Лексико-грамматическая характеристика и особенности функционирования редуплицированных существительных в современном русском языке

The purpose of the present study is to a) find the lexical features, b) discover the role of linguistic features in the text, c) examine the grammatical elements used in the novel, and d) check the sentence structure and patterns. The research design of this study was exploratory qualitative. The data for the study was derived from the novel Home Fire. After an in-depth study of the novel, the researcher gathered relevant lexical and grammatical categories from the text in the form of rough drafts and later utilized them while doing the analysis. The researcher has applied a modified Leech and Shorts (2007) model for grammatical and lexical categories to analyze the text. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are extracted from the text in linguistic features. At the same time, functional types of sentences and minor word classes like prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, and articles were analyzed under grammatical categories. The study's outcomes show that the writer has used mainly concrete nouns, descriptive adjectives, transitive verbs, and adverbs of manner in the mentioned text. The detailed knowledge of the text analysis can help the reader become more insightful and discerning. This study is expected to help the students and researchers in enhancing their academic writing and understanding.

The article presents a comprehensive theoretical overview of modality as a multifaceted linguistic phenomenon. Modality is considered as a means of expressing the speaker's attitude towards the content of the utterance, encompassing evaluations of reality, veracity, possibility, necessity, and desirability. The study synthesizes key interpretations of modality from both Russian and Western linguistic traditions, laying the groundwork for comparative analysis. The main focus is on the classification of modal meanings, including deontic, epistemic, dynamic, bulletin, and affective modalities. The object of research is the linguistic category of modality in language. The subject of the study includes specific classifications, means of expression, and interlanguage realizations of modality, with a particular emphasis on a comparative analysis of Russian, English, and German languages. Objectives: to systematize the theoretical foundations of modality based on the works of leading Russian and foreign linguists; to define and illustrate the main types of modal meanings; to identify and compare grammatical and lexical means of expressing modality in Russian, English, and German languages. The study employs a comparative-descriptive method, theoretical analysis and synthesis of existing linguistic literature, comparative analysis of linguistic data from Russian, English, and German languages, contextual and semantic analysis of utterance examples to illustrate modal meanings, and componential analysis to distinguish modality from other grammatical categories. The study concludes that modality is a crucial component of semantics and pragmatics, necessary for culturally sensitive communication. By comparing examples from English, German, and Russian languages, the article highlights the grammatical, lexical, and contextual strategies used in these languages and differentiates modality from related grammatical categories such as tense and aspect. The novelty of this research lies in its synthetic and comparative approach, which integrates various classification systems of domestic linguistics (for example, V. V. Vinogradov's subjective-objective modality, A. V. Bondarko's six meanings) with established typologies of Western linguistics (for example, categories proposed by linguists such as D. Crystal and R. T. Lakoff). By applying this unified structure to the analysis of three linguistically distinct languages (Russian, English, and German), the article offers a unified perspective on universal and linguistically specific features of modality.

The present experiments investigated hemispheric differences in the brain in accessing concrete and abstract word meanings. For this purpose, an automatic semantic priming paradigm was used with a short stimulus onset asynchrony between prime and target (250 msec.) as well as a low proportion of related trials (20%). Analysis showed that for concrete nouns, priming effects were observed in both hemispheres. There was greater priming in the right hemisphere, suggesting hemispheric differences in accessing semantic representations of concrete nouns. For abstract nouns, on the other hand, priming patterns in the right hemisphere were identical to those in the left hemisphere, suggesting that information about abstract nouns projected to the right hemisphere may be transferred to the dominant left hemisphere for further processing.

