수확시기, 예건 및 싸라기 처리가 유기 청보리의 사초 생산성 및 사일리지 품질에 미치는 영향

Studies were conducted at one location in 1997 (W97) and in two locations in 1998 (E98 and W98) near Garden City, KS, to evaluate the impact of Palmer amaranth at densities of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants/m of row on forage yield and quality of irrigated corn and to determine if harvesting Palmer amaranth–infested corn for forage rather than for grain would reduce losses. Weed-free corn, Palmer amaranth alone, and corn–Palmer amaranth harvested together were evaluated for forage yield and quality. Forage quality was determined by evaluating in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and crude protein (CP). Corn grain and forage yield declined with increasing Palmer amaranth density. However, decline in forage yield ranged from 1 to 44% of the weed-free yield at Palmer amaranth densities of 0.5 and 8 plants/m of row, whereas decline in grain yield ranged from 11 to 74% of the weed-free yield at the same densities. Digestibility of weed-free corn forage, expressed as IVDMD, was significantly higher than that of Palmer amaranth alone at W97 and W98. The CP of weed-free corn forage was similar to that of Palmer amaranth forage at W98, but it was lower at the other two locations. In contrast, CP did not differ between corn–Palmer amaranth harvested together and weed-free corn. The IVDMD of weed-free corn forage was greater than that of corn–Palmer amaranth mixture at W98, but no differences were observed at the other two locations. The relative feeding values of weed-free corn and corn–Palmer amaranth mixture were similar, and greater than that of Palmer amaranth in monoculture. These results indicate that Palmer amaranth interference in corn may not affect forage quality but can cause a decline in yield. This decline in yield is less when harvesting corn and Palmer amaranth together for forage rather than for harvesting corn grain alone.Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. #3 AMAPA; corn, Zea mays L.Additional index words: Forage quality, weed density, yield loss.Abbreviations: ADF, acid detergent fiber; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; IVDMD, in vitro dry matter digestibility; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; RFV, relative feed value.

Speculation has arisen over the feeding value of silages produced from bird‐resistant (high tannin) sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of maturity on tannin content in the grain and whole plants of bird‐resistant and bird‐susceptible grain and forage sorghums, and to determine the relationship between tannin content and other quality attributes such as crude protein (CP), acid‐detergent fiber (ADF), neutral‐detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Four hybrids of each sorghum type were grown in the field, and entire plants were harvested at boot and hard‐dough stages of maturity. Grain was harvested at milk, hard‐dough, and mature stages. Significant differences (P<0.05) were measured in grain tannin level among the three sorghum types. Tannin levels were highest in grain of bird‐resistant hybrids, with forage‐type sorghums being intermediate, and bird‐susceptible entries lowest. Significant reductions (P<0.05) in tannin level occurred in grain of bird‐resistant hybrids as the grain matured, but increased significantly with maturity in the whole plant. Changes in whole‐plant tannin levels over the season were inconsistent in both bird‐susceptible and foragetype sorghums. Crude protein was significantly higher (P<0.05) in grain at the milk stage than at hard‐dough for all hybrids. Significant reductions in CP were observed in all hybrids as the plant matured from boot to hard‐dough. Fibrous constituents, ADF and NDF, decreased and IVDMD increased significantly (P<0.05) as plants matured. Whole‐plant tannin level was negatively correlated with CP and IVDMD, and positively related to fibrous constituents. Results of this study indicate that feeding value of the silage of bird‐resistant sorghum hybrids would be reduced by high concentration of tannin at the hard‐dough stage of maturity.

