ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКИ И ПЕРЕВАЛКИ ЗЕРНА ЧЕРЕЗ РОССИЙСКИЕ ПОРТЫ В РАМКАХ ЭКСПОРТНЫХ ТОРГОВЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

As many other countries, Russia suffers from fast depopulation of rural areas and decline of rural economy. For years, the state policy for mitigate negative consequences of these processes was considering agriculture as the main pillar of rural development and most of governmental finding was oriented to its support. Recently, the new state strategy for rural development was formulated, and in 2019 an ambitious national program approved. It assumes different options for rural territories to develop economy and achieve welfare, depending on natural and human resources availability, remoteness and other features. The paper presents a review of the current state of rural areas of the Russian Federation. It focuses on the main issues the countryside faces at the national level and also reveals regional differences in rural development. The study is based mainly on the author’s analysis of national statistical data sources, including the Russian Agricultural census of 2016, and the results of conducted survey. Possible effects of the measures of the new state policy of rural development such as encouraging community-based initiatives and promotion of housing construction through preferential rural mortgage loans programs are analysed. Finally, the authors provide a brief description of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural development in Russia and attempt to forecast its further implications.

The Covid-19 pandemic is a pandemic of an emerging infectious disease, 2019 coronavirus disease (Covid-19), caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The countries of sub-Saharan Africa affected by the Covid-19 pandemic are increasingly confronted with the decline in raw materials and the fall in international trade. The essential protective measures recommended by the WHO (2020) to limit the spread of Coronavirus (Covid-19) characterized, among other things, by the suppression movement, quarantine, containment, closing of the borders are driving down household productivity. Disruptions in trade and in local food supply chains are already affecting the well-being of the households, food security and nutrition among importing countries. Food prices are going up, especially nutritious food. Hunger and malnutrition will increase as the livelihoods of the poor are affected. Not yet having a universally accepted treatment for Covid-19, it is necessary to have information on the nutritional resources which will make it possible to boost the immune system of vulnerable populations in the fight against COVID-19 in a context of food insecurity. This document outlines proactive measures to prevent the risks of malnutrition and starvation linked to the Covid-19 pandemic and describes the macronutrient and micronutrient composition of some foods. These measures relate to a healthy and balanced diet, the improvement of food hygiene, the intensification of agricultural and agro-food production, the improvement of culinary and gastronomic practices, the improvement of nutrition governance and food security in affected sub-Saharan African countries.

Agriculture extension and advisory services is a multidisciplinary discipline based on human interaction seeking to improve the livelihoods of farming communities and individuals by providing information and technologies. The training of extension staff is important as it has a bearing on their effectiveness in the office and in the field. This study sought to determine the HRD activities in agricultural extension and advisory services in the public and private sector. The study was done in 5 counties in Kenya and a total of 440 agricultural extension agents were sampled from the public and private extension service. HRD activities focused on formal and in-service training. 68 % of the respondents had attended formal education to improve their education with the majority 63.5 percent, having trained at the diploma level from certificate level while 21.1 % had undergone training at the degree level from diploma level. The main areas of specialization were Agricultural education (34.1 %), General agriculture (28.1 %) and Horticulture (11.7 %). The inclusion of non-agricultural areas of specialization such as Sustainable development and Strategic planning and management show the multidisciplinary nature of agriculture. Inservice courses attended were in the form of short courses, seminars, or workshops. These were clustered in five general areas; Crop Management, Management, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Extension, and Animal Science. Most respondents (40.9 percent) had undergone training in Crop management which covered various crop enterprises from breeding to postharvest management. The shift of agricultural policy toward business orientation is reflected in 13.0 % the respondents specializing in Agricultural Economics. These HRD activities show commitment of agricultural extension providers to improve the competencies of their staff to deliver effective services to farmers. The wide range of formal and in-service courses attended also reflects the need to meet the management and technical requirements of a pluralistic and demand driven extension service.

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused various economic contraction in most countries, including all of China¡¯s major trading partners. Using a difference-in-differences model, this study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China¡¯s monthly exports from January 2019 to May 2020. We find strong and robust evidence that China¡¯s exports to countries at high risk from the pandemic experienced a larger decline than exports to low-risk countries after the onset of the pandemic, with the prices of exports increasing significantly. Furthermore, the results of a triple differences model show heterogeneous effects across different industries and goods. Chinese industries located upstream in the global value chain are more vulnerable than those located downstream. Industries with high labor and contract intensity (proxies for processing trade) experienced greater declines than other industries. Exports of goods with high import elasticity of substitution experienced higher prices and moderate volume losses due to the pandemic.

