Понятие специальных экономических зон и источники правового регулирования в Российской Федерации

Special economic zones take the important place in the economy of many countries. They are created to resolve both the external economic and general economy problems of the countries. The creation of special economic zones of various types is caused by serious changes happened within the world economy for the last decades. The world practice has the extensive successful experience of functioning of special economic zones in various political and socio-economic systems, territories and conditions: science and technology parks in the USA, zones of high and new technologies development in China and others. The main goal of special economic zones creation is the solution of strategic problems (foreign trade, general economic, social, regional, scientific and technical) of the development of the state in general or its certain territory. This paper considers the approaches to the procedure of economic zones creation in the world practice: “from top” method and “from bottom” method. The authors gave the classification of special economic zones: export and production areas, free trade areas, technological areas, export stimulation zones, service, and complex zones. Special aspects of the economic zones formation, conditions offered for residents, the countries and regions practicing each of the types of economic zones are presented in the paper. The authors specified tax preferences for the participants of economic zones in Great Britain, the USA, China, Japan, Mexico, their aspects of functioning and the types of zones and carries out the analysis of the formation of special economic zones in the USA, China, Ireland, and the countries of Southeast Asia. Using the statistical methods, the authors showed the efficiency of the creation of special economic zones in the foreign economic activity of China. The paper presents the recommendations of the functioning of special economic zones in foreign practices, which could be considered in domestic practice.

Special economic zones are an important strategic tool of territorial development. Socio-economic development of special economic zones is seen to be a key economic task. To perform this task, special environment is arranged for their development and manufacturing enterprises and the service sector. These special conditions should stimulate their economic development and ensure their sustainable economic growth. The main objective of the study is to assess the development of labor potential in the Russian regions with the special economic zones and a preferential taxation scheme. The research task is to evaluate the economic and social indicators of the special economic zones. The study looks at the labor potential indicators which affect the development and functioning of these territories. The novelty is a comparative analysis of the labor potential indicators before and after a special economic zone is established. The results of the analysis show the impact of preferential conditions on the employment rate, a decrease of the unemployment rate, and changes in the structural disproportion rate and contribute into developing recommendations for efficient managerial decisions in this area. The statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as information resources of territorial entities served as the information base for analytical studies. The statistical data analysis revealed the behavior of individual economic and social indicators; the role of a territorial status in economic growth was determined. The results also show that special environment does not stimulate territorial development in manufacturing and service sectors. Most existing territorial entities do not demonstrate high development rates, including by labor potential indicators. The exceptions are metropolitan and large urban agglomerations characterized by high economic development rates due to a high development level in financial and banking sectors, concentration of manufacturing capacities, and a significant agglomeration effect. The identified development trends evaluate the efficiency of tax incentives, the development of special economic zones, and reveal the mechanisms to improve areas of development. The results obtained in the study contribute into a more efficient investigation of the socio-economic situation in special economic zones, adjust their development directions, can be used for preparing strategic and policy documents for the development of territorial entities, including the territories with special tax privileges and preferential conditions for work.

Based on the background, process and economic development of special economic zones in Guangdong Province, this paper expounds the origin, achievements and problems of special economic zones. Although the special economic zones in Guangdong Province play an important role for the economic development of China in terms of institutional innovation and economic guidance, they are still subject to the problems of unclear positioning and unbalanced and inadequate development within the zone. With this in mind, the path of the future development is proposed for the purposes of promoting high-quality development of special economic zones, constructing a modern economic system, building a new pattern of all-around opening-up, and achieving the synergic development of special economic zones and non-special economic zones.