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a qualidade da pastagem diferida de Brachiaria decumbens sob pastejo durante o período da seca, utilizando-se quatro novilhos Holandês-Zebu fistulados no esôfago. As amostras foram coletadas com base na disponibilidade total (DT), na simulação manual de pastejo (SMP) e na extrusa (EXT) coletada. Foram determinados os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), carboidratos totais (CT) e não-fibrosos (CNF), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinzas e proteínas (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi), lignina e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). As amostras obtidas com a DT apresentaram valores superiores para MS, CT, FDN, FDNcp, FDA, FDAi e lignina, que refletiram na menor DIVMS para a DT. A EXT e a SMP não diferiram quanto à PB, EE, CNF, FDN, FDNcp, FDA, FDAi, lignina e DIVMS. Os teores de PB foram 5,60 e 6,50 e os de FDN foram 71,87 e 71,70, respectivamente, para a SMP e a EXT. Os resultados sugerem que a amostra obtida pela SMP, em comparação com a DT, estaria mais próxima da forragem selecionada por animais em pastejo.

본 시험은 이탈리안 라이그라스 극조생종 품종을 육성하기 위하여 2001년부터 2010년까지 국립축산과학원 초지사료과에서 수행되었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스 신품종 '그린팜'는 2배체 품종으로서 엽은 녹색이며, 월동 전 초형은 직립형이고, 봄의 초형은 반직립형이다. 또한 '그린팜'는 4월 28일경에 출수하는 극조생종 품종으로 '그린팜'은 'Florida 80' 보다 지엽폭이 0.4mm 넓고, 지엽의 길이가 0.8 cm 길었으며, 출수기에 초장은 93 cm로 'Florida 80' 보다 5 cm 정도 작았다. 줄기의 두께는 'Florida 80' 보다 0.6 mm 굵고 이삭길이는 0.3 cm 짧았으며, '그린팜'의 내한성은 'Florida 80' 보다 다소 강한 품종이었다. '그린팜'의 건물수량은 11,790 kg/ha로서 'Florida 80'과 대등하였다. '그린팜'의 사료가치는 in vitro 소화율이 68.7%, 가소화양분총량(TDN)이 63.3%로서 'Florida 80' 보다 각각 1.9, 1.7% 높았고, 산성세제불용섬유(ADF)와 중성세제불용섬유(NDF)는 32.5 및 54.6%로 'Florida 80' 보다 각각 2.2 및 4.3% 낮았다. This experiment was carried out to breed a very early maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan from 2009 to 2010. A new variety, 'Green farm' is a diploid variety with green in leaf color and has erect and semi-erect growth habit in late autumn and early spring, respectively. 'Green farm' was on 28 April in heading date as a early-maturing variety. 'Green farm' was also wider by 0.4 mm in flag leaf width, longer by 0.8 cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 5 cm in plant height than those of control variety, 'Florida 80', respectively. 'Green farm' was thicker in stem thickness and stronger in winter hardness than those of the 'Florida 80'. Dry matter (DM) yield (11,790 kg/ha) of 'Green farm' was similar to that of 'Florida 80'. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein (CP) of 'Green farm' were 68.7, 63.3 and 10.3% which are 1.9, 1.7 and 0.6% higher than those of 'Florida 80', respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 'Green farm' were 32.5 and 54.6% which are 2.2 and 4.3% lower than those of the 'Florida 80', respectively.

This study examined the effect of coating thickness on electrode life and nugget strength. Uncoated and galvanized steel sheets supplied from Ereğli Iron and Steel Factories Co. (Erdemir) with similar chemical compositions having different coating weights (100, 180, and 275 g/m2) were welded using resistance spot welding under constant welding parameters. Electrode force used during spot welding operation was 7.3 kN under 6.5 kA of constant welding current and 2 s welding time. After welding operations, shearing tests were applied to selected specimens and the nugget diameters were measured. Experimental results showed that as the coating thickness increased the electrode life and the strength of the weld nugget decreased.

