Особливості етнографічної рекреаційної діяльності майбутніх фахівців із туризму в карпатському туристичному макрорегіоні

The article discusses the assessment of the tourist attractiveness of Russian territories presented in the online network space. The empirical base of the study was the results of the content analysis of the reviews of tourists posted on the Internet. Media content, representation of tourism products in social networks contribute to the consolidation of new images, stereotypes and fashion in tourism practices of various social groups, form the expectations and interests of consumers of tourism services. The results of the research showed the actualization of the needs of tourists in authentic products, tourist impressions associated with national traditions, local color, historical artifacts. Tourists' expectations are focused on visualization of impressions, aesthetic appeal of tourist attraction objects. The emphasis on the hospitality of local residents, the recreation of historical traditions, identity and cultural diversity are promising areas of the formation of a popular tourist product.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the modern state and problems of insurance of active recreation and extreme types of tourism in the market of insurance services of Ukraine and develop measures to improve them. The study used methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, and the method of generalization. In order to rank insurance companies in accordance with their attractiveness to customers for insurance of active recreation and extreme tourism, the authors proposed criteria and developed their own methods of carrying out the estimation of the companies. The market for active and extreme tourism is developing quite rapidly. Tourists who prefer active and extreme recreation are a high-risk group, and tourist safety is a top priority and depends on quality insurance. The share of insurance companies in Ukraine going in for travel insurance is about 10% of their total. The conducted study of insurance services in the sphere of tourism indicates the following features of this market in Ukraine: the lack of insurance packages for active recreation and extreme tourism in the packages of individual companies; the lack of a unified regulatory approach to classification of tariff packages and the attribution to them of certain types of tourism; high cost of insurance services and the presence of restrictions in insurance of certain extreme types of tourism. The authors selected the criteria when ranking insurance companies in the extreme tourism insurance sector: availability of transparent policy programs to insure active recreation and extreme tourism, availability and adequacy of pricing policy, customer comments, economic indices of companies’ activities. One of the priority ways to develop insurance services in this sector is the introduction of European insurance practice for specialized types of active and extreme tourism through the activities of tourist clubs and associations that will attract a wide. The article for the first time analyzes in detail the problems of insurance of active recreation and extreme tourism in the market of insurance services of Ukraine, offers its own approaches to the methods of rating insurance companies in the field of active recreation and extreme tourism. The present international experience in providing similar insurance services is described and the ways of its implementation in Ukraine are considered. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the conducted assessment of the insurance market of active and extreme tourism can be used at different levels from local to national, in particular: when choosing travel insurance packages for both individuals and tour operators or travel agents; to improve insurance packages by insurance companies of Ukraine; public organizations, associations promoting the development of active and extreme tourism; to improve insurance policy at the state level.

The improvement of tourist's satisfaction and increase of operating income are important subjects to the development of a recreational area. The purpose of this study is to explore the significance of tourists' satisfaction which is composed of tourists' expectations and experiences and its influence on their length of stay and expenditures. An empirical research is undertaken targeting tourists in Wusanto Reservoir as research objects. The analysis first performed the test of variables extracted from tourist's expectations, experiences, length of stay and expenditures. Factor analysis was then manipulated to elicit four main dimensions of tourists' experiences, involving ”recreation experience”, ”environmental scenery experience”, ”service quality experience”, and ”hardware facility experience”. This research employs LISREL 8.52 software to resolve the structural equation model among tourists' expectations, experiences, length of stay and cexpenditures. Key results are summarized in the following. Tourists' expectations are not positively related to the length of stay and nor does tourist expenditures. Tourists' experiences are positively related to the length of stay. The length of stay is positively related to expenditures of tourist. This study reveals that the length of stay plays an important medium variable which exerts significant effects on tourist's experiences and their expenditures. The increase of expenditures corresponds to the extended length of stay through improved tourists' experiences.

