이모작 작부체계에 적합한 극조생종 이탈리안 라이그라스 신품종 '그린팜'의 품종 특성

This experiment was conducted to breed a very early maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 2015-2017. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, ‘Green call 2ho’ is a diploid variety with green in leaf color and has semi-erect growth habit in late autumn and erect growth habit in early spring, ‘Green call 2ho’ was in heading date as a early-maturing variety April 24. Also ‘Green call 2ho’ was narrower by 2 mm in flag leaf width, longer by 2.5 cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 3 cm in plant height than those of the control variety, ‘Florida 80’, respectively. ‘Green call 2ho’ was also thicker by 0.33 mm in stem thickness and strong in winter hardness. Dry matter (DM) yield (11,688 kg/ha) of ‘Green call 2ho’ was 7% higher than that of ‘Florida 80’. Total digestible nutrient (TDN), crude protein (CP) and relative feed value (RFV) of ‘Green call 2ho’ were 61.3 %, 9.8 % and 98.2, respectively which are 2.6, 0.6, and 8.4 % higher, respectively than those of ‘Florida 80’, respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of ‘Green call 2ho’ were 34.9 and 58.5 % which are 3.3 and 2.7 % lower than those of ‘Florida 80’, respectively.

본 시험은 이탈리안 라이그라스 조숙 내한성 품종을 육성하기 위하여 1999년부터 2005년까지 축산과학원 조사료자원과에서 수행되었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스 신품종 '코스피드'는 2배체 품종으로서 엽색은 녹색이며, 월동 전 초형은 반직립, 봄의 초형은 직립형이다. '코스피드'는 5월 1일경에 출수하는 조숙성 품종이다. 또한, '코스피드'는 'Florida 80' 보다 지엽의 폭이 0.2mm 넓고, 지엽의 길이가 1cm 길며, 출수기 초장은 85m로 'Florida 80' 보다 1cm 정도 작다. 줄기의 두께는 '화산 101호'와 'Florida 80'과 같이 중간이었다. '코스피드'의 내한성은 'Florida 80' 보다 강한 품종이었다. '코스피드'의 건물수량은 13,257kg/ha로서 'Florida 80'과 대등하였다. '코스피드'의 사료가치는 in vitro 소화율이 73.2%, TDN이 65.3%로서 'Florida 80' 보다 각각 2.1% 및 1.7% 높았고, ADF와 NDF는 29.1 및 53.1%로서 'Florida 80' 보다 각각 2.1% 및 2.3% 낮았다. This experiment was carried out to breed the cold-tolerant variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan from 1999 to 2005. New variety, 'Kospeed' is a diploid variety with green in leaf color, and has semi-erect and erect growth habit in late autumn and early spring, respectively. 'Kospeed' was on 1 May in heading date as a early-maturing variety. Also 'Kospeed' was wider by 0.2mm in flag leaf width, longer by 1cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 1cm in plant length than those of 'Florida 80', respectively. Stem width of 'Kospeed' was similar to that of 'Florida 80' and 'Hwasan 101'. Cold tolerance of 'Kospeed' was better than that of 'Florida 80'. Dry matter (DM) yield (13,257kg/ha) of 'Kospeed' was similar to that of 'Florida 80'. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) of 'Kospeed' were 73.2% and 65.3% which are 2.1% and 1.7% higher than those of 'Florida 80', respectively. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 'Kospeed' were 29.1% and 53.1% which are 2.1% and 2.3% lower than those of 'Florida 80', respectively.