In the present study, we examined forage yield and quality features of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) lines developed by using half-sib family selection breeding method. The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications between 2009 and 2011 years in Samsun, Turkey. Based on the average of the results of two years, significant differences were found for all parameters. In the studied lines and varieties, dry matter yields were found between 6.66 and 9.37 t ha-1, crude protein contents 11.46-13.81%, crude protein yields 0.80-1.18 t ha-1, acid detergent fiber 31.41-34.75%, neutral detergent fiber 48.77-52.80%, total digestible nutrient contents 56.49-60.80%, total digestible nutrient yields 376.35-556.42 t ha-1 and relative feed values 109.33-122.83. Annual ryegrass lines 4, 5, 6, 10 and 11 were selected for further regional yield assessments due to their superior yield and quality attributes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass silages with increasing levels of dried mango by-product (DMB). Five addition levels were studied (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%) using 20 rams, in a randomized complete design with five treatments (addition levels) and four replications. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) intake and digestibility were evaluated, as well as the total digestible nutrients (TDN) and the silage nitrogen balance (NB). Mango by-product addition did not influence the DM, CP and TC intakes, the TDN level or the OM, CT and NFC digestibilities. On the other hand, DMB addition reduced the NDF and the ADF intakes, as well as the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities, and the NB of the silages. There was also a increasing linear effect of DMB addition on the EE and NFC intakes, and on EE digestibility. The elephant grass silage with DMB by-product may not be used as a single feed to ruminants because it reduces the NDF and the ADF intakes and the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities, as well as the nitrogen balance.

Digestibility of whole-crop barley and oat silages in dairy heifers

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) are the predominant forage legumes grown in the north central USA. Frequently these legumes are established with a companion crop to increase establishment year forage yield, reduce erosion, and suppress weeds. Information comparing forage yield, quality, and legume establishment using traditional companion crops of oat (Avena sativa L.) and oat+field pea (Pisum spp.) S. s. annual ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and festulolium (Festulolium braunii K.A.) companion crops is limited. This study was conducted to evaluate establishment year forage yield, quality and legume establishment success using five establishment methods. Four companion crops (oat, oat + field pea, annual ryegrass, festulolium) were sown with either alfalfa, red clover, or birdsfoot trefoil at two Wisconsin locations in 1993 and 1994. Each legume species was also established alone. Plots were harvested initially based on companion crop maturity and additional summer harvests were made when legumes reached midlate bud stage ofgrowth. Establishment year forage yields were higher when a companion crop was used than when the legume was solo seeded. At Ashland, WI, oat + field pea companion crop-legume mixtures were highest yielding in both years, averaging 0.60 ton dry matter (DM)/acre more than solo seeded legumes in the establishment year. At Marshfield in 1993 annual ryegrass and festulolium companion crop-legume mixtures yielded 0.65 ton DM/acre more than oat or oat + field pea companion crop-legume mixtures and 1.05 ton DM/acre more than solo seeded legumes. All companion crop-legume mixtures were equal, but higher yielding than solo seeded legumes in 1994 at Marshfield. Birdsfoot trefoil plots were consistently lowest yielding at both locations, except Marshfield in 1994 when alfalfa growth was suppressed due to excess moisture. Forage quality was directly related to the legume content of the harvested forage. Among the companion crops, annual ryegrass and festulolium were most frequently the highest in CP and lowest in acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Using annual ryegrass or festulolium as a companion crop for legume establishment may enhance the overal quality of forage harvested in the seeding year as compared with oat companion crops, and will increase yield over solo seeded legumes. In years that favor aggressive ryegrass growth, legumes may establish more slowly and may not produce as much forage in the year after establishment.