As in all industires and sectors globalization has brought some changes in tourism too. In relation with tourism demand, trends has been towards history, health, nature, culture and rural tourism. Those destinations with resources suitable for supplying to such new tourism demand has the potential for rural development with suitable tourism policies. One such country is Turkey; with her geographical position, it has several resources suitable for different types of tourism, including rural tourism. This study investigates the importance and potential of rural tourism in Turkey.

Purpose of this article – to set preconditions for innovations in Lithuanian tourism business. In order to achieve the aim three objectives were formulated: 1) to analyze the theoretical aspects of innovation in the tourism sector; 2) identify the types of tourism innovations and peculiarities of their formation; 3) specify disincentives, and to identify possible conditions for innovation in Lithuanian tourism business. The importance of innovation in the service sector has long been underestimated. In tourism sector innovations were minor and rare phenomenon. Big changes taking place in the market, the new information and communication tools made tourist destinations to change the ways in which development of tourism businesstake place. The importants of innovations in Lithuanian tourism business to ensure the competitiveness is underestimated.KEY WORDS: tourism, innovation, tourism innovation, clusters, electronic tourism.

At the University of Pest at the end of the 18th century, it was Dániel Cornides (1732–1787) who explored Hungarian ancient religion, while András Dugonics (1740–1818) studied various aspects of Hungarian folk poetry (tales, idioms, proverbs) and folk customs in his lectures. Descriptive statistics, reports on the state of affairs in various regions and ethnic groups within the country documented the ethnographic character of these areas and groups in the first half of the 19th century. In the second half of the century, professors of Hungarian literature and language investigated and discussed these topics with a comparative European perspective at universities. Ethnographic and folklore-related knowledge was disseminated by excellent professors of classical philology and oriental studies. Professors of geography (János Hunfalvy, Lajos Lóczy) played a crucial role in providing information about faraway peoples and continents at the University of Budapest. The first associate professor (Privatdozent) in ethnography was Antal Herrmann at the University of Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca, now Romania) in 1898. He delivered his lectures in Kolozsvár until 1918, and between 1921 and 1926 in Szeged, where the University of Cluj was relocated. The first university department for ethnography and folklore studies was established at the University of Szeged, where Sándor Solymossy, a scholar of comparative folkloristics, became professor. At the University of Budapest, the first department for ethnography and folklore studies was founded for István Györffy, who primarily studied material culture and the people of the Great Hungarian Plain. His successors were Károly Viski (1942), then folklorist Gyula Ortutay (1946). In 1951, another department at the University of Budapest came into being for István Tálasi, who was a scholar of material culture studies and historical ethnography. The head of the ethnography and folklore department of the Hungarian University of Kolozsvár (Cluj) was Károly Viski in 1940–1941, and Béla Gunda between 1943 and 1948. At the University of Debrecen, established in 1912, a number of associate professors gave ethnography and folklore lectures between 1925 and 1949 (István Ecsedi, Károly N. Bartha, Tibor Mendöl, Gábor Lükő), but an autonomous department was established only in 1949 and led by Béla Gunda until 1979. At the University of Szeged, Sándor Bálint was appointed professor of ethnography and folklore studies in 1949, but only after 1990 did it become possible to provide M.A. degrees in ethnography and folkloristics, which had been provided at the University of Budapest since 1950 and at the University of Debrecen since 1959. The study reviews the disciplinary history of ethnographic and folkloristic studies in Hungarian higher education from the beginning until 1960.

