ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ДЕЙСТВУЮЩИХ ОСОБЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН И ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ОПЕРЕЖАЮЩЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ

Based on the background, process and economic development of special economic zones in Guangdong Province, this paper expounds the origin, achievements and problems of special economic zones. Although the special economic zones in Guangdong Province play an important role for the economic development of China in terms of institutional innovation and economic guidance, they are still subject to the problems of unclear positioning and unbalanced and inadequate development within the zone. With this in mind, the path of the future development is proposed for the purposes of promoting high-quality development of special economic zones, constructing a modern economic system, building a new pattern of all-around opening-up, and achieving the synergic development of special economic zones and non-special economic zones.

The success of Software Technology Parks (STPs) in the 1990s encouraged the Government of India to announce the scheme of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) as part of the Export-Import Policy in March 2000, to be effective from April 2000 to achieve a three-fold objective of increasing exports, accelerating the country’s economic growth, and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). This scheme was continued in the ForeignTrade Policy 2004-2009, and aimed at providing a globally competitive, conducive, and free atmosphere for exports, and attracting domestic and foreign investments. The SEZ concept, as distinguished from the earlier patterns of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and 100 per cent Export Oriented Units (EOUs) recognises the issues related to economic development, and provides for developing self-sustaining industrial townships along with the major industrial belts, so as to minimise pressure on the existing infrastructure of nearby settlements. This is true of multi-product SEZs where the area acquired is large, and not in case of other patterns, where the area is relatively small. SEZs are duty-free insulated enclaves of development, and are deemed to be non-domestic tariff areas for purposes of trade operations, and duties and tariffs. They allow 100 per cent FDI in the development of SEZs and their infrastructure facilities. Unlike EPZs, SEZs can now be developed by the public, private, joint sector or by the State governments. The Centre acts as a facilitator by providing the framework for establishing the SEZs, and monitoring the performance, and fulfilling the norms expected of SEZs to serve the national, state, and local economy. The policy offers several fiscal and regulatory incentives far beyond those covered in the earlier patterns, to developers of SEZs as well as to manufacturing and service enterprises promoted within the zones, and for the development of infrastructure.

China established Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the late seventies and eighties which later became major drivers of their economic development. Now China is replicating the same phenomenon in Pakistan under CPEC. China, through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the flagship project of One Belt One Road, has pledged to invest sixty-two (62) billion US dollars in Pakistan. The development of SEZs in Pakistan is divided into two phases. Phase one started in 2012, and the main focus in this phase was on Dhabeji, Rashakai Faisalabad. In phase two nine SEZs will be developed. If Pakistan successfully manages the SEZs it will shift the country towards industrialization in the long run and stabilize the Pakistani economy in the short run. However, many inconsistencies have originated due to Pakistans weak economic policies. This paper will provide a comparison between the SEZs in Pakistan and China, and how Pakistan can capitalize on the SEZs and pave the way for industrialization.

Abstract: Special economic zones (SEZs) attract investment and political support based on promises of both macroeconomic growth and local economic benefit. Myanmar has numerous SEZs, including those in Thilawa, Dawei, and Kyaukphyu. Recent SEZ legislation requires investors and administrators to maintain the standard of living of communities displaced by the SEZ development. This paper studies the socioeconomic impact on households which have been relocated by the Thilawa SEZ, comparing them with those which remained in their original communities. Relocated households have experienced significantly higher rates of unemployment, debt, and lack of livelihood/income diversity. Due to a greater reliance on food purchases and income insufficiency, relocated households reported higher rates of food insecurity, and nearly one-third reported having taken out loans to meet food shortages in the past year. Overall, the pattern of coping amongst relocated households demonstrates significantly lower levels of resilience than non-relocated households, which results in a rapid erosion of economic capital, and subsequently a decline in future coping capacity. These findings challenge the assumptions around capital-based compensation approaches to relocation programs and argue instead that the process of relocation is best compared to a shock transition to an urban state, characterized by a rupturing of the relationship to land. The ensuing precarity demands a high level of adaptive capacity, which, in turn, requires not only new skills but access to resources, markets, and welfare mechanisms, many of which are not available. If SEZs are to fulfill both the wider economic promise and the legal requirements, a radically different approach to the processes of relocation is needed.

