Диалектные наименования праздников и обрядов как отражение культурно-исторических традиций русского народа

The presence of the genitive plural suppletive form let in the paradigm of the noun god ‘year’ distinguishes Russian from other East Slavic languages. In Russian dialects, instead of let, the dialect variant godov is sometimes used. Data from the panchronic subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus show that the form godov, which is first attested in the 15 century, was peripheral throughout the history of the Russian language. In the 17 and 18 centuries it was mainly used in non-fiction texts, while in the 19 century it was already considered as outdated or dialectal. In modern dialect data, the variant godov is highly frequent: it is present in almost half of about 2,000 contexts considered. The article aims to investigate the factors that influence the probability of using the dialect variant godov in constructions with cardinal numeral in modern dialects of Russian. The dialect variant is frequent in different dialect groups, which does not support an analysis of variation in terms of areal distribution. Moreover, variation between the two forms differs even among speakers of the same dialect, which makes the data particularly suitable to a variationist analysis. Data annotation included the following sociolinguistic parameters: gender, year of birth, and level of education. In addition, we tagged each data point according to the case form of the numeral and word order. The significance of these variables was evaluated with a mixed effect logistic regression. The results of statistical analysis showed that the probability of using the dialect form is much higher for less educated speakers as compared to more educated ones. Inverse word order and genitive case form of the numeral also increase the probability of using the dialect variant.

The article tackles current problems of onomastic data presentation and correct delivering of its typological and semantic features in a modern dialectal dictionary. This particularly refers to a comprehensive electronic dialectal dictionary which covers a whole set of lexicographic fields of an article’s microstructure, including paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and additional ethnocultural information. The case is observed with the currently developed electronic Dictionary of the Russian Sub-dialect of Loyma Village of the Priluzsky District of the Komi Republic that builds on a machine-based version of the original dictionary. The authors proceed from describing the composition and the main categories of the onomastic vocabulary of the target (Loyma) sub-dialect: major groups of personal names (individual and social), toponyms (including names of cities, water bodies, and various microtoponyms), as well as some peripheral categories of proper names (names of peoples, local residents, etc.). It is noted that the onomastic vocabulary of the Loyma dialect shows a number of peculiar traits, such as extensive variability and synonymy, high incidence of emotional, evaluative, expressive, and stylistic features which reflect the specificity of the sub-dialect’s stylistic system distinctive from that of the standard Russian language. It is concluded that dealing with “living” Russian dialects, the task of creating computer-based versions of hard-copy dictionaries relates not only to the preservation of existing dialectal material but also to the addition and restructuring of these dictionaries to create multi-purpose lexicographic products, tapping cultural potential of the entire dialect, both the onomastic and the lexical.

The paper discusses the status of the formant z-, represented in the vocabulary of Arkhangelsk dialects of Russian. It mostly occurs on verbs, less often on words of other parts of speech. Consideration of its status concerns several aspects, such as phonetic position, semantics, correlation with synonymous prefixes, and area of usage. The formant z- in Arkhangelsk dialects is used both before obstruents and sonorants and /v-vʲ/. In the process of functioning, it moves from phonetics to morphemics, expanding the range of its meanings and, as a result, acquiring the capability to be used analogically to the prefixes vz-, za-, iz-, s-. The correlation between the semantics of z- and vz- is explained by the phonetic simplifi cation of [vz] before a consonant, whereby the resulting z- inherits all the meanings of vz-. In turn, the prefixes vz-, iz-, za-, s- show semantic commonalities, and this explains the possibility of formations with z- synonymous not only to formations with vz-, but also with iz-, za-, s- in the following meanings: ‘committing an action, bringing an action to the desired limit, result’ — a meaning common with the prefixes vz-, iz-, za-, s-; ‘upward direction of an action or movement’ — a meaning common with the prefixes vz-, za-; ‘starting an action’ — a meaning common with the prefixes vz-, za-; ‘performing a single action’ — a meaning common with the prefix vz-. Thus, the formant z- receives the status of a prefix, synonymous in all meanings to the prefix vz- and partly synonymous to the prefixes iz-, za-, s-. The conclusions about the genesis of the prefix z-, based on the analysis of the material of the Arkhangelsk dialects, are confirmed by the data of dictionaries of other Russian dialects, including those that are not in direct contact with the Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. The results of the study correlate with the problem of the general arealogy of Slavic dialects, aimed at revealing the relations between different languages, which represent their comparability.