Farmer to farmer extension agents (PPS) are expected to cover the shortage of state agricultural extension agents. This role can be optimized if supported by high competency.. The research objectives are to 1) identify the level of competence of PPS; 2) analyze the factors that influence the competency of PPS. The study was conducted in Sumbawa District in July 2018 - August 2018. The study used a quantitative approach with the census method.. The research sample of 87 PPS in the rice center sub-districts in Sumbawa District. The data were collected by using questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis using PLS. The results of the research showed the indicators of PPS competencies in high category were: in developing entrepreneurship, developing leadership, being an foster for farmers. The indicators of capability planning development, carrying out extension activities, coordinating, delivering information and innovation, solving problems, making activity reports were in medium category. The indicators of develop farmer groups and establish partnerships were in low category. The affecting factors of PPS competencies in variable PPS personal characteristics were represented by motivation in the business and creative-innovative character. Beside that, the affecting factors in variable institutional support represented by the support of the agriculture department and company or banking support.

This article seeks to investigate the appropriateness of implementation of trade liberalization in Russia by analyzing the current performance of the Russian industrial sector and evaluating its nominal and effective protection levels. The estimation of the effective level of protection is performed through the calculation of effective rates of protection for each industrial sector. Effective rates of protection are estimated with the simple Corden Method to examine the difference in protective levels for industry as a whole, raw materials, semi-finished products and for finished products intended predominantly for consumer needs in each industrial sector. The results of the analysis find that the system of protection in the industrial sector of the Russian Federation has been built without taking into consideration the possibilities of development of comparative advantage. Protection is predominantly granted reasoning from revenue consideration and lobbing interests, but not the economic efficiency. This study concludes that there is urgent necessity for the Russian government to clearly identify the industrial sectors, which need protection, taking into account their perspective on comparative advantage; and accordingly, to reconsider its tariff policy. Designing Russia’s tariff policies in compliance with the potential comparative advantage can provide considerable welfare gains to the economy and help to establish a more efficient economic structure.

Although a substantial body of research concurs that most urban areas have a challenge in providing adequate car parking space, there is a scarcity in the literature on how conformity to planning standards that regulates the provision of car parking spaces may be analyzed. This study, therefore, examines the extent to which the planning standards that regulate compliance with the provision of car parking spaces in the residential areas are enforced in Kenya, a case study of Kisii Town. It is anchored in the theory of regulatory compliance with a sample size of 364 residential developments proportionately drawn from the seven neighborhoods. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using means, standard deviation, paired sample t-test and Pearson’s bivariate correlation. Research findings showed that although the recommended standard for car parking in Kenya is a ratio of one parking space for every two dwelling units, most developers disregarded the requirement. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant difference between the recommended planning standards on the minimum number of parking spaces and the extent of conformity by developers, t (289) = 20.261, p=.000), thus, compliance declined by a mean of four. The study concludes that developers rarely comply with planning standard owing to insufficient development control. It is recommended that when approving building plans, it should be mandatory to make provision for adequate parking space followed by monitoring to ensure compliance. The study benefits the international readers by validating how conformity to the standards that regulate car parking space may be statistically analyzed.

This article prospects the dynamic phenomenon of the in house providing and analyses the extension that the related principle, forged by the European Courts, has had in the Italian system over the last decade, interpreting the main relevant trends of Italian Institutions, with the purpose of identifying the current rules governing this subject. Providing a general overview of the fragmented and, often, conflicting legislative relevant reforms, this work shows how the in house criteria, general principle for the carrying out of public services and instrumental services pursuant to European Law, has firstly become a secondary and residual criteria, due to legislative interventions pursuing the declared goal of privatization and reduction of public debt, and subsequently has returned back to its initial position as an effect of the referendum of 2011. In highlighting such fluid legislative scenario, a particular focus is given to the key role played by AGCM and by Italian Courts in such dynamic subject, whose decisions have not only helped to clear out the actual scope of the in house principle - despite of highly segmented laws - but also restored the compliance of Italian rules with the principles of European Law, protecting the will expressed by citizens with the referendum.