Huangshan Mountain scenic area is one of the famous mountain resorts in China.It is a representative area not only in tourist activities but also in regional environment.In order to understand the impacts of tourist activities on soil,sampling and lab analyses were conducted to survey the soil near the main trails in Huangshan Mountain scenic area.The results were obtained as follows.Tourist disturbance generated a great effect on soil.With the increase of tourist disturbance,the bulk density of soil,pH value of soil and the content of total K increased.In the meantime the content of water,organtic matter,total N,total P in soil and the height of litter layer decreased.There was an obvious relativity between the change in all indexes with the increasing distance away from the trails and the change in the intensities of tourist disturbance.Among the above indexes,the highest correlation was found between the height of litter layer and the intensity of tourist disturbance,followed by the water content of soil and the bulk density of soil.The correlation between the content of total K and the intentity of tourist disturbance was relatively low,and the correlation between the total P and the intensity of tourist dirurbance was the lowest.It is indicated that the sensitives of each index to tourist disturbance were different.Compared with the control areas,soil condition changed evidently in a range of 2 m away from the trails,and reached 20 cm below the surface of soil.The impact on 0~10 cm soil was much greater than on 10~20 cm soil.The effects of tourist disturbance varied in different areas.The correlation between disturbance and effects was evident in heavily used areas and the effects were greater.However,the impact was not always consistent with the use because of different landshapes,plants and other environment factors.In addition,based on the above research,this paper discusses the current problems in studies of the recreational impacts on soil,and puts forward the concrete measures to alleviate the negative effects of tourist disturbance in Huangshan mountain resort.

Since the first research carried out by the Generational Encounters Laboratory of the University of Milan (1998) on I. T. languages and intergenerational communication and having as primary aim the one shown by the research projects carried out during the academic years 1998-1999: “socializing the generations by socializing the institutions” (Albanese, 1999, 2000); during 2002-2010 in Viterbo experimental research of intergenerational tourism and environmental education took place. The central Italy experiences/researches are characterized by: • the choice of a particular type of tourism: thermal tourism; • the presence, during the years 2003-2007, of teenagers with different nationalities; the cross cultural meeting has been implemented so together with the intergenerational one. In the following article, we will display some of the main results obtained thanks to the experimental/researches, particularly with reference to the communication data, collected in the inter-generational and cross-cultural communication area.

Одним із перспективних напрямів розвитку туризму як галузі-мультиплакатору економічного розвитку є рекреаційна діяльність. Рекреація – це комплексне поняття, яке включає багато підвидів туризму, спрямованих на забезпечення оздоровлення та відпочинку туристів. У статті досліджено проблеми розвитку рекреаційного потенціалу з метою підвищення ефективності ведення туристського бізнесу, особливо еко-туризму, для забезпечення фінансової стійкості регіонів, оскільки відомо, що галузь туризму є прибутковою та не потребує великих первинних витрат. Рекреаційний потенціал країни є досить великим, проте його реалізація гальмується через відсутність ефективних державних механізмів реалізації програм рекреаційного розвитку, відсутності умов для залучення зовнішніх та внутрішніх інвестицій та необхідності розвитку туристської інфраструктури, яка зачасту є морально та фізично зношеною. Одним із видів рекреації є екологічний туризм, який бурхливо розвивається у країнах Європейського Союзу, Сполучених Шататах Америки та інших світових лідерах туристської індустрії. Надане теоретичне визначення поняттю екологічного туризму, який характеризується як вид туризму, що пов'язаний із збереженням та дорученням до природи. У роботі поставлене завдання щодо проведення оцінки потенціалу рекреаційного розвитку туристських дестинацій. У результаті проведеного аналізу розроблено інтегральний критерій для визначення рекреаційного потенціалу регіону та розроблено методику аналізу рівня потенціалу та рівня його використання. На основі запропонованої методики проведено ранжування регіонів України. Отримані результати оцінки та проведений SWOT-аналіз дозволили розробити ряд напрямів щодо активізації розвитку екологічного туризму для забезпечення фінансової стійкості територій України. Отже, у статті запропоновані механізми оцінки та реалізації рекреаційного потенціалу туристських дестинацій із врахуванням специфіки різних регіонів України, визначено перспективи подальшого розвитку рекреаційного туризму, в тому числі еко-туризму, який набирає суттєвої популярності та може забезпечити високі показники прибутковості для галузі та економіки країни в цілому.

