparing Bulgaria’s experience with Ukrainian realities, which is relevant in the context of modern hybrid warfare and the fight against historical myths.The study is based on the analysis of historical, political, and social aspects of memory policy-making. Approaches are used that allow studying commemorative strategies, in particular regarding decommunization, revising the content of textbooks, and constructing a new national pantheon of heroes. The analysis includes the study of legislative initiatives (such as laws on the criminal nature of the communist regime and the decommunization of science), the activities of institutions (such as the Commission for the Opening of Documents and the Institute of National Remembrance), and public discussions.The influence of external factors, such as Russian information propaganda, is also taken into account. The study uses a comparative approach, comparing the Bulgarian experience with Ukrainian realities.For the first time, the influence of political elites on the politics of memory in Bulgaria after the fall of the communist regime was systematically analysed, focusing on the mechanisms and practices of decommunization, the revision of historical narratives, and the formation of a new national identity. It has been proven that these processes were not always straightforward, as society showed an ambiguous attitude towards the communist past, combining its criticism with a certain nostalgia for the past. It is studied how the politics of memory is used as a tool to ensure social unity and counter external threats. The role of historical myths in the formation of the «image of the enemy» and the manipulation of public opinion is revealed.An effective public policy of memory is an important tool for ensuring social unity and consolidation, contributing to the formation of a Bulgarian-centric national identity. Although the process of decommunization in Bulgaria was slow, it included important legislative steps, such as the recognition of the criminal nature of the communist regime. Political elites oriented towards European values played a key role in abandoning the socialist past and regaining power. At the same time, the existence of a pro-Russian political bloc indicates the use of historical memory to destabilise the country. The experience of Bulgaria shows that the revision of textbooks, the creation of a pantheon of heroes, and the fight against historical myths are key elements in the formation of a new historical consciousness.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the role and place of cinema in the formation and strengthening of modern Ukrainian identity; to study the main trends observed in the development of contemporary Ukrainian cinema in the direction of state-building and geopolitical processes, in particular in the context of the war that Russia unleashed against Ukraine in 2022; to examine the shortcomings that negatively affect the quality and perception of Ukrainian cinema in Ukraine and the world. Research methodology. To achieve the set goals and solve the tasks, the researchers used such diverse approaches and methods as analysis (to study contemporary popular films) and synthesis (to identify trends in the development of Ukrainian cinema), historical method (to clarify the historical realities of Ukraine’s development), literary analysis (to study literary sources that highlight identity in cinema). Scientific novelty. For the first time, contemporary Ukrainian cinema is analysed in terms of trends in the formation of national identity through feature films. The main components of Ukrainian national identity are identified: awareness of cultural heritage, understanding of one’s role in the collective identity, and active consumption of cultural and information space, including cinema. The role and place of cinema in the formation and strengthening of modern Ukrainian identity are analysed. Conclusions. It is determined that the formation of Ukrainian national identity is conditioned by history, language, culture, religion, territory, traditions, politics and education. The article has analysed the Ukrainian cinema space and found that there is a tendency to rethink classical works and appeal to Ukrainian culture as a means of forming national identity, as well as to cover the topic of war and heroic events in the history of Ukraine, which contributes to the self-identification of Ukrainians as courageous fighters for freedom and independence. The study also has identified shortcomings, such as the use of “trouser culture”, acting unprofessionalism and instability of cinematic development, which negatively affect the quality and perception of Ukrainian cinema.