Traffic violations are the problem causes the majority of traffic accidents. Mainly because of the human factor that road users do not obey traffic rules, police have been carrying out various efforts, both preventive repressive through socialization to society and give blangko fines speeding tickets and persuasive manner through educational outreach to the public about traffic laws in perspective of legislation, traffic and road transport is regulated in Act No. 22 of 2009 about traffic and Road Transport (hereinafter referred to as the traffic laws and Road Transport). In the Traffic laws and Road Transport, among other organized effort of coaching, prevention and law enforcement in the field of road transport and traffic. The coaching efforts made through an increase in the intensity of traffic education and extension of law and the construction of human resources. Due to traffic accidents besides inflicting casualties and property losses also financially/materially, as the amount of losses in natural by riders. It is concerned, if not done strategic steps to enhance safety and compliance with traffic laws of society, then it will add to the long list of casualties and losses are material. Keyword : law enforcement, traffic

Making an agreement between Iran and an integrated countries bloc like Shanghai Cooperation Organization or Eurasian Economic Union to boost energy trade is considered as an efficient factor to improve multilateralism and regionalism of Iranian economy. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 has had caused serious and unprecedented consequences on globalization and regionalization. This research seeks to find out the relationship between COVID19 and regional energy integration for two cases of South Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). To estimate the coefficients of variables, the panel data framework based on quarterly data over 2010Q1-2020Q2 is employed. The major results reveal that the COVID19 pandemic is found to be a serious challenge for regional energy integration in these two unions, particularly the integration of larger economies which are more developed and have a higher level of trade liberalization are disturbed by this pandemic. A policy implication based on the conclusions is that Iran may try to make regional energy integration with its neighbors and trading partners. However, to reduce the long-run negative impacts of pandemic, Iran and its energy trade partners should make a plan to determine types and magnitudes of negative impacts of pandemic, regulating monetary and fiscal policies to encounter with the negative influences. To the best of author’s knowledge, despite some earlier researches, there is not any existing literature focusing on how the Corona affects the economic integration. Therefore, this paper tries to fill in this literature gap.

Globalization can’t avoided, and the end 2015 ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by reaffirming realized based neoliberal economic cooperation. This situation makes the government should be able to improve the competitiveness of domestic producers, so that the necessary policies that protect the lower classes of society and increase the capacity of small-scale economic actors. Jambi province as one of the otononom in Indonesia, the contribution of agriculture play an important role in improving the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) . But the role of the agricultural sector from year to year is also likely to decline, this was due to the increasing role of trade, mining, and manufacturing sector, and the increasing number of agricultural land converted into land not agricultural . This condition will threaten the future of food security in Jambi province. In order for food security in Jambi stronger required careful planning and cross-sectoral support, so it’s able to support the creation of food persistance. Keywords : Globalization, food security, Jambi

Nesta nota técnica, apresentamos algumas ações desenvolvidas pela equipe do Projeto de Extensão Núcleo Maria da Penha-NUMAPE (UNICENTRO/Irati) no que diz respeito ao enfrentamento da violência doméstica. A partir de relato de experiência de ações desenvolvidas por equipe interdisciplinar composta pelas áreas do Direito e Psicologia, narramos os deslocamentos produzidos pela pandemia do COVID-19 que colocaram alguns desafios para a equipe do projeto: necessidade de realização de atendimentos remotos, foco na prevenção e auxílio para situações de caráter emergencial, tais como encaminhamento para rede de proteção e para recebimento do auxílio emergencial disponibilizado pelo governo federal. Entre os resultados , destacamos a contradição entre o possível aumento da violência doméstica em situação de distanciamento social e, por outro lado, a dificuldade de ações de enfrentamento, tais como denúncias e processo de desvinculação dos agressores.

