МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ ІНДИВІДІВ НА ЗАСАДАХ ПОЛІТИКО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ПІДХОДУ (ДИСКУСІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТ)

The article is devoted to adapting a company’s economic behavior to the conditions of sustainable development. Its purpose is to systematize, generalize, and improve the theoretical and methodological foundations of forming a company’s economic behavior and to substantiate the directions of its adaptation by the concept of sustainable development. The article examines the essence and evolution of theoretical approaches to defining the nature of a company’s economic behavior, starting from classical economic theories and ending with modern concepts of sustainable development and digital transformation. The study thoroughly analyzes classical theories based on rational choice, institutional theory, which considers interactions with economic and social institutions, and behavioral economics, which considers the psychological aspects of decision-making. The research justifies the need for companies’ economic behavior to adapt to modern economic conditions, particularly implementing the sustainable development concept. Key directions for adjusting a company’s economic behavior are proposed, including implementing energy-efficient technologies, developing corporate social responsibility, forming strategic partnerships, and digitalizing business processes. Special attention is given to integrating environmental, social, and managerial aspects into companies’ behavioral models, which, according to the authors, is a prerequisite for their stable development in a globalized environment. The study identifies key challenges companies face in adapting their economic behavior to sustainable practices, including financial constraints, legislative instability, insufficient awareness among management personnel, and resistance to change. The study reveals that integrating sustainable development principles into corporate behavioral models enhances investment attractiveness, competitiveness, and long-term resilience. The research results have practical significance for shaping a company’s economic behavior, strategic management, developing sustainable development policies, and improving economic efficiency in conditions of instability. Keywords: economic behavior, company economic behavior, sustainable development, adaptation of economic behavior, risk.

Background: The origins of the metabolic syndrome disorders are being increasingly recognized as neuro-behavioural rather than dietary or metabolic. The neuro-behavioural origins hypothesis implies that there should be detectable behavioural differences between people with and without metabolic syndrome disorders. We test here whether the economic behaviour of individuals with any of the metabolic syndrome disorders differs from that of healthy age matched controls using the ultimatum bargaining game. Methods: The ultimatum game was played by 59 persons with at least one of four metabolic syndrome disorders namely type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease (MS group) and the results were compared to a healthy age matched control consisting of 71 persons. Results: The MS group gave significantly lower ultimatum game offers than the control group. Testing for individual disorders, type 2 diabetics gave significantly lower offers than the non-diabetic group. In binary logistic regression, ultimatum game offer was a better predictor of MS and T2D than Body Mass Index (BMI). Conclusions: There are detectable behavioural differences between individuals with metabolic syndrome disorders as compared to age matched healthy controls. The results are compatible with the neurobehavioral origins hypothesis and demonstrate further the association between metabolic states and social and economic behaviour.

Factors affecting economic behavior of a person are systematized, and the importance of education for the rationalization of economic decisions in the conditions of BANI World is characterized. It was established that the war had an impact on the economic behavior of Ukrainians, and two almost equal, but differently directed vectors of such an impact were clearly identified: a reduction in costs and an increase in costs to meet needs and realize economic interests. The respondents characterized their patterns of economic behavior as: 38% - active economic behavior; 22% - passive economic behavior; 40% - restrained economic behavior. Four main types of economic behavior in the conditions of BANI World, under the influence of war and the risk of displacement, are offered: emotional, episodic (active type, high level of irrationality); analytical, evaluative (restrained (active/passive) type, high level of rationality and effectiveness); strategic/tactical (passive type, focus on meeting needs in the future); search type - type focused on existing and potential opportunities (active type, diversification of goals, variability of behavior). The definition of the concept of "security-oriented economic behavior" is proposed - as such an algorithm for making an economic decision by a person, which aims to achieve and preserve its financial independence and develop its economic potential at the expense of existing or potentially available resources, which involves the assessment of information on which the possible the result of decision-making, analysis of alternatives, forecast of scenarios of expected results from an economic decision and consideration of risks when choosing the final option of economic action or inaction of a person in the specific conditions. It has been established that transformations of economic behavior under the influence of various challenges and threats, as well as taking into account the theory of generations, have led to a fundamental change in the focus of human economic behavior: middle-aged and elderly people choose a vision - what I have now and how to use it to meet existing needs; young people choose behavior in the context: what do I need and how to get it (at the expense of which resources, skills). Characterized patterns of economic behavior according to each characteristic of BANI World, taking into account the peculiarities of the wartime economy and the risk of displacement.