최근에 청보리 사일리지는 국내에서 가장 많이 이용하는 조사료이지만 유기축산을 위한 유기조사료의 생산과 품질에 관한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 시험은 유기 청보리 사일리지의 적정 수확시기를 구명하고, 사일리지 품질 향상을 위하여 예건과 싸라기를 첨가하여 사일리지를 평가하였다. 시험구 배치는 12처리 3반복의 분할구 배치법으로 주구는 수확시기로 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기를 두었으며, 세구는 무처리, 예건, 싸라기 10%, 싸라기 15%를 두었다. 수확시 건물함량은 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기가 각각 12.8%, 21.9% 및 29.8%로 증가하였다. 청보리의 건물수량은 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기가 각각 10,346, 15,819 및 18,336 kg/ha였으며, TDN 수량은 6,288, 9,550 및 10,178 kg/ha였다. 유기 사일리지의 pH는 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기가 각각 4.70, 4.03 및 5.37로 유숙기가 가장 낮았다. 청보리의 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 조단백질, 조지방, NFC 및 TDN 함량은 감소하였으나, NDF 및 ADF 함량은 증가하였다. 그러나 조회분 함량은 유숙기가 가장 낮았다. 사일리지의 예건과 싸라기의 첨가는 조회분, NDF 및 ADF 함량을 감소시키고, NFC와 TDN 함량은 증가시켰다. 사일리지의 건물소화율은 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 감소하였으며, 예건과 싸라기 첨가에 의하여 건물소화율이 증가하였다. 유숙기가 다른 수확시기보다 젖산과 총유기산 함량은 높고 낙산 함량이 낮아 총유기산 중 젖산함량이 가장 높았다. 예건과 싸라기 첨가에 의한 젖산 함량 증가 효과는 출수기가 다른 수확기보다 효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 유기 청보리 사일리지 제조를 위한 수확적기는 유숙기 이었으며, 예건과 싸라기 첨가에 의하여 청보리 사일리지의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있었다. Although whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is now widely grown as a silage crop in Korea, forage production and silage quality of that for organic farm have not been published. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvest stage on forage production and quality of organic barley, and effect of field wilting and crushed rice for shortening of harvest date and improvement of forage quality. The experiment was split-plot design with three replications. Main plots were heading, milking and yellow stages, and sub-plot were field wilting for I day, crushed rice 10% (CR10%) and 15% (CR15%) treatments. The dry matter (DM) contents of heading, milking and yellow stages were 12.8%, 21.9% and 29.8%, respectively. The DM yields of heading, milking and yellow stages were 10,346, 15,819 and 18,336 kg/ha, respectively, and the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of these were 6,288, 9,550 and 10,178 kg/ha, respectively. The pH of milking stage showed low 4.00 pH values. The crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and TDN contents were decreased as harvest stage progressed, while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were increased. The crude ash (CA) of milking stage showed the lowest among harvest stages. Field wilting and crushed rice treatments decreased CA, NDF and ADF contents, and increased NFC and TDN contents. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) decreased with progressed harvest stage, while field wilting and crushed rice treatments increased that of barley silage. Lactic acid and total organic acid contents of milking stage were the highest, and butyric acid of milking stage was the lowest among harvest stage. The good effect of field wilting and crushed rice was observed in heading stage. The experiment results indicate that optimum harvest stage of barley silage for organic was milking stage. The field wilting and crushed rice additive could be recommended as effective method for shortening harvest date and increasing forage quality of organic barley silage

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of various utilization forms of grain sorghum residues were investigated. Two grain sorghum cultivars, SNK 3640 (bitter tasting) and Pioneer 8564 (sweet tasting), were used. Each taste type was grown on two soil types, viz. Rensburg and Bainslvei. The results indicate that energy availability as reflected by the IVDMD, acid detergent fibre (ADF) content, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content, and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, seemed to be highest for fresh total plant residues (IVDMD = 53.9%) and for leaves of fresh plant residues (IVDMD = 52.3%). Silage made from fresh total plant residues seemed to be somewhat lower in energy availability (IVDMD = 49.4%), while leaves of frosted plant residues (IVDMD = 44.8%), frosted total plant residues (foggage) (IVDMD = 44.0%), and hay made from fresh total plant residues (IVDMD = 42.4%), seemed to be lowest in energy availability. A high WSC content (18.9%) accompanied with a relatively low NDF content (68.8%) was measured for fresh total plant residues while a relatively low NDF content (67.5%) was also measured for silage. Variation in the IVDMD of grain sorghum residues occurred among taste and soil types. The crude protein (CP) content of leaf material (12.6% for fresh, and 10.6% for frosted, leaves) was higher than the CP content of the various utilization forms of total plant residues which varied between 5.8 and 6.5%. Crude protein quality, as measured by the percentage of nitrogen appearing as non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and the percentage of nitrogen associated with ADF (ADF-N), was most favourable for fresh (NPN = 19.1% and ADF-N = 13.4% and frosted (NPN = 22.5% and ADF-N = 12.5%) leaf material. The NPN and ADF-N values, respectively, varied between 28.4 and 53.7% and between 17.6 and 21.2% for the various utilization forms of total plant residues. Frost had little detrimental influence on the content and quality characteristics of CP. Phosphorus content was highest for fresh (0.20%) and frosted (0.18%) leaf material. Phosphorus values for the various utilization forms of total plant residues varied between 0.10 and 0.12%. Soil type significantly (P Keywords: carbohydrate; chemical composition; crude protein; cultivars; dry matter digestibility; energy; ensiling; fermentation; fibre; foggage; grain; hay; in vitro dry matter digestibility; leaves; neutral detergent fibre; nitrogen; phosphorus content; protein; quality; silage; soil types; sorghum; south africa African Journal of Range & Forage Science , 12(3): pp. 116-120