The success of Software Technology Parks (STPs) in the 1990s encouraged the Government of India to announce the scheme of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) as part of the Export-Import Policy in March 2000, to be effective from April 2000 to achieve a three-fold objective of increasing exports, accelerating the country’s economic growth, and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). This scheme was continued in the ForeignTrade Policy 2004-2009, and aimed at providing a globally competitive, conducive, and free atmosphere for exports, and attracting domestic and foreign investments. The SEZ concept, as distinguished from the earlier patterns of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and 100 per cent Export Oriented Units (EOUs) recognises the issues related to economic development, and provides for developing self-sustaining industrial townships along with the major industrial belts, so as to minimise pressure on the existing infrastructure of nearby settlements. This is true of multi-product SEZs where the area acquired is large, and not in case of other patterns, where the area is relatively small. SEZs are duty-free insulated enclaves of development, and are deemed to be non-domestic tariff areas for purposes of trade operations, and duties and tariffs. They allow 100 per cent FDI in the development of SEZs and their infrastructure facilities. Unlike EPZs, SEZs can now be developed by the public, private, joint sector or by the State governments. The Centre acts as a facilitator by providing the framework for establishing the SEZs, and monitoring the performance, and fulfilling the norms expected of SEZs to serve the national, state, and local economy. The policy offers several fiscal and regulatory incentives far beyond those covered in the earlier patterns, to developers of SEZs as well as to manufacturing and service enterprises promoted within the zones, and for the development of infrastructure.

China established Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the late seventies and eighties which later became major drivers of their economic development. Now China is replicating the same phenomenon in Pakistan under CPEC. China, through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the flagship project of One Belt One Road, has pledged to invest sixty-two (62) billion US dollars in Pakistan. The development of SEZs in Pakistan is divided into two phases. Phase one started in 2012, and the main focus in this phase was on Dhabeji, Rashakai Faisalabad. In phase two nine SEZs will be developed. If Pakistan successfully manages the SEZs it will shift the country towards industrialization in the long run and stabilize the Pakistani economy in the short run. However, many inconsistencies have originated due to Pakistans weak economic policies. This paper will provide a comparison between the SEZs in Pakistan and China, and how Pakistan can capitalize on the SEZs and pave the way for industrialization.

Abstract: Special economic zones (SEZs) attract investment and political support based on promises of both macroeconomic growth and local economic benefit. Myanmar has numerous SEZs, including those in Thilawa, Dawei, and Kyaukphyu. Recent SEZ legislation requires investors and administrators to maintain the standard of living of communities displaced by the SEZ development. This paper studies the socioeconomic impact on households which have been relocated by the Thilawa SEZ, comparing them with those which remained in their original communities. Relocated households have experienced significantly higher rates of unemployment, debt, and lack of livelihood/income diversity. Due to a greater reliance on food purchases and income insufficiency, relocated households reported higher rates of food insecurity, and nearly one-third reported having taken out loans to meet food shortages in the past year. Overall, the pattern of coping amongst relocated households demonstrates significantly lower levels of resilience than non-relocated households, which results in a rapid erosion of economic capital, and subsequently a decline in future coping capacity. These findings challenge the assumptions around capital-based compensation approaches to relocation programs and argue instead that the process of relocation is best compared to a shock transition to an urban state, characterized by a rupturing of the relationship to land. The ensuing precarity demands a high level of adaptive capacity, which, in turn, requires not only new skills but access to resources, markets, and welfare mechanisms, many of which are not available. If SEZs are to fulfill both the wider economic promise and the legal requirements, a radically different approach to the processes of relocation is needed.

The article emphasizes the importance of investing in Ukrainian enterprises as a crucial tool for enhancing their business resilience during wartime and post-war recovery. It examines strategic development directions, including fostering entrepreneurship, implementing digital technologies, modernizing critical infrastructure, and integrating Ukraine into the global economy. The proposed development roadmap emphasizes a structured approach focused on attracting investments, creating a favorable environment for innovation, and ensuring long-term economic sustainability. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of international cooperation, financial transparency, and coordination between public and private entities to achieve sustainable growth. The primary focus is on structured recovery stages, encompassing short-term measures to maintain economic activity during wartime, medium-term initiatives for infrastructure reconstruction and entrepreneurship stimulation, and a long-term strategy to build an innovative economy. Examples of key measures include preferential lending, the creation of special economic zones (SEZs), government funding of research and development (R&D), and large-scale investments in green energy, all aimed at establishing a foundation for long-term national economic growth. Conclusions indicate that the effectiveness of implementing the roadmap depends on the coordination of actions among governmental and private institutions, legislative adaptations, ensuring transparency in financing, and creating an enabling investment environment. A key aspect is attracting international financial assistance and partners to collaborate on addressing economic challenges. It is determined that the proposed strategy not only enables the recovery of Ukraine’s economy but also facilitates its integration into the global economic system, ensuring sustainable growth and future competitiveness. Keywords: investments, national economy, development, business resilience, investing, economic transformation, infrastructure development, innovations, international integration, digital economy.