Розглянуто особливості формування української національної ідентичності. Виявлено розмитість та амбівалентність національної ідентичності України на сучасному етапі її розвитку. Проаналізовано причини, що гальмують процеси завершення формування української нації. Обґрунтовано роль національної ідеї як чинника формування української національної ідентичності.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the main aspects in the evolution of theatrical culture in Ukraine in the context of the formation and preservation of national identity. The research methodology is based on a combination of different approaches, including historical, sociocultural and artistic analysis of theatrical events and their interaction with political, sociocultural and economic factors. The historical approach enabled the author to trace the main stages of the development of theatrical culture in Ukraine, in particular the influence of political and social conditions on the formation of the national theatre. The artistic analysis enabled focusing on the aesthetic aspects of theatrical creativity, and the socio-cultural approach – to investigate the relationship between the theatre and society. Scientific novelty. The study is groundbreaking in its analysis of the impact of contemporary events, such as Euromaidan 2014 and the full-scale invasion of 2022, on Ukrainian theatre culture, as well as exploring the process of de-Russification in theatre. In addition, the article emphasises the role of individual artists and the development of modern drama, which underlines the theme of war and national identity. Conclusions. The process of formation of national identity in Ukraine in the context of historical events and cultural transformations was highlighted. Despite the various prohibitions of the desire to destroy national identity, the activities of outstanding national figures, in particular theatre figures, have always popularised Ukrainian culture. A promising direction in the development of theatre culture is to take into account all mental and ideological differences within the framework of Ukrainian values, since every Ukrainian is currently rethinking the question of their identity. The evolution of Ukrainian theatrical culture is an integral part of the process of formation and preservation of national identity. The theatre itself is an important tool of socio-cultural development, which helps Ukrainian society to realise its uniqueness and preserve its cultural heritage.

The article focuses on the impact of transformations in exhibition spaces on the formation of national cultural identity in Ukrainian society during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach used to highlight the peculiarities of the formation of the exhibition and exposition space of Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2024. Among the main methods used are the method of definitional analysis to analyze the concept of national and cultural identity, the method of source research and the method of comparative analysis to compare the state of the exhibition and exhibition space of Ukraine in the specified period. The scientific novelty is that it deepens the understanding that the transformations of the Ukrainian exhibition space in 2014-2024 caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war are becoming an important factor in the formation of national and cultural identity by promoting national unity and identification of Ukrainians with a particular nation. Conclusions. At the present stage, it can be stated that the transformations of the Ukrainian exhibition space in 2014-2024 have a significant impact on the formation of national and cultural identity. The consolidation of Ukrainians during the Russian-Ukrainian war is largely reflected in the works of artists who, despite wartime, actively present their work, which reflects the national culture of Ukrainians and the consequences of Russia's destruction of our country's cultural values. The themes of the Revolution of Dignity, Russian aggression, occupation of Crimea, events in Donbas and the full-scale invasion have gained particular importance in the cultural sphere and are now widely covered at art exhibitions, where visitors have the opportunity to feel their belonging to the Ukrainian nation through familiarization with the national culture and understanding the importance of preserving it during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Keywords: culture, national and cultural identity, exhibition space, personality, Ukrainian art, values.

В статье рассматривается метафорическое представление нации в англоязычном медиадискурсе через призму теории концептуальной интеграции Ж. Фоконье и М. Тернера. Изучение таких метафор имеет особую актуальность, поскольку нация является фундаментальной категорией, формирующей идентичность, культуру и политические настроения. Анализ проведен на материале англоязычных медиа, включая статьи и новостные репортажи. Методологически исследование опирается на теорию, которая рассматривает взаимодействие ментальных пространств и формирование когнитивных блендов. В ходе изучения метафор NATION IS A FAMILY, NATION IS A TERRITORY и NATION IS GREATNESS выявлено, что они влияют на восприятие нации, создают сложные ассоциативные связи в общественном сознании и освещают различные аспекты идентификации данной общности, включая солидарность, физические границы и национальную гордость. Применение теории концептуальной интеграции позволяет глубже понять, как эти выразительные средства формируют и трансформируют коллективное восприятие, оказывая влияние на общественное мнение и политическую повестку. Данное исследование подчеркивает значимость анализа метафор для понимания дискурсивных практик в медиа и их воздействия на формирование национальной идентичности. The article examines how the nation is metaphorically portrayed in English-language media discourse, utilizing the framework of conceptual integration theory developed by G. Fauconnier and M. Turner. The study of metaphors related to the nation is particularly relevant, as the nation is a fundamental category that shapes identity, culture, and political sentiments. The analysis was conducted on English-language media materials, including articles and news reports. Methodologically, the research relies on the conceptual integration theory, which examines the interaction of mental spaces and the formation of cognitive blends. The analysis identified that metaphors NATION IS A FAMILY, NATION IS A TERRITORY, and NATION IS GREATNESS form specific cognitive blends that influence the perception of the nation, create complex associative connections in public consciousness, and highlight various aspects of the nation’s perception, including solidarity, physical boundaries, and national pride. Applying the conceptual integration theory allows for a deeper understanding of how nation-related metaphors shape and transform collective perception, having an impact on public opinion and political agendas. This study underscores the importance of analyzing metaphors to comprehend media discourse practices and their impact on the formation of national identity.