The quality of alfalfa would be greatly improved by an increase in its ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) concentration. Protein degradation rate (PDR), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), leaf weight ratio (LWR), dry matter yield (DMY), total nitrogen (TN), in vitro RUP (expressed on both TN, RUP-TN, and dry matter basis, RUP-DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations were determined in 27 alfalfa cultivars. Cultivars were seeded in triplicate on 2 consecutive years and evaluated during the 2 subsequent production years with two harvests per year. Protein degradation rate and RUP-TN were determined using a ruminal inhibitor in vitro system. Data were averaged for spring growth, summer regrowth, and both harvests across 2 production years. Each of the three data sets was analyzed by ANOVA followed by a principal component analysis (PCA) on the ANOVA means. For the four-harvest data, cultivar differences were highly significant (P < 0.001) for all variates except for PDR (P = 0.07) and RUP-TN concentration (P = 0.10). The first PCA axis was largely defined positively by RUP-DM, IVDMD, TN, LWR, and RUP-TN, but negatively with ADF, NDF, PDR, and DMY. The second PCA axis defined a contrast between PDR versus RUP-TN, DMY, ADF, and NDF. Five cultivars were distinctive with high or low PCA scores in all three PCA. Rangelander and Heinrichs, along with Ultra, had low PDR; the first two cultivars had low DMY whereas Ultra was a medium-yielding cultivar. In contrast, Algonquin and Oneida VR had high PDR and medium DMY. While the first principal component (PC) indicated a general trend that low PDR and high RUP were associated with low-yielding cultivars, the second PC identified specific cultivars with both low PDR and high DMY. Therefore, selection for low PDR and high DMY is feasible. Key words: ruminal protein escape, dry matter digestibility, alfalfa

Studies were conducted at one location in 1997 (W97) and in two locations in 1998 (E98 and W98) near Garden City, KS, to evaluate the impact of Palmer amaranth at densities of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants/m of row on forage yield and quality of irrigated corn and to determine if harvesting Palmer amaranth–infested corn for forage rather than for grain would reduce losses. Weed-free corn, Palmer amaranth alone, and corn–Palmer amaranth harvested together were evaluated for forage yield and quality. Forage quality was determined by evaluating in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and crude protein (CP). Corn grain and forage yield declined with increasing Palmer amaranth density. However, decline in forage yield ranged from 1 to 44% of the weed-free yield at Palmer amaranth densities of 0.5 and 8 plants/m of row, whereas decline in grain yield ranged from 11 to 74% of the weed-free yield at the same densities. Digestibility of weed-free corn forage, expressed as IVDMD, was significantly higher than that of Palmer amaranth alone at W97 and W98. The CP of weed-free corn forage was similar to that of Palmer amaranth forage at W98, but it was lower at the other two locations. In contrast, CP did not differ between corn–Palmer amaranth harvested together and weed-free corn. The IVDMD of weed-free corn forage was greater than that of corn–Palmer amaranth mixture at W98, but no differences were observed at the other two locations. The relative feeding values of weed-free corn and corn–Palmer amaranth mixture were similar, and greater than that of Palmer amaranth in monoculture. These results indicate that Palmer amaranth interference in corn may not affect forage quality but can cause a decline in yield. This decline in yield is less when harvesting corn and Palmer amaranth together for forage rather than for harvesting corn grain alone.Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. #3 AMAPA; corn, Zea mays L.Additional index words: Forage quality, weed density, yield loss.Abbreviations: ADF, acid detergent fiber; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; IVDMD, in vitro dry matter digestibility; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; RFV, relative feed value.