The current conditions of the global economy are characterized by increased instability of political, economic and social processes. Ensuring the stable development of the enterprise increasingly depends not only on its internal processes, but also on the general economic situation in the world, country, and industry. Depending on the structure of the economy, the level of integration into the global economy and the phase of the economic cycle, different types of economic activity react differently to crisis processes. Therefore, the specific affiliation of the enterprise in modeling its development is an important factor. The aim of the article is to build a general structure of the simulation model of economic behavior of enterprise, taking into account the sensitivity of the type of its economic activity to crisis processes. The analysis of scientific achievements has shown that for simulation modeling of enterprise behavior the most expedient is the application of the conception of system dynamics, allowing to represent the behavior of enterprise in the form of a system of material flows and to analyze cause-and-effect relationships and feedback outlines. The publication provides a simulation model of enterprise behavior, which takes into account the sensitivity of its type of economic activity to crisis processes. The model consists of four blocks: a model for the formation of scenario conditions, a model of economic behavior of an enterprise, a model for assessing the economic behavior of an enterprise, and a model for decision-making. It has been suggested that highly sensitive types are more exposed to risks and the consequences of risks are greater. The coefficient of sensitivity influence for the aggregated economic activities of Ukraine and the PRC has been calculated. It is shown that there are significant differences in the response of different types of economic activity to crisis processes between the countries. It is proposed to use surveys on business expectations and scenarios of macroeconomic forecasts to assess the risks of enterprises’ activities. The application of the scenario approach allows to verify the expediency, efficiency and effectiveness of management under different conditions and formulate recommendations for adjusting tactical and strategic decisions.

Questions of human nature and identity have not received much attention from economists, despite philosophical interest in the topic since at least the ancient Greeks (see Trigg).1 They matter because what we believe about human nature informs our understandings of both human behavior and of what is conducive to human fourishing. Economic analysis in the modern period, beginning with the Enlightenment, adopted the utilitarian model proposed by Jeremy Bentham, which claimed that human beings are solely motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Tis was thought to be a sufficient explanation of behavior and a basis for judging what is "good" for human beings. So in the late nineteenth century, the economist F. Y. Edgeworth was able to claim that "the first principle of Economics is that every agent is motivated only by self-interest."2 Edgeworth was aware that this was not generally applicable, but argued that it was a reasonable assumption for the activities to which he applied his analysis—war and contract.KeywordsHuman NatureRational ChoiceEconomic BehaviorHuman MotivationRational Choice TheoryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Economic psychology refers to the impact of psychological factors on economic changes, and its outward manifestation is economic behaviour. Psychology, as a science studying human psychology and behaviour, has no reason to ignore the study of economic activities. This study summarizes the latest research results and conclusions of economic psychology from three aspects of behaviour level, body signal and other people’s movement or displacement. In addition, it expounds the reflection of economic psychology, the reflection of rational human hypothesis of traditional economics and the prospect of future research. From the perspective of economic psychology, it is of great significance to analyse the psychological motivation behind the conflicts and interests in the study of economic psychology and behaviour so as to construct the harmonious behaviour relationship of “psychological contract” on the basis of the rational mechanism of interest distribution.