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of various utilization forms of grain sorghum residues were investigated. Two grain sorghum cultivars, SNK 3640 (bitter tasting) and Pioneer 8564 (sweet tasting), were used. Each taste type was grown on two soil types, viz. Rensburg and Bainslvei. The results indicate that energy availability as reflected by the IVDMD, acid detergent fibre (ADF) content, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content, and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, seemed to be highest for fresh total plant residues (IVDMD = 53.9%) and for leaves of fresh plant residues (IVDMD = 52.3%). Silage made from fresh total plant residues seemed to be somewhat lower in energy availability (IVDMD = 49.4%), while leaves of frosted plant residues (IVDMD = 44.8%), frosted total plant residues (foggage) (IVDMD = 44.0%), and hay made from fresh total plant residues (IVDMD = 42.4%), seemed to be lowest in energy availability. A high WSC content (18.9%) accompanied with a relatively low NDF content (68.8%) was measured for fresh total plant residues while a relatively low NDF content (67.5%) was also measured for silage. Variation in the IVDMD of grain sorghum residues occurred among taste and soil types. The crude protein (CP) content of leaf material (12.6% for fresh, and 10.6% for frosted, leaves) was higher than the CP content of the various utilization forms of total plant residues which varied between 5.8 and 6.5%. Crude protein quality, as measured by the percentage of nitrogen appearing as non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and the percentage of nitrogen associated with ADF (ADF-N), was most favourable for fresh (NPN = 19.1% and ADF-N = 13.4% and frosted (NPN = 22.5% and ADF-N = 12.5%) leaf material. The NPN and ADF-N values, respectively, varied between 28.4 and 53.7% and between 17.6 and 21.2% for the various utilization forms of total plant residues. Frost had little detrimental influence on the content and quality characteristics of CP. Phosphorus content was highest for fresh (0.20%) and frosted (0.18%) leaf material. Phosphorus values for the various utilization forms of total plant residues varied between 0.10 and 0.12%. Soil type significantly (P Keywords: carbohydrate; chemical composition; crude protein; cultivars; dry matter digestibility; energy; ensiling; fermentation; fibre; foggage; grain; hay; in vitro dry matter digestibility; leaves; neutral detergent fibre; nitrogen; phosphorus content; protein; quality; silage; soil types; sorghum; south africa African Journal of Range & Forage Science , 12(3): pp. 116-120

It was evaluated the effect of the absence and of application of three nitrogen doses (50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1of N) and four harvest times in the winter/spring season (from July to October) on dry mass yield (DMY), on the relative chlorophyll contents (ICF _ leaf chlorophyll index) and on the contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin, and their respective correlations on Tanzania and Mombaça grasses after intercrop with corn in distroferric red latosol (Oxisol) soil as well. It was used a random block design, in split-plot with four replicates. The greatest DMY occured with the increase of photoperiod (from August), neverthless responses to nitrogen fertilization over cuts difered among the grasses. In an irrigated crop-livestock integration system under cerrado conditions, it is technically feasible the establishment of Tanzania and Mombaça grass intercroped with corn at sowing or if cover nitrogen fertilization is performed because even in the abscence of nitrogen fertilization, great satisfactory quantity of forage was produced, with average DMY of 2,000 kg ha-1 per cut during the highest shortage of roughage for animals (winter/spring). Nitrogen fertilization after corn harvest increases DMY and improves bromatologic composition of the grasses, as contents of chlorophyll and CP in winter/spring is increased, besides the increase of contents of TDN and a reduction on the contents of NDF and ADF until September. Leaf chlorophyll index can be used to estimate the DMY and CP content and as a marker of the need of nitrogen fertilization of Tanzania and Mombaça grasses submitted to cutting.