The article analyzes the current state of the studies on the vocabulary of the Russian North dialects. The concept of the Russian North is discussed, the Russian North dialectal zone is briefly characterized in light of its linguistic features, of the Northern Russian dialectal vocabulary size in comparison with the Southern Russian dialects, and of the fundamental importance of its study for Slavic linguistics in general. The article also presents a review of the main dictionaries of the Northern Russian dialects since the appearance of the Russian North lexicography to the present day. It includes dictionaries of different coverage of the territory: macro-regional (the ones including vocabulary of the whole Russian North), the ones dedicated to certain zones (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Karelian regions, etc.), micro-territorial (including dictionaries of certain settlements); of different types and subjects of study: lexical, phraseological, areal-thematic, areal-etymological, dictionaries of personal linguistic identity. Special attention is paid to non-professional lexicography. The review of studies (monographs, dissertations, articles) on the Northern Russian lexicon and phraseology is also presented. They are considered from a thematical point of view: these are works where the semantic and motivational analysis of different groups of concrete and abstract lexis is carried out, etymological interpretation of lexemes is given; works where beliefs, traditional rituals, folklore are considered through the prism of linguistic facts; etymological works, works on grammar, etc. The arguments in favor of the need to continue the collection of the Northern Russian dialects vocabulary and its dictionary representation are given, prospects and objectives of its study are formulated. A list of references is of high importance for researchers — dialectologists, etymologists, historians of language, etc. — it is an extensive bibliography, which contains lexicographical and lexicological works on the dialects of the Russian North.

The article presents etymological and motivational analysis of three dialectal lexical groups with the root tal-//tol-. The author considers that the dialecticisms under study refer to the word family талый <talyi> (melted) / таять <tayat’> (to melt) and attempts to reconstruct its own motivational logic for each lexical group. The first part of the article analyzes the word талы/толы <taly/toly> (eyes), the origin of which currently remains not clear enough. The author provides the known hypotheses of the word origin, which include both the initial version (bringing to the family таять (to melt) and an assumption of borrowing. The initial version of the word origin is developed based on its semantic and functional characteristics, the peculiarities characterizing the perception of the organ of vision in language and culture, and motivational patterns in dialectal designations of eyes. The version of the origin of the word as borrowed from the Turkic languages is critically analyzed through reference to the patterns of the appearance of Turkic borrowings in Russian dialects. The second part of the article is devoted to the lexical group талики/толики <taliki/toliki> (ripe cloudberry). Different sources treat these lexical unit as a Finno-Ugric borrowing, on the one hand, and as related to the Russian word таять (to melt), on the other hand, thus interpreting them as a result of semantic loan translation from Finno-Ugric. The paper provides some additional arguments in favor of the version that the names of ripe cloudberry belong to the family таять (to melt), while admitting the possibility of the original (not loaned) origin of the naming. The third part of the article deals with the dialectal word талица <talitsa> (rutabaga), the etymological solutions for which are unknown. The author considers this word to have origin in the verb таять (to melt), which is argued based on the peculiarities of the secretion of juice from rutabaga while its being cooked. In conclusion, some other names of cloudberry and rutabaga are compared, and general semantic lines of ‘melting’ and ‘steaming’ for the analyzed phytonyms are derived.

The article is devoted to the problem of reflecting the variability of the Russian dialect word in dialect dictionaries published in Russia from the 19th to the 21st centuries. The study aims to consider the method of presenting different types of variants of a dialect word in various dialect dictionaries, with the main attention being paid to the analysis of works of dialect lexicography created since the middle of the 20th century until now. The submission of variants in the “Pskov Regional Dictionary”, which has been worked on at Leningrad State University — St. Petersburg State University (and Pskov Pedagogical Institute — Pskov State University) since the 1950s, is analyzed in most detail. Research objectives: to study, based on the relevant sections of the introductions and prefaces to dialect dictionaries of the Russian language, what exactly the authors of dictionaries consider to be variants of a dialect word, what types of variants they distinguish and how they are presented in their dictionaries. The novelty of the work lies in the consideration of the problem under study on the basis of a wide range of dialect dictionaries published in different regions of Russia and differently interpreting the theory of variance and describing lexical variation. The material of the study is both the theoretical introductory sections of Russian dialect dictionaries — namely, those parts that are devoted to the variability of the dialect lexeme — and the dialect dictionaries themselves, which differently present certain types of word variants in the dictionary and in a separate dictionary entry.