Typically concrete words are learned better than abstract words (Kaushanskaya & Rechtzigel, 2012), and nouns are learned better than verbs (Kauschke & Stenneken, 2008). However, most studies on concreteness have not manipulated grammatical class (and vice versa), leaving the relationship between the two unclear. Therefore, in two experiments we examined the effects of grammatical class and concreteness simultaneously in foreign language vocabulary learning. In Experiment 1, English speakers learned ‘foreign language’ words (English pseudowords) mapped to concrete and abstract nouns and verbs. In Experiment 2, English speakers learned German words with the same procedure. Overall, the typical advantages for concrete words and nouns were observed. Hierarchical regression analyses provided evidence that the grammatical class effect is separable from the concreteness effect. This result challenges a strict concreteness-based source of noun/verb differences. The results also suggest that the influences of concreteness and grammatical class may vary across language measures and tasks.

The paper deals with the semantic theory of interpretation of A. F. Losev in his early period up to 1930 as well as in his linguistic investigations in the 70’s and 80’s of the last century. In using a word or some grammatical category, a speaker already interprets some state of affairs. In a sense, all invariant meaning seems to be metaphorical, i.e. meanings are interpretations of the world. This theory is illustrated with some famous examples by Losev himself: Garden, cabinet, the sentence “The sea was laughing”. Reflecting about his garden and his cabinet Losev shows the difference and convergence of parts and the whole: trees, flowers or the cabinet’s doors on the one hand, and the garden or the cabinet as a whole on the other. These relations are related to the meaning of words. In his early works, especially in the Philosophy of the Name and the Dialectics of Myth, Losev sees in meaning a semantic cluster which develops within speech (in sentences, narrations or myths). The works of the late period investigate invariant meanings of words and grammatical categories in the sense of some interpretive force.

The article deals with the etiquette verbal signs, which were used by the authors of the front line letters in the period of the Great Patriotic War. The conducted analysis of these signs is a part of the research devoted to the examination of the collective linguistic personality of a combatant. Conclusions are drawn that the epistolary speech of a combatant’s linguistic personality is characterized by simultaneous appeal to several addressees, chains of etiquette verbal signs and formal pleonasticity of signs of different thematic groups, conditioned by both extralinguistic factors in the creation of the text and by the psychological characteristics of a personality at the front line.

Syntactic categorization in early language acquisition: formalizing the role of distributional analysis

The article is devoted to the consideration of the euphemisms of the thematic group death in the Chinese language, expressing the unique cultural ideas and cultural psychology of the Han people. The aim of the work was to identify the conditions under which semantic accuracy is preserved during the translation of euphemisms of the death thematic group from Chinese into Russian. The object of the study is the euphemisms of the thematic group death in Chinese and their translation into Russian. The subject of the study is the specifics of the functioning of the euphemisms of the thematic group death in the Chinese language, which (euphemisms) convey value orientations, religious interpretations and folk customs of the Chinese (Han) people. In the course of the study, methods of analysis of research literature, linguistic and cultural analysis of linguistic units, structural analysis, comparison and classification of Chinese euphemisms of the death thematic group were used. The main conclusions of the study are: euphemisms are an integral part of the language of the Chinese (Han) people, expressed as a means of harmonizing interpersonal relations; the abundance of metaphorical language in the Chinese euphemisms of the thematic group of death indicates a cognitive mechanism by which people use concrete thinking to describe the abstract concept of death. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is to identify the specifics of the functioning of the euphemisms of the thematic group death in the Chinese language, demonstrating not only the depth of the language of the Chinese (Han) people, but also the culture of the nation as a whole, its formation, attitude to the world. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the conditions were identified under which semantic accuracy is preserved during the translation of euphemisms of the death thematic group from Chinese into Russian, in the context of value orientations, religious interpretations, etc.