The article is devoted to the problems of development of special economic zones in the context of sustainable development of regions. An important role in the context of sustainable development of Russian regions is undoubtedly played by spatial structures, which are special economic zones that form the basis of the country’s innovation infrastructure. These structures can be considered both as a result of the process of sustainable development and as a factor that strengthens these processes and, thus, have traditionally been a driver of growth for decades. SEZs activate investment activity, often lead to economic diversification, and cause positive socio-economic transformations. These are unique growth points with priority knowledge-intensive high-tech industries that give impulses for renewal to other territories. The main function of the special economic zones is to promote the sustainable development of the territories in the border areas and to project its influence from the center to the periphery. This also affects the aggregate potential that determines the development of production (mainly in combination with production cooperation) and the prospects for the transformation of relations between territories. The mechanism for distributing the impact of special economic zones on the surrounding territory is based on the potential of the region. An important element of solving this problem is the creation of an innovative infrastructure through the development of special economic zones and the creation of conditions for innovative activities.

Одним из важных инструментов, помогающим привлечь инвестиции и повысить эффективность взаимодействия между бизнесом и государством является создание особых экономических зон. Это одна из основных целей каждого государства обеспечить уверенный рост экономического развития, включая также увеличение поступлений налогов в бюджет страны. Создание ОЭЗ является неотъемлемым условием для успешного привлечения инвестиций. Благодаря созданию особых экономических зон в стране, экономика начинает расти: появляются новые рабочие места, предприятия совершенствуются, возводятся новые. При создании ОЭЗ в бюджет поступают инвестиции, а это способствует развитию инфраструктуры, а также высокотехнологичных отраслей, при этом заметно увеличивается товарооборота продукции. В данном случае основная цель государства заключается в сохранении внутренних капиталов и привлечении зарубежных инвестиций в экономику страны, все это позволяет достичь ощутимого подъема экономики в целом. One of the important tools that helps attract investment and increase the efficiency of interaction between business and the state is the creation of special economic zones. This is one of the main goals of each state to ensure strong growth in economic development, including also an increase in tax revenues to the country's budget. The creation of a SEZ is an essential condition for successfully attracting investments. Thanks to the creation of special economic zones in the country, the economy begins to grow: new jobs appear, enterprises are improved, and new ones are built. When creating a SEZ, investments are received into the budget, and this contributes to the development of infrastructure, as well as high-tech industries, while the turnover of products significantly increases. In this case, the main goal of the state is to preserve domestic capital and attract foreign investment into the country’s economy, all of which makes it possible to achieve a noticeable rise in the economy as a whole.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are considered as an important regional industrial policy to attract foreign investment in a developing country such as Vietnam. The development of SEZs in Vietnam including the comprehensive review of infrastructure and business environment in SEZs is presented in this paper for the first time. Moreover, our results reveal the lower estimated density of domestic customers and suppliers connecting with foreign direct invested firms in SEZs in comparison to their domestic counterparts. Most importantly, this paper gives novel non-parametric evidence to indicate the positive causal effects of the zoning policies on the foreign direct investment at district level in the country during the period of 2011–2015.

This report is a continuation of last year’s development report on the special economic zones in China. Through the analysis of the latest available statistical data, this report attempts to show the recent status of the development of China’s special economic zones. In order to be consistent with last year’s report, this report adopts the same written framework and data analysis indicators.