This article studies the thematic group ‘Food’ in the dialects of the area located at the upper reaches of the Nepryadva river. Food, as well as the arrangement of the dwelling, household items, folk costumes, is part of the everyday culture of the people. The material for the study was an array of unique lexemes collected in filed research in five settlements of the Volovsky district of the Tula region. Since ancient times, population of this area has been engaged in various activities, crafts, trades. In the course of the study, we identified lexical units that denote the names of foods, meals, and drinks. The entire array of tokens was grouped into 6 thematic subgroups. The lexical units were described from the point of view of semantics; the motivational features of their denomination were determined. The collected material was compared with data from a number of lexicographic sources such as dialect dictionaries and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. It should be emphasized that, despite the persistent tendency to leveling, dialectal lexical facts related to the thematic group ‘Food’ continue to exist in modern dialects. The analysis of the lexemes made it possible to single out among them: unique lexemes that are not presented in dialect dictionaries or in dictionaries of the modern Russian language; semantic dialectisms; lexemes whose meaning is close to the literary one; lexemes found in dialect dictionaries in similar meanings; lexemes that are noted not only in the dialects of the territory under study but also in Ryazan dialects, in the identical or similar meaning. The studied content of this thematic group and the lexical units included in it require further scholarly reflection.

The article examines the terminological vocabulary of one of the stages of funeral and memorial rites, fixed at the border zone of the Slavic and non-Slavic traditions of Eastern Serbia. Rites and customs of the Vlachs (obsolete Rus. Valahi, i.e. Wallachians, Serb. Vlasi), who moved to these territories mainly in the XIX century and currently live in villages that are interspersed with Serbian ones, influenced the Serbian folk tradition. The funeral and memorial rites of the Slavs represent the most conservative area of folk rituals and motivating beliefs and prescriptions, less susceptible to changes linked with both globalization and urbanization, and with the influence of neighboring traditions. Nevertheless, due to the fact that the funeral and memorial rites of the Vlachs are exceptionally bright, rich and representative, the considered ethnic complex of rituals could not but have a tangible impact on the Eastern Serbian rituals and representations associated with the transition to another world. The East Serbian dialect vocabulary largely reflects these processes, which is demonstrated in the article by the example of the lexeme pomana («commeration»), widely used in the dialects of North-Eastern Serbia. Meanwhile, the Serbs still retain the original Slavic archaic vocabulary, reflecting the ancient Slavic ideas about the deceased, his needs and necessities in the “other world”. Various types of sources are involved in the study: lexicographic (explanatory, etymological and dialect dictionaries), ethnographic (descriptions of customs, rituals and representations in certain regions of Eastern Serbia), data from the National Corpus of the Serbian Language and the author's own field ethnolinguistic materials (1997–2021).

The article reveals the dialectics of the historical development of the religious faith of the Tuvans in the dialogue of autochthonous and European cultures. The results of a pilot online survey of the population of the Republic of Tyva, conducted in January 2022, in which 759 people took part, are presented. The survey was conducted as part of the search for confirmation of the hypothesis about the presence of transforma-tional processes in the system of religious belief of Tuvans under the influence of the processes of modernization and globalization. The results revealed contradictions in the ideas of modern Tuvans about religion, operating with a substantial understand-ing of God and a distorted understanding of Buddhist lexicology. In addition, super-ficial adherence to religious and cultural traditions by modern Tuvans was revealed. The features of the dynamic development of the religious faith of modern Tuvans are revealed. The reasons for the age linear dependence in the world view of the re-spondents are analyzed, in which the older generations remain committed to the Marxist dialectical-materialist worldview system and at the same time show a desire for a deeper study of the autochthonous religious tradition. Respondents under 18 turned out to be a special age category, since their understanding reveals a radically different interpretation of religious concepts and systems. The influence of the atheis-tic model of Marxism, which does not go beyond the boundaries of the substantial theistic picture of the world, on the development of the Tuvan cultural and historical tradition is emphasized. The prospects for conducting philosophical and anthropolog-ical studies of the religious system of the Tuvan cultural and historical tradition are outlined.

Based on the materials of the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, this article examines the previously unstudied group of adverbs – the adverbs of place. The methods of continuous sampling and descriptive-analytical analysis revealed 56 adverbs of place in the second edition of the “Dictionary of Russian Dialects of Outer Manchuria”. Despite the fact that adverbs in the Russian literary language are have been thoroughly studied from the perspective of their semantics, motivation, and compatibility with other parts of speech, the Russian dialectology does not provide due description of the adverbial lexis. Compared to other parts of speech, the category of adverbs is less scientifically developed in the research dedicated to the dialects of late formation. This article presents the experience of describing the semantic characteristics of the adverbs of place typical solely for the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, detected via comparison with the linguistic units from the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, and “Dictionary of the Russian Language”. An attempt is made to classify the adverbs of place by the types of spatial relations, principles of spatial localization, as well as motivation of the parts of speech. The acquired results demonstrate that in the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, the adverbs of place differ not only in lexical composition, but also in semantics of the meanings from their analogues in other Russian folk dialects. They also feature the prevalence of units that characterize horizontal spatial localization.