When the subject of teaching ecotourism comes up, two responses seem to independently arise: First, this is not a major topic in tourism departments like catering or transportation; Second, specialized knowledge of nature is beyond the scope of tourism English departments. Regardless of which of the two major concerns come up, or other less common ones, a lack of concern or understanding for this rapidly growing industry niche comes to the surface. In a brief survey of public and private colleges and universities here in Taiwan, in which there are Tourism departments existing, ecotourism classes never exceed 1 two-hour elective class. This lack of emphasis ignores the recent government data that shows that many foreign tourists are not here to shop but to experience Taiwan's natural beauty and scenery. Surveys and studies indicate that ecotourists usually come from higher-income brackets than many other tourist categories and they are highly interested in learning about and being educated in the places and things that they see. In fact, they almost always gather information in choosing where they will go. This strongly requires that the services be well-planned and implemented and that the guides for their tours must be knowledgeable and well-trained as well. Communication with this type of tourist is a must. English, therefore, is an essential to the successful tour package for many groups or individuals, yet the ecotourism classes here in Taiwan are rarely in English or other foreign language. Those that are cover history of the subject, ethical concerns, but again, rarely deal with the practical language of destinations and subjects of interest here in Taiwan or abroad. This renders the course far less useful to actual language use. The purpose of this paper is to identify the need for awareness of this field of tourism as the world changes and the tourism industry adapts to meet those changes, along with how essential English ability, and therefore English education, is to the tour personnel in Taiwan. Ecotourism as a specific ESP course in Taiwan is needed for tourism departments to keep up with the changing patterns of tourism that are already occurring.

Hitchhiking travel has received little interest from tourism researchers despite its association with backpacker travel and its (re)emergence as a tourism practice in recent years, especially in China. Literature suggests that gender is an important aspect of hitchhiking. The female hitchhikers, like other women travellers and tourists, are both constrained by and resistant to gender norms. However, this has seldom been examined in a critical approach. Building on Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity and her conception of vulnerability, this research seeks to provide a critical account of how hitchhiking travel in contemporary China is articulated and experienced in gendered and sexualised ways. Butler offers a critical account of ‘agency’ and a queer intervention in gender studies, which are valuable in addressing the agency-as-free-actions formulation and the heterosexual presumption seen in the understanding of gender in hitchhiking or tourism in general. Empirical data were collected through participant observation and interviews during an (auto)ethnographic field study undertaken on the South Sichuan – Tibet Route in China and analysed through writing as a method of inquiry – a ‘queer’ analytic method that allows the ‘crossing’ of thematic analysis, Foucauldian discourse analysis and self-narratives. The findings suggest that the ‘truth’ of hitchhiking and being a hitchhiker is produced through storytelling as a form of discursive power. Such discursive power set up the subjectivities in which the female and the male hitchhikers understand themselves as vulnerable and invulnerable respectively. The (in)vulnerability, far from being the essential features of the gendered hitchhiking subjects, is differentially distributed to the female and male hitchhikers as the consequence of certain power regimes, particularly normative heterosexuality and the principle of reciprocity. These power regimes also operate to marginalise non-heteronormative, or specifically homosexual subjects in hitchhiking travel. This research as a whole demonstrates an alternative approach to understating gender in tourism that may invoke valuable debates in tourism gender scholarship.