Objective of the study is to identify changes in the approaches of the state to the formation of patriotic attitudes, to identify key areas and tools for the implementation of political will in this area and to identify public reaction to the programs being implemented. The methodological basis of the research. The study used methods of historical and philosophical analysis and hermeneutics, which allow identifying changes in identity and public consciousness through the study of political statements, programs and social initiatives. The content analysis method was also used, which helped analyze media and educational materials that form patriotic attitudes and identify their dynamics within the specified time period. Results of the study. It is established that the formation of patriotic attitudes in Russia in the period 2001-2005 was based on the restoration of national unity through education and culture, contributing to the strengthening of national identity. In the period 2021-2026, the strategy underwent changes, adapting to modern challenges, which included digital media campaigns and youth programs. These efforts maintained a high level of patriotism, but the results also revealed a variety of perceptions of patriotism among different social groups. Prospects of the study. The study of patriotic attitudes in Russia opens up opportunities for analyzing the impact of digital media and youth programs on the formation of national identity. An important area is the detailed study of how modern technologies contribute to the development of inclusive patriotism reflecting the cultural diversity of the country. It also requires an assessment of the long-term consequences of these changes for the consolidation of society and the development of effective recommendations on modern approaches to patriotic education.

This article discusses the revival of Uzbek nationalism: a comparative study of identity formation in post-soviet Uzbekistan. The revival of Uzbek nationalism in post-Soviet Uzbekistan represents a multifaceted and complex phenomenon rooted in historical, political, and socio-cultural factors. By exploring the historical background, political climate, language policies, economic challenges, and socio-cultural aspects, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the new national identity formation in Uzbekistan. Understanding the dynamics of this revival is crucial for analyzing the present and future of Uzbek nationalism in a rapidly changing global context.

This article discusses the structure of all-Russian national identity and the role of ethnocultural competence in its formation. The author analyzes the regulations that govern the state national policy of Russia, and the results of scientific research in the field of interethnic relations and the construction of identities. The multiculturalism of Russian society, which has developed as a result of the country’s historical development, requires citizens to be able to build a peaceful and constructive interethnic dialogue. Along with this, the state faced the task of consolidating the ethnic communities living in Russia into a single nation. Ethnocultural competence in this article is seen as a set of personal qualities that allow a person to establish successful interethnic communication. It can contribute to the solution of this task, if considered as a necessary condition for the formation of an all-Russian national identity and, therefore, one of the important focuses of the educational system. References Artemenko, O.I. 2006. Formirovanie identichnostey v mnogonatsionalnom rossiyskom obschestve: rol shkolnogo obrazovaniya [The formation of identities in multinational Russian society: the role of school education]. Vestnik rossiyskoy natsii, 3 (48): 24–41. Danilyuk, A.Ya., A.M. Kondakov, and V.A. Tishkov. 2009. Kontseptsiya duhovno-nravstvennogo razvitiya i vospitaniya lichnosti grazhdanina Rossii [The concept of spiritual and moral development and education of the personality of a citizen of Russia]. Moscow: Prosveschenie. Kuzmin, M.N. 1998. Polietnichnost rossiyskogo obschestva i zadachi sistemyi obrazovaniya kak instrumenta modernizatsii Rossii [The multi-ethnicity of Russian society and the tasks of the education system as a tool for modernizing Russia]. Moscow: INPO. Poshtareva, T.V. 2007. Formirovanie etnokulturnoy kompetentnosti uchaschihsya v polietnicheskoy obrazovatelnoy srede [Formation of ethnocultural competence of students in a multi-ethnic educational environment]. PhD diss., Drobizheva, L.M. 2009. Rossiyskaya identichnost v Moskve i regionah [Russian identity in Moscow and the regions]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN; MAKS Press. Tishkov, V.A. 2010. Rossiyskiy narod: kn. Dlya uchitelya [Russian people: a book for the teacher]. Moscow: Prosveschenie.