Collections of Peter the Great’s Museum for Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) represent unique combination of ethnic collections from dif erent countries of the world and historical monuments of Russian science, early period of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Expositions and funds of the museum permanently attract the attention of specialists in dif erent f elds. One of topics that can be learned on the basis of our museum is history of optics. The collections provide opportunities to study the simplest optical devices in Eastern traditional cultures. Collections provide the opportunity to study usage of mirrors, clear
 crystals (which were believed to possess magic power) in traditional cultures as well as the process of transformation of stored for ages celestial observations into a basis for further forming of scientif c knowledge. The interest of European scholars to Oriental countries in the 18th century was not just interest to exotic, but also interest to the stored experience of observations.
 The expositions «М.V. Lomonosov and Academy of Sciences in the 18th century» and «First Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences», as well as the funds of the department of the history of the Kunstlkamera and Russian sciences in the 18th century present scientif c instruments, which have become monuments of Russian and European optics — lenses, mirrors, spyglasses, telescopes, transit instruments and others. They are just f ne material both for enlightening work with visitors and for historical researches. One can see there instruments made by famous masters of the 18-19th centuries — E.W. Tschirnhaus, E. Nairne, J. Bird, J. Ramsden, J. Fraunhofer.
 There collections are also interesting from the cultural point of view. The period of forming Russian science is the same time as the process of refusing to perceive optical instruments as attributes of “elegant leisure”, devices for entertaining rich and enlighten public$ process of af rmance microscopes, telescopes, lenses etc. as scientif c instruments to be used by specialists at their observatories, laboratories and also for teaching purposes. Today we can see the revival of this fashion and high public interest to scientif c observations.

With the rise of new media and under the influence of the trend of fan culture, the excellent Chinese traditional history and culture has also attracted extensive attention. This phenomenon reflects that some platforms treat Chinese traditional culture in the way of entertainment, relaxation and consumption, which causes damage to the history and tradition of Chinese traditional culture and affects its normal publicity and education. The rise of new media has enabled Chinese traditional history and culture to be widely spread, and also gave birth to the prosperity of fan culture. This phenomenon not only makes people misunderstand the cognition of traditional culture, but also makes some teenagers despise and alienate the history and tradition. This paper deeply studies the phenomenon of “enclosure” of fans to Chinese traditional history and culture, and puts forward the countermeasures of propaganda and education, which provides certain reference significance for future related research.

The article deals with the specifics of the national language world picture of the Republic of Mordovia. On the basis of the lexicographic data analysis the authors note a set of language units that represent the lexical and semantic field "Time" and define its structural and semantic peculiarities. The paper shows that lexemes with time semantics are a segment of the regional dictionary. In accordance with the results of the field complex analysis, this dialectal unity of words is characterized by various meanings of time. The authors prove that the nouns nominate different intervals of time (nominations connected with religious views of rural inhabitants as well as ritual traditions are frequent). The adjectives characterize a thing or an event qualifying them depending on their relation to any time scheme. The verbs point to the actions connected with eating meals at the definite time intervals. The adverbs represent two main meanings – definite or indefinite time. The nominations of time intervals that are referred to the past demonstrate a high level of variability. The authors conclude that the lexical and semantic field "Time" demonstrates a complex lexical and semantic unity with the units that are linked into a system by basic paradigmatic relations (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy).

The article studies the contribution of philosophy to the formation of political unity and the civic identity of ancient society. Ancient philosophy used to construct civic identity, consistently justifying it with physics, morality, and the concept of the best form of government. Initially, this construction was based on cosmocentric natural philosophy. The crisis of the Polis led to criticism of this concept by sophists and the development of the concept of civic duty of patriotism as a political category. Civic identity and patriotism in the eyes of these thinkers presuppose a political choice. The ancient experience of identity construction is connected with the appeal to science and rational argumentation. Modern identity theories often appeal to non-rationalist arguments, including nationalist ones. However, the concept of "national identity" is too ambiguous. State identity, based on national, historical, and cultural traditions, will constantly face the risk of alienating some people. The ancient experience of constructing civil unity by means of rational argumentation can be considered as a historical tradition, which "constitutional patriotism" needs to justify the modern version of civil identity.

The article analyses the practice of secondary burials as part of the funeral and memorial rite in modern Greece. Secondary burial in this case is defined as the exhumation of the remains from the grave after a certain time and their reburial in the ossuary. The article includes the description of the practice in modern Greece (based on author’s field materials) and comparative analysis of the rite in its traditional and modern forms. It is concluded that secondary burials as part of the modern funeral rite represent a transformation of the rural tradition. In traditional culture the transfer of the bones of the deceased to the ossuary was considered the final stage of the funeral rite, and was perceived positively as a part of the ancestor worship. In modern urban conditions, on the other hand, these reburials are carried out involuntarily (due to the lack of cemeteries in big cities) and have not such an unambiguous reception.