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a qualidade da pastagem diferida de Brachiaria decumbens sob pastejo durante o período da seca, utilizando-se quatro novilhos Holandês-Zebu fistulados no esôfago. As amostras foram coletadas com base na disponibilidade total (DT), na simulação manual de pastejo (SMP) e na extrusa (EXT) coletada. Foram determinados os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), carboidratos totais (CT) e não-fibrosos (CNF), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinzas e proteínas (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi), lignina e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). As amostras obtidas com a DT apresentaram valores superiores para MS, CT, FDN, FDNcp, FDA, FDAi e lignina, que refletiram na menor DIVMS para a DT. A EXT e a SMP não diferiram quanto à PB, EE, CNF, FDN, FDNcp, FDA, FDAi, lignina e DIVMS. Os teores de PB foram 5,60 e 6,50 e os de FDN foram 71,87 e 71,70, respectivamente, para a SMP e a EXT. Os resultados sugerem que a amostra obtida pela SMP, em comparação com a DT, estaria mais próxima da forragem selecionada por animais em pastejo.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seeding dates and rates on the productivity and nutritive value of hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) at experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1999 to 2000. The experimental design was consisted of split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was seeding dates(25 Aug., 15 Sep. and 5 Oct.) and the subplot was seeding rates(20, 30 and 40 kg/ha). Late seeding dates increased the plant height and delayed the flowering stage as 1 or 2 days. The dry matter(DM) content was decreased with low seeding rates, and the trend was same in the all plots. Average crude protein(CP) content was and increased with delayed seeding date and lower seeding rate. The content of acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) was increased with higher seeding rate, but seeding date did not affect. In vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of hairy vetch tended to decrease with high seeding rate, and total digestible nutrient(TND) did not show significant difference among seeding rates. Average relative feed value(RFV) of hairy vetch showed 140 which means very high quality. Dry matter and CP yield was decreased with delayed seeding date. The results of this experiments indicated that seeding in middle-August with 40 kg/ha would be recommended to produce the highest yield and quality f3r the cultivation of hairy vetch in middle part of Korea

Remote sensing has opened doors for grazing management by allowing producers to monitor forage in a more efficient way. The objective of this study was to observe the relationship between the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) from images taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to nutritive value parameters. This project took place at the H. H. Leveck Animal Research Center located in Starkville, MS where 9, 2-hectare pastures planted in Marshall annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were utilized. Each 2-hectare pasture was subdivided into 0.20-hectare sections where forage samples were collected from 3, 1/4 of a meter quadrat every 14-days. Images were taken with UAV over a 76-day grazing period every 14-days. Images from the UAV were captured at 121.9 m above ground level using a DJI inspire 2 rotor wing fitted with a MicaSense RedEdge camera (MicaSense; Seattle, WA). Images were processed using Pix4D (Pix4D SA; Prilly, Switzerland) and analyzed in QGIS (QGIS; OSGeo; Finland). Raster calculator in QGIS was utilized to calculate NDVI values. Forage samples were analyzed using NIR for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), relative forage quality (RFQ), and invitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and correlated to NDVI values. Regression analysis was conducted in R (RStudio, PBC) using the package easynls (easynls-package) procedure within package ggplot2 (ggplot2-package). Regression models were obtained through a backward-elimination technique. Neutral detergent fiber (r2 = 0.27) had the best correlated relationship to NDVI compared with CP (r2 = 0.21), ADF (r2 = 0.25), RFQ (r2 = 0.18), and IVDMD (r2 = 0.22). As NDVI values increased, CP, RFQ, and IVDMD increased while ADF and NDF decreased. There was a weak correlation between all nutritive value parameters and NDVI values. In conclusion, weak relationships indicate that NDVI values may not be the best predictor of nutritive value.