The article addresses a pressing issue of Ukrainian education in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war – the formation of national identity among youth. This issue has gained special significance, as it is the younger generation that shapes the future of the state. The authors conduct an in-depth analysis of the concept of national and national-cultural identity based on the works of Ukrainian and foreign scholars, as well as domestic legal documents. Key challenges associated with the identity crisis are identified: the impact of globalization, erosion of national values, information warfare, and alienation – all of which call for new educational approaches. A review of theoretical approaches to understanding national identity and national-cultural identity is provided, alongside an analysis of scientific literature, legislative acts, and historical prerequisites for identity development. Special attention is given to pedagogical conditions and effective methods within extracurricular activities: cultural events, educational training, volunteer work, and project activities that foster national consciousness. Student self-governance, engagement with contemporary heroic figures, objective representation of history, the development of aesthetic taste and patriotic worldview are considered foundational for nurturing a citizen with a clear national identity. The article emphasizes that forming a Ukrainian identity means not only preserving cultural heritage but also integrating into the common European space – where values of freedom, dignity, and self-awareness are upheld. It highlights the importance of developing a "self-concept" in youth and fostering emotional-value-based attitudes toward their nation, language, culture, heroes, and national history. National identity should become part of students’ personal, civic, and professional self-awareness. This material has interdisciplinary relevance and may be useful for scholars, educators, youth mentors, and developers of educational programs in the field of humanities.

This article explores the role of ethnopsychological factors in the formation of national identity among adolescents. The study involved 9th-10th grade students from general education schools in the Samarkand region. The level of national identity and its influencing psychological factors – attitude toward the native language, historical memory, participation in cultural rituals, and the sense of belonging to an ethnic group – were assessed using diagnostic methods. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software. Pearson correlation and factor analysis revealed that national identity is positively correlated with these factors. The results indicate that ethnopsychological approaches are essential for strengthening national self-awareness among youth.