Effects of climate warming on nutrition quality and storage of alpine grasslands are still controversial, which is not conducive to the management and utilization of alpine grasslands. A long-term warming experiment (with open-top chambers used to elevate temperature) was conducted at three elevations (relatively low, mid-, and high elevations with 4313, 4513, and 4693 m) of Northern Tibet in 2010 to compare the differences in forage nutritional quality and storage response to warming among three elevations and to explore the relationships between forage nutritional quality and production. In 2019, community surveys, observations of forage biomass and nutrition quality, and soil physicochemical properties were carried out. Forage nutrition quality included crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), crude ash (Ash), and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content. Warming did not affect community aboveground biomass (AGB) at the three elevations. Warming improved community nutrition quality by increasing community CP content by 25.80% and decreasing community NDF content by 15.51% at the low elevation. In contrast, warming reduced community nutrition quality by increasing community CP, ADF, and NDF contents by 13.45%, 23.68%, and 17.43%, respectively, and decreasing Ash content by 39.50% at the high elevation. Warming did not affect community CP, ADF, NDF, EE, Ash, or WSC contents at the mid-elevation. Warming increased community nutrition storage by increasing community CP, ADF, and NDF storges by 74.69%, 88.18%, and 79.71%, respectively, at the high elevation. Warming did not affect community nutrition storages at the low or mid-elevations. Overall, forbs had higher CP, EE, Ash, and WSC contents and lower ADF and NDF contents compared with graminoids. Community EE content increased with community AGB, but community CP, ADF, NDF, EE, Ash, and WSC contents were not related to community AGB. Therefore, from the low to high elevation, the effects of warming on forage nutrition quality gradually changed from improving to inhibiting. Warming altered rangeland quality by affecting forage nutrition quality rather than forage production. There were no trade-offs between forage nutrition quality and forage production.

Desenvolveu-se este estudo para avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em novilhas alimentadas com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio. Avaliou-se também a eficiência de predição do consumo de matéria seca e do valor energético dos alimentos. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhas mestiças Holandês-Zebu com peso corporal médio inicial de 200 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro dietas e cinco repetições. As dietas foram formuladas para ser isoproteicas e fornecer 14% de proteína bruta e foram compostas de 71% de cana-de-açúcar tratada com 0; 0,75; 1,5 ou 2,25% de óxido de cálcio (com base na matéria natural) e corrigida com 1% da mistura ureia e sulfato de amônio (9:1) e 29% de concentrado. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não-fibrosos corrigidos para cinza e proteína (CNFcp) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), em kg/dia, não foram afetados pela adição de óxido de cálcio à cana-de-açúcar. Os consumos de MO, FDN, FDNcp e NDT (% PV) reduziram linearmente com as doses de óxido de cálcio. As digestibilidades de MO, FDN, FDNcp, carboidratos totais e CNFcp e o teor de NDT das dietas não foram afetados. Entretanto, o tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com óxido de cálcio provocou redução na digestibilidade da MS e PB. As equações propostas pelo National Research Council subestimaram os consumos de MS e NDT e de PB e CNF digestíveis e superestimaram os de FDN digestível. O tratamento da cana-açúcar com óxido de cálcio não melhora o consumo nem a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em novilhas. As equações propostas pelo National Research Council não são eficientes para estimar o consumo de MS e o valor energético de alimentos nas condições experimentais.

The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. Whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling at 1.0×105 colony forming units per gram of fresh forage. The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages. The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages. Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity. Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls. Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and NH3-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages. In conclusion, considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage. Inoculating LAB1 improved the fermentation quality, while inoculating LAB2 enhanced the aerobic stability of wheat silages at different maturity stages.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical-bromatological composition of fresh grass and hay from Tifton 85 cut at different times of the day, as well as the potential losses from haymaking. The experimental design was a randomized block, assessing three cutting times: 11:00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 5:00 PM. We determined the contents of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, protein insoluble in neutral detergent, acid detergent lignin, and in vitro digestibility of the collected samples. We also estimated values for cellulose, hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients of both fresh forage and hay. Losses of each nutritional component due to haymaking were calculated from the fresh and dried material after 72 h. Cutting time influenced the nutritional composition of Tifton 85 grass; grass cut at 2:00 pm exhibited a superior nutritional profile with higher in vitro digestibility of dry matter (73.22%), total digestible nutrients (69.15%), non-fiber carbohydrates (20.37%), and lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (67.75%) and cellulose (31.92%). Differences in haymaking losses were observed only for non-fiber carbohydrates at 2:00 pm, with a loss of 60.41%. The cutting time of Tifton 85 alters the quality of fresh forage but does not significantly affect the composition of hays produced from grass cut at various times of the day.