The diversity and use of tropical forages for cattle feeding are the protagonists in livestock systems. The production and nutritional quality of forages represent a strategy of continuous research in animal feeding to help mitigate the environmental impact generated by tropical livestock. The objective of this study was to classify the nutritional behavior in contrasting seasons and the relationship with agronomic traits of a collection of 129 CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical) accessions of Megathyrsus Maximus established in the Colombian dry tropics. By means of the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technique, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined under rainy and dry seasons as fixed effects. We measured plant height, dry matter biomass (DMB) and flowering in field. Aspects such as plant height and DMB did not show correlation with nutritional aspects, whereas flowering was correlated with the content of structural carbohydrates. Despite genotype and precipitation affecting nutritional value, there is relative nutritional steadiness in NDF, ADF, and IVDMD between seasons for some accessions. According to the cluster analysis carried out for each season, it was evidenced that from the total collection, 51.2% of the accessions during the dry season and 19.4% of the accessions during the rainy season were classified with a better nutritional profile, thus, showing a higher number of materials with better nutritional behavior in the dry season. Both the genotypic characteristics of M. maximus and environmental conditions during contrasting seasons are factors that might influence the variability of the nutritional content, productive parameters, and flowering. Additionally, fodder material classification under Hotelling's T-squared test and Nutritional Classification Index suggests accessions that might be promising for resilient nutritional quality and adequate DMB, which proves that M. maximus could become an alternative for animal feeding and sustainable livestock production during critical dry periods in tropical agroecosystems.

본 시험은 수단그라스 품종의 생육특성, 사료수량 및 품질을 비교하기 위하여 2001년 연암축산원예대학의 부속시험농장에서 수행하였다. 시험에 이용한 품종은 농협중앙회의 추천 품종으로 출수형 품종인 'SXl7' 및 '877F'과 비출수형 품종인 'TE Evergreen' 및 'Turbo 9'을 공시하였다. 수단그라스 품종의 당도는 출수형 품종인 SXl7 및 877F 품종이 비출수형인 TE Evergreen 및 Turbo 9 품종보다 높았다. 내병성과 내충성은 공시품종 모두가 높았으나, 내도 복성은 SXl7 품종이 가장 높았다. 수단그라스의 건물 및 TDN 수량은 출수형이 비출수형보다 높았다. 공시품종 중에서 건물 및 TDN 수량이 가장 많은 품종은 877F 품종으로 각각 21,007 및 12,276㎏/ha 였다. 조단백질 함량은 Turbo 9 품종이 10.5%로 다른 품종보다 높았다. ADF 함량은 비출수형 품종이 출수형 품종보다 높았으나, ADF 및 ADL 함량은 출수형이 비출수형 품종보다 높았다. TDN 함량은 비출수형이 출수형 품종보다 높았다. CDOMD도 비출수형이 출수형 품종보다 높았다. 이상의 시험결과를 볼 때 생육특성과 사료수량은 출수형 품종이 비출수형 품종보다 우수하였으며, 사초의 품질은 비출수형이 출수형보다 우수하였다. This study was carried out to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage yield, and quality of four sorghum <TEX>$\times$</TEX> sudangrass hybrids at Yonam College of Agriculture Experimental Livestock Farm, Sunghwan in 2001. The four recommended hybrids used in this study were ‘SXl7’ and ‘877F’(heading type), and ‘TE Evergreen’ and ‘Turbo 9’(headless type). sugar content or heading hybrids(SX17 and 877F) were higher then that of headless hybrids(TE Evergreen and Turbo 9). SX17 had resistance to lodging, while all hybrids had resistance to foliar disease and insect. Dry matter(DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of heading hybrids were higher then those of headless hybrids. Among sudangrass hybrids, DM and TDN yields of 877F were the highest(21,007 and 12,276kg/ha). The crude protein of Turbo 9(10.5%) was higher than other hybrids. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content of headless hybrids were higher than that of heading hybrids, while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) contents of headless hybrids were lower than those of heading hybrids. Calculated TDN of headless hybrids were higher than that at heading hybrids. Cellulase digestible of organic matter of dry matter (CDOMD) of headless hybrids also were higher then that of heading hybrids. Results of this experiment indicates that heading hybrid was better than headless hybrid in the agronomic characteristics and forage yield of sorghum <TEX>$\times$</TEX> sudangrass. However heading hybrid was lower than leafless hybrid in quality of sorghum <TEX>$\times$</TEX> sudangrass.