Lao People’s Democratic Republic was founded in 1975, and since then the government has tried to reinforce Lao national identity among its citizens. This research aims to study what kind of role the Lao female traditional skirt called the “Sinh” has played out in forming Lao national identity among the Lao people since the country’s establishment, and what kind of factors have affected the perspectives towards Sinh-wearing in Lao society. This research relies on both qualitative and quantitative methodology. The findings indicate that the Sinh has played an important role in constructing Lao women’s identity, and has had crucial role in the formation of Lao national identity since the foundation of the country. It strengthens and enhances national identity among Lao women by making them feel proud of themselves, and it undoubtedly also causes them to favor wearing it. The Sinh works as a powerful object to reinforce Lao national identity. Perspectives on the Sinh have changed through the nation’s almost half-century history in response to several sociopolitical factors, such as socialist ideology, the New Economic Mechanism, and globalization, as well as tourism expansion. More and more people, in particular among the younger generations, have perhaps become reluctant to wear it. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that Lao women cherish and preserve its traditional value. Meanwhile, foreign people also perceive the Sinh as a symbol of national culture. The key findings of this research provide a better understanding of contemporary Lao culture and society, through the development of the Sinh in concern with the attempt to strengthen Lao national identity.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the role of civil society institutions in the formation of cultural resilience and national identity in the context of socio-cultural transformations, military challenges and global information pressure by identifying mechanisms through which non-state cultural initiatives contribute to the preservation of national values and cultural continuity. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines methods of cultural analysis, social anthropology, systemic, analytical methods, which will allow the author to clarify the meaning of local cultural initiatives and practices. Special attention is paid to the study of informal cultural activism within the activities of civil society institutions. The scientific novelty lies in the theoretical generalization and definition of cultural resilience as a dynamic ability of society to reproduce and transform identity in response to crisis phenomena. The role of modern civil institutions as mediators between the national cultural narrative and local cultural practices in the establishment of national identity is systematised and analysed, and their ability to produce new symbolic meanings, activate social cohesion, and influence public space is highlighted. Conclusions. The study found that civil society institutions play a key role in the process of forming cultural stability and preserving national identity, especially in conditions of socio-political instability, military conflicts, and hybrid information threats. Civil society not only supports cultural life at the local level, but also creates conditions for institutional continuity, semantic orientation, and civic mobilisation. In the cultural dimension, cultural sustainability appears as a multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses identification, ethical, communication, and adaptation components, and in this context, it is the institutions of civil society that become the space of intersection of national culture, everyday practices, and symbolic meaning, ensuring cultural continuity in the face of constant challenges, existential threats, and other dynamic social changes.

The aim of the study is to analyze the features of the formation of Ukrainian national identity across space and time, considering the aspect of preserving the historical memory of the people and the challenges of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The methodology is based on comparative-historical and general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, along with the principles of historicism, scientific rigor, and interdisciplinarity. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to comprehensively interpret the problem of forming Ukrainian national identity across space and time, employing a comparative interdisciplinary approach to analyzing the preservation of historical memory and interpreting the past. Conclusions. The historical memory of Ukrainian forced migrants in past centuries contributed to their preservation of ethnocultural identity while living outside Ukrainian ethnic territories. Historical memory enabled active pro-Ukrainian activities abroad, in both European and overseas regions, across several generations. Their memory and interpretation of the past differed from those of Ukrainians living in the Soviet Union. If contemporary intellectuals recognize that the function of historical memory is to shape national identity, it is essential to consider this issue in a global context, especially given the significant scale of migration from Ukraine. Today, it is crucial for the memory of Ukrainians, whether they have emigrated permanently, temporarily, or remained in Ukraine, to align within a unified system of values—centered on the memory of heroes who defended and continue to defend Ukraine from the enemy. From a temporal perspective, this could facilitate the formation and preservation of national identity not only within the state of Ukraine but also across broader spatial dimensions, encompassing various countries where Ukrainians reside.

Education is an absolute necessity that must be fulfilled throughout life. In addition to being faced with the development of technology and information, the world of education today is also faced with a very diverse social and cultural reality (multicultural). Thus, education inevitably must also respond and adapt to the culture of the surrounding community and transform these cultural values.The Indonesian nation consists of various ethnicities, cultures and local wisdom. Culture plays an important role in the education process. The values of local wisdom have a strategic role in the formation of national character and identity. Local wisdom is an identity or cultural personality of a nation that causes the nation to be able to absorb, even process culture that comes from outside / other nations into its own character and abilities. The values of local wisdom have a strategic role in the formation of national character and identity. Education developed by utilizing local wisdom will lead to the emergence of independent, disciplined, tolerant, responsible and creative attitudes. The Floating Market as a form of local wisdom of the Banjarmasin community can be used as a source of knowledge, values, character and character for the local community through an ethnopedagogic approach