The article is devoted to the problems of development of special economic zones in the context of sustainable development of regions. An important role in the context of sustainable development of Russian regions is undoubtedly played by spatial structures, which are special economic zones that form the basis of the country’s innovation infrastructure. These structures can be considered both as a result of the process of sustainable development and as a factor that strengthens these processes and, thus, have traditionally been a driver of growth for decades. SEZs activate investment activity, often lead to economic diversification, and cause positive socio-economic transformations. These are unique growth points with priority knowledge-intensive high-tech industries that give impulses for renewal to other territories. The main function of the special economic zones is to promote the sustainable development of the territories in the border areas and to project its influence from the center to the periphery. This also affects the aggregate potential that determines the development of production (mainly in combination with production cooperation) and the prospects for the transformation of relations between territories. The mechanism for distributing the impact of special economic zones on the surrounding territory is based on the potential of the region. An important element of solving this problem is the creation of an innovative infrastructure through the development of special economic zones and the creation of conditions for innovative activities.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are considered as an important regional industrial policy to attract foreign investment in a developing country such as Vietnam. The development of SEZs in Vietnam including the comprehensive review of infrastructure and business environment in SEZs is presented in this paper for the first time. Moreover, our results reveal the lower estimated density of domestic customers and suppliers connecting with foreign direct invested firms in SEZs in comparison to their domestic counterparts. Most importantly, this paper gives novel non-parametric evidence to indicate the positive causal effects of the zoning policies on the foreign direct investment at district level in the country during the period of 2011–2015.

This report is a continuation of last year’s development report on the special economic zones in China. Through the analysis of the latest available statistical data, this report attempts to show the recent status of the development of China’s special economic zones. In order to be consistent with last year’s report, this report adopts the same written framework and data analysis indicators.

The article reviews the concept of special economic zones and sources of legal regulation thereof in the Russian Federation and gives a brief analysis of the global practice of creation of special economic zones. The topic is relevant as the present situation, especially the current geopolitical conditions, require Russia to review the approaches to and methods of assurance of stable economic development to ensure a steady position of the country on the global economic arena. Creation of special economic zones as a driver of internal economic growth and an element of international economic integration accumulates an entire range of scientific, technical, social and economic goals. Such zones include technological, industrial, tourist and port zones where companies are offered tax and customs benefits and favorable terms and conditions of rent and purchase of land. The purpose of the article is a study of special economic zones that play an important role in encouragement of development of different regions of Russia. The purpose is achieved by solution of tasks associated with the definition of the concept and types of special economic zones and identification of legal regulation sources. The use of such research methods in the article as analysis of scientific publications, deduction and systematization makes it possible to determine new areas of social, economic, scientific and technical progress thanks to development of special economic zones and sources of legal regulation thereof. The topic of the article is important from the theoretical standpoint as the contemporary zoning policy is aimed at encouragement of high-tech sectors, introduction of innovations, lowering dependence on import and raising the level of economic development of regions by creation of new growth centers in the competitive production sphere. The practical importance of the article lies in obtainment of knowledge on the fact that companies located in special economic zones have access to the existing infrastructure, and their activities become more efficient thanks to legal regulation sources.

Modern and often largely overpopulated or dense cities are increasingly becoming problematic, in particular, in the developing world, and specifically in regions such as Africa. Cities are set to be the precincts where on average 66% of global citizens will live in 2050, and are currently faced with many challenges. This includes the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) as set out in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Report (2015), and the contents of a recently published United Nations (UN) Report on The Weight of Cities (2018), and the challenges that they face as summarised below. These challenges according to the report will force us to devise new strategies for twenty-first century urbanisation: how we use resources that are normally critical for the maintenance of cities, and how we devise new tools, technologies and information-based interconnected interventions that can assist in improved resource management. The report emphasises low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially just cities. This includes the monitoring of the flow of resources entering and leaving cities and the development of resource-efficient strategies to address these urbanisation trends. In monitoring growth and new developments, the planning of cities has to consider to ‘compact growth’ in order to mitigate rapid and uncontrolled urban sprawl and resulting squalor. This includes in particular the energy and water wastage that result from such uncontrolled and unplanned urbanisation activities, and requires future leaders to be skilled and directed towards innovative approaches and practices in management and governance in order to achieve the overall UNDP goal for sustainable cities and communities (Goal 11). This chapter explores the challenges that these demands will make on the governance and management of future cities, and it also considers and evaluates alternative forms of governance and management that may be found in the ideas surrounding the development of free private cities, start-up cities, charter cities or cities built within the arrangements for the development of special economic zones (SEZs). Will these models be a consideration for twenty-first century African urban reconstruction and development?