In winter (rabi) 2023–2024, at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, research on trait association and path analysis were carried out with an emphasis on 16 morpho-physiological and yield-attributing traits among 50 foxtail millet germplasm accessions. The results revealed that the majority of genotypic correlation coefficient estimations were higher than corresponding phenotypic correlations indicating the strong inherent associations among the traits. The yield-attributing traits viz., fodder yield plant-1, harvest index, plant height, panicle length, flag leaf length at flowering, 1000 grain weight, days to 50% flowering and flag leaf width at flowering had a significant and positive association with grain yield plant-1, whereas abortive grain rate and number of productive tillers had displayed negative association. Grain yield plant-1 was found to be significant and positively associated with physiological traits such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and relative water content, suggesting strong source and sink relationship. The strong and favorable direct impacts of fodder yield plant-1, harvest index, days to 50% flowering, flag leaf length and width at flowering, photosynthetic rate, relative water content, abortive grain rate and 1000 grain weight on grain yield plant-1 were found in the genotypic and phenotypic path analysis. Based on trait association and path analysis, the most important yield-attributing traits were the fodder yield plant-1, harvest index, flag leaf length and width, photosynthetic rate, relative water content and the 1000-grain weight. Therefore, these attributes should be given top priority when formulating the selection criteria for the foxtail millet grain yield improvement programme

This study was conducted to determine the effect of corn gluten (0 and 9%) supplementation to low quality roughages (date palm frond, reeds, corn cobs and barley straw) treated with 5% urea on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility,The treatments were incubated for 0,20 and 30 days at ambient temperature (30-37 C°).The results showed that nitrogen content, cellulose, metabolizable energy(ME) dry matter InVitro digestibility (IDMD) and Organic matter InVitro digestibility (IOMD)were increased significantly (P&lt;0.01).The dry matter (DM),organic matter(OM) ,neutral detergent fiber (NDF),hemicelluloses, Lignin and pH were significant decrease (P&lt;0.01) in date palm frond by treated with urea and corn gluten.Nitrogen content, total digestible nutrients (TDN), ME, IDMD and IOMD had more(P&lt;0.05) for corn cops treated with urea and corn gluten than un treated. The DM, OM,NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and pH in corn cobs by treated with urea and corn gluten were Significant decreased (P&lt;0.01). On the other hand, treated reeds resulted in increasing (P&lt;0.01) in nitrogen content, hemecellulose, IDMD, IOMD, TDN and ME, and decreasing (P&lt;0.01) in NDF, cellulose and ADF content. The result indicated that total nitrogen, IDMD, IOMD, ME and TDN improved significantly(P&lt;0.01) by treated barley straw while OM content was decreased(P&lt;0.01(.Furthermore the best incubation time which gave better improve nutrient value was associated with 20 and 30 days incubation time. We conclude from this study that it is possible to improve the nutritive value of low quality roughages by treated with urea and supplemented with corn gluten.

Nutritive value and digestibility of mistletoes and woody species browsed by goats in a semi-arid savanna, southwest Zimbabwe

Harvest time and storage time had significant effects on nutrient quality and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of alfalfa. The objective of this study was to use headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to analyze alfalfa at different harvest periods (budding stage, early blooming, full blooming), and storage for 0 d, 90 d, 180 d, 270 d, and 360 d, the dynamic changes in VOCs and nutritional quality. Results indicated that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and esters were the main volatile components of alfalfa VOCs, accounting for 87.41%, 88.57% and 90.85% of the total volatile components at budding stage, early blooming and full blooming, respectively. VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa varied significantly in different harvest periods; delayed harvesting significantly reduced alfalfa aldehydes, alcohols, crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and significantly increased ketone, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents (p &lt; 0.05). After Comprehensive consideration ofthe yield, nutritional quality and VOCs of alfalfa, the best harvest time was determined to be the budding stage. The VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa were significantly different at different storage durations, and ketones, ADF and NDF were significantly increased and significantly reduced DM, CP and TDN (p &lt; 0.05). Ketone content and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content had a significant positive correlation, (NDF F = 5.5, p = 0.024). Storage 360 d 2-methylbutyraldehyde (musty), 1-octen-3-one (earthy musty odor) content increased. These may be the key compounds that causes the smell of fresh alfalfa to fade away and a musty smell to emerge.