As far as recent developments in economic theory are concerned, "Behavioral Economics" constitutes one of the most promising frontiers in the last ten years, as the Nobel Prize for Economics recently won by the social psychologist Daniel Kahneman and the prestigious John Bates Clark Medal granted to the young economist Matthew Rabin testify. It is then worth asking the following questions: what is, exactly, Behavioral Economics? What are the reasons behind its recent success? This survey aims at providing a first answer, both directly and indirectly, to such questions, by illustrating the main contributions developed within such ambitious research program. Behavioral Economics aims at increasing the explanatory and predictive power of economic analysis through an increase in the degree of realism of the assumptions at the basis of economic models, i.e. by means of a greater and greater integration between economics and psychology (but also between economics and social sciences such as, for example, cultural anthropology). While standard economics assumes that agents are driven by well-defined and stable preferences and act rationally, psychology reveals that it is often the case that such assumptions cannot be taken as an adequate and satisfactory description of human behavior. In this light, Behavioral Economics focuses on markets where some (if not all) economic agents involved make choices which appear to substantially deviate from traditional economic predictions. In this survey we focus on the following two fields of studies within Behavioral Economics: a first field deals with the main cognitive limitations affecting economic behavior (Sections 2 and 3), whereas a second one is related to the role of the so called "social preferences" (Section 4). Both areas aim at incorporating the major results obtained both experimentally and empirically into formal economic analysis. Within the first area, it is assumed, analogously to neoclassical models, that agents act according to the self-interest hypothesis, but also that "rational" behavior is affected by several cognitive limitations (in line with classical contributions on bounded rationality; see, in particular, Simon 1978; 1979; 1992). By contrast, the second area departs from the neoclassical approach by introducing modifications at motivational level. Unlike traditional analyses, social preferences studies focus, at both theoretical and experimental level, on interaction scenarios where players act not on classic selfish preferences but on different types of social preferences. In other words, it is still assumed that individual behavior is rational, but also that various forms of non-selfish rationality get into the picture. In particular, behavioral choices by individual agents (as well as their objective functions) can be (either positively or negatively) affected by "other players'" preferences, intentions, material outcomes and/or behaviors.

Personality-psychological aspects influencing an individual’s economic behavior have been studied. It has been analyzed how cognitive abilities and personality characteristics influence the decision-making process under uncertainty. Theoretical concepts and empirical studies proving the significance of subjective and unconscious factors, such as emotions, biases, and risk perception, when forming complex patterns of economic behavior have been considered. The information processing mechanisms and decision-making stages in the context of economic activity have been considered. It has been demonstrated that psychological factors play a key role in investment and consumer decisions. It has been emphasized that the process of making economic decisions, such as choosing a production object, pricing policy, use of technology, taxation system, consumer choice, and investment, has its own specifics. The importance of considering general psychological regularities, a manager’s personal characteristics, risk management, and a systematic approach application has been studied. Special attention has been paid to the importance of subjective and unconscious phenomena, such as prejudices and stereotypes, which predetermine complex behavioral patterns of the economic sphere subjects. The study of these factors presents a prospect for further research in the field of psychology and economics, contributing to a deeper understanding of decision-making mechanisms and effective strategies development in economic activity management.

Religion and Economic Behavior (The Relationship Of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah With The Economic Activity In Pesantren Suryalaya, Tasikmalaya West Java, Indonesia).The goals of the reserarch are (1) to study the values of the teaching of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah that can influence the economic activity, and (2) to study the relationship of one's (concentration of) understanding of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah with one's economic activity. The research has been done in the center of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah that is in Pesantren Suryalaya, West Java.Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah which is centralized in Pesantren Suryalaya, is the combination of two teaching of Tarekat. They are Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah. The teaching of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah is based on the teaching of al-Qur'an, Hadits, ljma and Qiyas. The aims of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah are taqarrub to Allah; to reach mardhatillah; mabbah and ma'rifah to Allah.Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah is now led by a mursyid/ leader/teacher, he is K.H.A. Shahibul Wafa Tajul Arifin (Abah Anom).If the economic activities which are by the followers of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah are observed there can be found a significant relationship between one's knowlege understanding of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah and his/her economic activities.That is why, there is a clear/significant relationship bet ween the level of one's knowledge of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah and their attitudes in working.There is a significant relationship between one's (orientation of) understanding of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wa Naqsabandiyah, in this case is involvement in their economic activities.There is significant relationship between one's understanding of Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsahandiyah, in this case is the teaching of zuhud and the degree of their involvement in their economic activities.There is a significant relationship between one's understanding of Tarekat Qadairiyah Wan Naqsabandiyah, in this case is the understsnding of Taqdir and their involvement in their economic activities.Thus, for those of the who follow Tarekat Qadiriyah Wan Naqsabandiyah whose level of knowledge of this Tarekat and whose orientation of their understanding of their religion is modern, the concept of working, more specifically the comercial activities, is not morely an sacred work that has the connection with their belief that can be found in Tarekat Qadariyah Wa Naqsabandiyah. 
 Keyword: Religion, Economi, Behaviour, Relationship.