Modern and often largely overpopulated or dense cities are increasingly becoming problematic, in particular, in the developing world, and specifically in regions such as Africa. Cities are set to be the precincts where on average 66% of global citizens will live in 2050, and are currently faced with many challenges. This includes the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) as set out in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Report (2015), and the contents of a recently published United Nations (UN) Report on The Weight of Cities (2018), and the challenges that they face as summarised below. These challenges according to the report will force us to devise new strategies for twenty-first century urbanisation: how we use resources that are normally critical for the maintenance of cities, and how we devise new tools, technologies and information-based interconnected interventions that can assist in improved resource management. The report emphasises low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially just cities. This includes the monitoring of the flow of resources entering and leaving cities and the development of resource-efficient strategies to address these urbanisation trends. In monitoring growth and new developments, the planning of cities has to consider to ‘compact growth’ in order to mitigate rapid and uncontrolled urban sprawl and resulting squalor. This includes in particular the energy and water wastage that result from such uncontrolled and unplanned urbanisation activities, and requires future leaders to be skilled and directed towards innovative approaches and practices in management and governance in order to achieve the overall UNDP goal for sustainable cities and communities (Goal 11). This chapter explores the challenges that these demands will make on the governance and management of future cities, and it also considers and evaluates alternative forms of governance and management that may be found in the ideas surrounding the development of free private cities, start-up cities, charter cities or cities built within the arrangements for the development of special economic zones (SEZs). Will these models be a consideration for twenty-first century African urban reconstruction and development?

The process towards sustainability is indeed very complicated, given the increasing need of the population for infrastructure to support human activities. The objective of the study is to analyze the influence of environmental factors and their awful effects on infrastructure projects with sustainable construction models in special economic zones. The methodology used are mixed methods, combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches with the total respondent are 80 persons. The respondents involved are divided by company/institution, company’s qualifications, and stakeholders. The first validity shows that all factors have a value above 0.5, by using Fornell Lacker Criterion, it is found that the CDV value met the requirements from all variables involved. The validation was calculated by a cross-loading method called discriminant validity. After validity, it is continued to obtain model fit value and the final model fit is 0.568 means good model. The NFI value released was 56.8%. It means that the declared model was good enough to be implemented within sustainability in SEZs. This result supported the previous research, which stated that a sustainable construction model using a multi-criteria approach is a good model choice for the development of a sustainable construction model. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-02-06 Full Text: PDF

One Belt One Road, widely knowns as OBOR is an ambitious program initiated by China in 2013 with the aim of increasing the economic growth of China and its partner countries in Asian, African, and European regions. One of the sub-regions in Asia that has always been the main focus of OBOR is the Mekong River Region, namely Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia, having geographical proximity to China. The implementation of the program is marked by the existence of infrastructure development for the creation of special economic zones. This research is aimed at explaining the OBOR program, by analyzing the role of economic diplomacy in achieving China's national interests through OBOR. The relations factor and the role of the state as the largest foreign direct investment are the most prominent factors in the success of China's economic diplomacy through OBOR. The research method used in this article is qualitative with literature study data collection techniques. This research is limited from 2013, when OBOR was first initiated, to 2021, when the United States’ Build Back Better World Initiatives emerged

The purpose of the article is to analyze the main areas of foreign economic cooperation of Ukraine with ASEAN member countries and to determine the future prospects of their interaction. The article examines the trade and economic relations of Ukraine with ASEAN member countries during 2014-2022. An analysis of the volume of trade in goods between the parties is presented, which indicates a gradual increase in trade turnover from 2015 to 2021 and its further reduction in 2022 due to the start of a full-scale war The main categories of export and import of goods between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries in 2022 have been determined, which include grain crops, vegetable fats and oils, telecommunications equipment, metal products, etc. The geographical structure of trade operations was analyzed and the most popular export and import destinations for Ukraine, such as Malaysia and Vietnam, were determined. It is proven that, despite the gradual increase in trade volumes, the level of investment activity between the parties remains low, which is determined by a number of negative factors, including the war with Russia, corruption and the uncertainty of the legal environment in Ukraine. Positive factors that increase the investment attractiveness of Ukraine for the countries of Southeast Asia are considered, in particular, the geopolitical position and the presence of a highly qualified workforce. Based on the data of the National Bank of Ukraine, it was determined that the largest number of investments in Ukraine comes from Singapore, in particular, in enterprises in the fields of industry, trade and agriculture. The existence of significant potential for the development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries has been proven. Ways of intensifying bilateral cooperation were proposed, such as the implementation of joint projects in the field of information technology and infrastructure, increasing the volume of Ukrainian exports and the creation of special economic zones. The need to sign trade agreements and expand business ties for the further development of cooperation between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries is highlighted.