This study is done against a background of perennial negative variances between the projected and actual tax collections in Zimbabwe. Studies that look at the influence of mental accounting, perceived trust and power of tax authorities on tax compliance seem to be lacking in Africa. The target population comprise of self-employed tax payers because these currently comprise the highest form of employment among Zimbabweans. Their compliance depends to some extent on their mental accounting practices, perceived trust and power of the tax authorities. The study objectives are therefore to i) examine the influence of mental accounting on tax compliance ii) examine the influence of trust in revenue authorities on tax compliance and iii) examine the influence of perceived authority of revenue officers on tax compliance. This study used mental accounting theory, slippery slope framework, perceived trust and perceived power of tax authorities to explain tax compliance behaviour among SME owners in Harare, Zimbabwe. A questionnaire is used as the data collection tool, with constructs adopted from some scholars. Self-employed tax payers registered under the Small to Medium Enterprises Association of Zimbabwe (SMEAZ). Those which are based in Harare are selected using simple random selection method. The STATA software package is used to analysis data. The nature of relationships that exist among the variables under study are established and reported on. It is on the basis of these findings which include that there was a strong positive relationship between perceived trust in tax authorities and voluntary compliance that recommendations are made. Key words: Mental accounting, mental accounting theory, slippery slope framework, perceived trust, perceived power of tax authorities, tax compliance, ZIMRA.

Safety is a major concern in the oil and gas industry due to accidents with the potential for catastrophic consequences. One of these was the Piper Alpha drilling platform disaster in 1988, which resulted in the loss of the Piper Alpha platform and the subsequently 167 lives; the worst disaster in the oil and gas industry. To foster a proactive approach in the prevention of workplace injuries, organisations have turned towards key predictors of safety, such as leadership. However, simply practising leadership behaviours is not enough to improve safety, especially in safety-critical organisations. An inability to move beyond the formal control inherent in traditional bureaucratic mindsets limits the applicability of mainstream leadership theories for safety-critical organisations. To address this challenge, this research study adopts a different paradigm for leadership, one which frames leadership as a complex interactive dynamic from which adaptive outcomes emerge as complexity science. Hence, the aim of this research study was to investigate the direct relationship between leadership behaviours and safety outcomes, and the mediating effect of complexity science principles. To accomplish this, a conceptual model was developed using theoretical foundation built from the literature review. The model comprises three main components: 1) leadership behaviours, 2) five complexity science principles (connectivity, interdependence, feedback, exploration-of-the-space-of-possibilities and co-evolution) and 3) three safety outcomes (safety participation, safety compliance and safety climate). These components were linked by the proposed hypotheses that were established based on assumed theoretical relationships. To assess and validate the conceptual model and test the hypotheses, a series of quantitative approaches were employed. A multivariate statistical approach was utilised for data collection through a questionnaire survey; 173 project managers participated in the survey. These individuals are responsible for emergency commands, as well as the day-to-day management of safety. Principal component analysis/Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify the factor structures representing each underlying construct. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the results obtained from the exploratory factor analysis, followed by multiple regression analysis. Next, structural equation modelling was applied to test the structural models for hypotheses testing. The regression analyses demonstrated that all three identified leadership behaviours — 1) empowering & engaging, 2) modelling & reinforcing, and 3) promoting & enabling — directly influenced the level of safety participation and safety compliance. Additionally, all five principles of complexity science mediated the relationship between empowering & engaging leadership behaviour, and safety participation and safety compliance. As for the hypothesised relationship between modelling & reinforcing leadership behaviour and safety outcomes, apart from the co-evolution principle, all other complexity science principles arbitrated the relationship with safety participation and safety compliance. Furthermore, the relationships between promoting & enabling leadership behaviour, and safety participation and safety compliance were mediated by all five principles of complexity science. Finally, structural equation modelling was used to refine and confirm the findings of the regression analysis, verifying both empowering & engaging, and promoting & enabling leadership behaviours have direct and indirect influences on safety participation and safety compliance levels as a result of all five complexity science principles. And established that modelling & reinforcing leadership behaviour has direct and indirect effects on safety participation and safety compliance levels under the influence of only four complexity science principles — namely, connectivity, interdependence, feedback and exploration-of-the-space-of-possibilities. On the basis of the research results, this study provides insight into the understanding of safety leadership by the empirical evidence that displayed the relationships between the three leadership behaviour constructs and their contribution to the effect of complexity science principles and safety outcomes within the oil and gas industry. From these results, the study provides a list of recommendations for research on the effect of leadership behaviours on complexity science principles and safety outcomes.

Quality monitoring in infrastructural design-build projects : the analysis of an audit-based monitoring system