The process of technological transformation proceeds continuously, embodying new knowledge in new technologies and products. Each of its stages gives rise to a new model of entrepreneurship and human economic behavior. In the course of his active life, man transforms the natural environment to meet his needs. But showing excessive selfishness, he crossed the critical threshold of intervention in wildlife, causing irreparable damage. Industrial technology has accelerated this process. There is a need to change the model of economic and environmental business behavior as the basis for sustainable development. The formation of a new environmental culture begins in the field of education and is implemented in entrepreneurial activity.

The state and development of socio-economic systems of different levels is influenced by the value-motivational portrait of the population. It is formed under the influence of various factors. External factors (culture, education, politics, etc.) form the special features of different generations, influencing the specifics of their behavioral models. Now a generational change is taking place in society once again. The largest group in the world is the so-called “digital generation”, which differs in many ways from previous generations. The publication highlights and systematizes the main characteristics of the new generation (value, socio-behavioral, cognitive). Also, differences were revealed in their value attitude towards violation of the norms of law and morality in the economy, and their attitude towards work (according to the criteria of social responsibility and balance between work and personal time) in comparison with older generations. Based on this, assumptions were made about what models of behavior in the socio-economic space can be expected from representatives of the digital generation. And also, what risks and threats to socio-economic systems of different levels may arise in connection with this. It was found that the younger generation is more prone to violating the norms of morality and law in socio-economic relations, less motivated in work towards social responsibility, service, and is focused on material gain, respect for their own interests and comfort. The change in the portrait of the new generation is not a random phenomenon, but a function of the degradation of culture, upbringing, education. It is also influenced by the increasing lifetime in the digital space. The models of economic behavior of the new generation will be very different from the previously existing ones, which can bring significant risks to the socio-economic development of national states, individual industries and enterprises. Systemic changes are necessary: in the state national doctrine; in the social and economic policy of the state; in the models and system of education, with the aim of forming and developing each person as a person and a professional.

The Private Enforcement of Law

Postcranial skeletal data from two recent Eskimo populations are used to test David Frayer's model of sexual dimorphism reduction in Europe between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Frayer argued that a change from big-game hunting and adoption of new technology in the Mesolithic reduced selection for large body size in males and led to a reduction in skeletal sexual dimorphism. Though aspects of Frayer's work have been criticized in the literature, the association of big-game hunting and high sexual dimorphism is untested. This study employs univariate and multivariate analysis to test that association by examining sexual dimorphism of cranial and postcranial bones of two recent Alaskan Eskimo populations, one being big-game (whale and other large marine mammal) hunting people, and the second being salmon fishing, riverine people. While big-game hunting influences skeletal robusticity, it cannot be said to lead to greater sexual dimorphism generally. The two populations had different relative sexual dimorphism levels for different parts of the body. Notably, the big-game hunting (whaling) Eskimos had the lower multivariate dimorphism in the humerus, which could be expected to be the structure under greatest exertion by such hunting in males. While the exertions of the whale hunting economic activities led to high skeletal robusticity, as predicted by Frayer's model, this was true of the females as well as the males, resulting in low sexual dimorphism in some features. Females are half the sexual dimorphism equation, and they cannot be seen as constants in any model of economic behavior.

One of the most significant lines in economic studies is investigation of economic behavior of individual. The article analyzes key approaches to studying economic behavior of agents within the frames of behavioral economics that arouses higher and higher interest today. The authors provide definitions of the term ‘economic behavior’ that can be found in academic literature. The principle content of the article is made up by studying economic behavior of Russian customers in conditions of economic transformations within the period from the 1970-s to the early 21st century. The research marked stages of economic reforms of this period and analyzed the impact of different factors on shaping the model of behavior in each of the mentioned periods. The authors draw conclusions about trends of developing economic behavior of customers in the era of digitalization and introduction of artificial intellect in the field of making economic decisions.

Any meaningful discussion of ancient commerce requires a comprehensive understanding of the prehispanic economy in which it occurred. The reason for this is simple: the economy is broader than the sum of the commercial transactions that it contains. Indeed, small-scale economies may lack commercial exchange relationships entirely, and may be organized primarily around gifting, mobilized transfers, and redistribution mechanisms. While commercial transactions were an important component of all Mesoamerican societies, many resources moved through non-commercial transfers at the household, community, and state levels. It is important, therefore, to situate commerce within the broader systems of production and distribution that define the economy.