Sining dance is the parent of dances in Gayo. Sining dance is one of traditional dances that supports the development of tourism in Central Aceh. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Sining dance and its role of tourism in Central Aceh. The research method was qualitative descriptive and used ethnographic approach.The data collection was used techniques of observation, deep interview, and document study. Data validation was done with data triangulation, source triangulation, and method triangulation while the the analysis used data reduction, data presentation, and verification/conclusion drawing. The results show that the performance of Sining dance plyas a role as cultural attraction, Sining dance also becomes one of tourism attraction through documenter video, Sining dance in one of presentation in a show, and Sining dance is a means of entertainment. The occurence of Sining dance in tourism influences the economic benefit of Central Aceh community and automatically it can preserved Sining dance itself. This research is useful as a vehicle for developing studies on traditional art problems, and is useful as an empirical input for relevant government agencies.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the possibilities and prospects for the development of tourism within the protected areas of Kharkiv region. Main material. The article considers theoretical aspects of the concept of tourist potential. The place of Kharkiv region among the regions of Ukraine by nature protection territories is highlighted in the study. Despite the fact that Kharkiv region has the lowest conservation rate among other regions of Ukraine, there are still objects within its framework that deserve our attention. Today, the regional landscape park “Izyumska Luka” does not correspond to the rank of the highest value, but is under consideration for transfer to a national natural park. The diversity of flora and fauna, the attractiveness of landscapes, the availability of water resources and communication routes near the park - all this contributes to the development of tourist activities within its boundaries. At the same time, socio-economic preconditions, such as the low level of infrastructure development near the park as well as lack of qualified labor resources complicate its further possible use, and in some cases even make it impossible. Conclusions and further research. The regional landscape park “Izyumska Luka” is a favourable place for eco-trail within its territory. Rich representatives of flora and fauna are the scientific value of the park, which can further attract tourists to this place. The route that we have built within the park can be used in practice because in addition to its attractiveness, it also relies on the zoning of the park, including only accessible areas for tourists, which is important for further preserving the scientific value of this area. The issues that hinder the development of this type of tourism include infrastructural services: low level and quality of transport links; service establishments: hotels, hostels, campings, cafes; lack of qualified labor resources; low paying capacity of the population; not interested in this type of tourism; lack of image of the territory, complex information support. Creation of a virtual ecological tour is promising within the regional landscape park “Izyumska Luka”. This type of tourism will help to draw attention to the object, increase the interest of the population and help start working on the image of the territory and its advertising. Moreover, in the future, it will contribute to the introduction and approval of this route on the ground.

Nestled in the Eastern Himalayas, the state of Sikkim is home to immense biological diversity and rich natural and cultural heritage. It is one of the highest regions with an area of 7096 sq. km. It is a biological hot spot with many rare, endemic varieties of flora and fauna. This bio-diversity wealth contributes significantly to the country’s natural heritage and to the nation’s ecological balance. Besides, Sikkim is a cauldron, in which the great cultures of Tibet and India have been synthesized together to evolve as a land of variegated cultures and traditions. Yet the region has tended to be left far behind in developmental needs and poverty levels are comparatively high. Current economic wisdom states that the tourism sector would constitute a keep sector in the economy of hill regions. Sikkim has great potential for the same as it has a major portion of its land comprising of the Great Himalayas, and has several trekking routes offering for attracting a growing trekking community. The tourism trends are studied to map the state of progress and prospects of tourism in the state, and for the general understanding of patterns of tourist influx. Tourism in Sikkim is predominantly domestic; foreign tourists comprise only 5.5% of the total tourist influx[1]. The trends reveal that Sikkim tourism is in the developmental stage of increasing growth of tourist influx. Simulations based on three scenarios suggest that approximately 7.6–10.4 lakhs tourists would visit Sikkim during the year 2017, which would also have Implications on the infrastructure, environment, natural resources, culture and eco-tourism of the state. The impacts are also analyzed in light of papered increase in the population and trends of livestock resources and agricultural production. A proactive planning involving optimal use of management options, therefore, is required for a viable symbiosis of tourism and environment, and sustainability of tourism in the state. Keywords: RSGIS; Sikkim; Remote; Sensing

博奕觀光在全球許多地方蓬勃開展著，這樣的發展趨勢讓博弈觀光成為休閒娛樂事業的一支。近年來，亞洲各國亦積極博弈觀光產業，我國離島的居民對於博奕合法化亦有不同看法，換言之，任何一種觀光型態所帶來的衝擊則是不可避免的。生態環境和實質設施的承載量不僅影響著休閒遊憩體驗的品質，更是關係著休閒遊憩資源是否能永續經營的重要因素。可接受改變限度（limits of acceptable change; LAC）乃是評估遊憩承載量和衝擊的相關議題，並提供滿足永續性管理需求的工具之一，因此本文乃運用LAC架構嘗試探討博弈觀光的衝擊，並做我國未來於推動博弈觀光時的參考。