The process towards sustainability is indeed very complicated, given the increasing need of the population for infrastructure to support human activities. The objective of the study is to analyze the influence of environmental factors and their awful effects on infrastructure projects with sustainable construction models in special economic zones. The methodology used are mixed methods, combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches with the total respondent are 80 persons. The respondents involved are divided by company/institution, company’s qualifications, and stakeholders. The first validity shows that all factors have a value above 0.5, by using Fornell Lacker Criterion, it is found that the CDV value met the requirements from all variables involved. The validation was calculated by a cross-loading method called discriminant validity. After validity, it is continued to obtain model fit value and the final model fit is 0.568 means good model. The NFI value released was 56.8%. It means that the declared model was good enough to be implemented within sustainability in SEZs. This result supported the previous research, which stated that a sustainable construction model using a multi-criteria approach is a good model choice for the development of a sustainable construction model. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-02-06 Full Text: PDF

This chapter offers a comprehensive summary on how special economic zones (SEZs) turn around the economies and unlock the potential of agriculture in Africa. The author interrogates on how the SEZs route offers some options to transform agriculture and develop agribusiness markets that are essential in ensuring food and nutrition security, ending hunger, and reducing poverty. Focusing on the historical development of SEZs, their typologies, and global SEZs case studies, the author concludes that SEZs, if prudently managed, provide a potentially sustainable model for agricultural transformation.

This article examines Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and their impact on regional economic growth in Indonesia. This study contributed to finding the most effective development strategies based on policies and governance for sustainable and equitable development. We argued that further research is necessary to evaluate regional development in Indonesia toward implementing SEZs in terms of the economic and sociopolitical environment. Indonesian SEZs lack a systematic approach to stakeholder management and economic distribution. Therefore, this study emphasized the importance of Indonesian SEZs in fiscal capacity, regional income distribution, and economic growth, which aligned with Sustainable Development Goal Number 8. SEZ development requires careful planning, stakeholder management, and strategic implementation to ensure benefits in all SEZ domains. This study used qualitative methods with data from reputable preview studies, articles, journals, books, and news.

India has used export processing zones as a development strategy since the mid 1960s. The performance of these zones did not meet expectations and, in 2001, the government changed the rules and the name, and recast them as special economic zones. Indian special economic zone policy was formulated to facilitate the private development of big industrial townships. This is a significant departure from the typical export zone model, where governments usually develop the zone and invite entrepreneurs to start firms within it. However, the zone policy is unlikely to achieve its objective because of land acquisition problems. This paper analyses the effect of land laws such as land ceiling and land use clauses, and the political nature of land dealings in the context of special economic zone development in India, and concludes that private land acquisition is not possible with the current structure of land laws in India, and that this is a primary problem for the private development in special economic zones in India.

Creative worker is recognized to be essential driving force of regional economic growth. It is argued that highly tolerant society is prone to accept creative workers’ distinctive behaviors and accommodate their creative needs in science and technology. In this regard, examining the associations between creative worker concentrations and social tolerance should provide important references for urban governors who want to achieve sustainable economic growth through innovation. This paper develops a set of social diversity indicators as proxy for tolerance, and applies geographically weighed regression (GWR) to characterize the associations between creative worker concentrations and social tolerance at district level in Shenzhen, China. GWR identifies spatial non-stationary associations between CCCs and social diversity. More specifically, CCCs have positive correlations with income, education and housing diversity; and the correlations are stronger in districts within the Special Economic Zone (SEZ). CCCs are positively correlated with ethnic and birth place diversity within the SEZ, while opposite correlations are found in districts outside the SEZ. The identified spatial non-stationary relationships may partially answer for the controversial empirical conclusions in earlier case studies. Our study expands the understanding of intra-urban creative worker concentrations in relation to social tolerance. It is believed to provide empirical figures to test the social theory on creative economy.

The Special Economic Zone Duqm (SEZD) in Oman is the largest special economic zone in the Middle East and North Africa Region allowing it to host various big projects. To ensure that the area is fit for a wide number of business activities to meet the needs of investors, area is divided into eight main areas: the heavy-medium and light industries complex, the port, the ship dry dock, the oil refinery, the tourism area, the logistic services area, the regional airport, and the residential/commercial area. SEZD has many competitive advantages to be a logistic and marine hub for Arab countries outside Strait of Hormuz. It is a hub for advanced petrochemical industry, manufacturing industry, fish industry and aquaculture projects, logistics services, educational institutions and tourism. For those seeking peace of mind and tranquility, Duqm is an ideal destination where it combines the natural beauty of the region and the modest climate around the year. SEZD provides many incentives for investors such as: exemption from profit tax for up to 30 years and renewable for similar period, 100% freehold by foreigners, easy recruitment of manpower, and imports of raw materials into the zone are tax-free. These facilities and incentives give SEZD a competitive advantage. SEZD is an ideal example of an integrated economic development zone. Government of Oman is trying to achieve the following national objectives from establishing such economic zone: first, economic diversification; second, sustainable economic growth; third, securing job opportunities; fourth, balancing Oman’s regional development; finally, increase private sector contribution to GDP.