The rapid development of science and technology on radiology requires radiology students in particular and radiographers in general to be able to understand and master the science and technology through books or scientific articles, which are mostly written in English. To help them understand the radiological scientific information easily, a complete basic terminologies dictionary on radiology is needed. This study aimed to analyze the vocabularies contained in radiology textbooks linguistically which then are compiled into a radiological pocket dictionary. This research used a qualitative descriptive method. Data were taken in the form of vocabulary list resulted from previous research conducted by the author on radiology textbooks in 2019. This research had 7 stages of activities which include syntactic, morphological, semantic, and phonetic analysis. In addition, the vocabularies then went through 2 stages of evaluation to check the perfection of words regarding to their writing, meaning, and pronunciation. Furthermore, each vocabulary was given an example of its use in the form of sentences in the context of radiology. Results of the study in the form of a pocket dictionary consisting list of basic radiological vocabulary/terms accompanied by the syntactic categories, the meaning of words in Indonesian language that are in accordance with the scientific context of radiology, phonetic transcription, and examples of the use of words in sentences in the context of radiology are expected to contribute to improving the quality of human resources of radiographers in Indonesia.

A word association experiment examined conceptual representation in bilingual memory. Dutch-English bilinguals associated twice to nouns and verbs that varied on concreteness and cognate status, once in the language of the stimuli (within-language), and once in the other language (between-language). Within- and between-language associations for concrete words and for cognates were more often translations of one another than those for abstract words and noncognates, and nouns evoked more translations than verbs. In both within- and between-language association, retrieving an associate was easier to concrete than to abstract words, to cognates than to noncognates, and to nouns than to verbs. These findings suggest that conceptual representation in bilingual memory depends on word-type and grammatical class: concrete translations, cognates, and noun translations more often share, or share larger parts of, a conceptual representation than abstract translations, noncognates, and verb translations. The results are discussed within the framework of distributed memory representation.

Possible names: The role of syntax-semantics mappings in the acquisition of nominals

Background:Operating room nurses play complex roles and are faced with substantial demands, including ensuring patient safety, managing interprofessional collaboration, and adapting to unpredictable challenges. These factors contribute to occupational stress influenced by psychosocial factors, such as workload, interpersonal conflicts, and time pressures. While prior reviews have explored stress in the operating room, none have focused specifically on the psychosocial factors that impact operating room nurses. This scoping review aimed to map existing research on these factors and to identify knowledge gaps and inform future studies.Methods:This scoping review followed the methodological framework given by Arksey and O’Malley. CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched from inception until October 11, 2024. Peer-reviewed studies in English or Scandinavian languages were included if they reported psychosocial factors influencing occupational stress in operating room nurses working environment and employed qualitative, quantitative, multimethod, or mixed-method designs.Findings:From the 36 papers included, data were organized into three thematic groups: (a) interprofessional factors contributing to occupational stress, (b) work-related factors influencing occupational stress, and (c) stress levels and personal factors influencing occupational stress among operating room nurses.Application to Practice/Conclusions:The primary psychosocial factors contributing to occupational stress among operating room nurses included interprofessional challenges and high workload. Work-related moral distress associated with patient care complexities and safety also played a significant role. These findings highlight a need for strong leadership, improved team dynamics, and supportive interventions to manage stress.

The article presents a comprehensive linguistic analysis of modern Ukrainian accounting and financial terms integrated into the economic terminological system, taking into account their structural, semantic, and functional characteristics. The influence of extralinguistic factors on the formation and development of this subsystem isrevealed, with the leading ones being market globalization, business process digitalization, harmonization of legislation with international standards, as well as socio-economic transformations caused by the full-scale Russian invasion and Ukraine’s European integration course. The accounting and financial terms are systematized into six thematic groups: financial indicators, properties, and phenomena; accounting operations; reporting and document flow; institutions, organizations, and associations; professionals in the field; securities, funds, and electronic money.The study identifies terms formed through borrowing, calquing, compound and analytical word formation, and reveals the growing trend of multi-component terminological units. The linguistic features of adapting internationalisms and English borrowings denoting modern financial instruments, documents, and professions are analyzed, along with the process of gender adaptation of professional titles. It is demonstrated that accounting and financial terminology functions as an open and dynamic subsystem of the economic terminological sphere, within which processes of specification, concretization, and standardization of meanings take place. The scientific novelty of the research lies in its comprehensive approach to analyzing terms through thematic grouping and cross-linguistic interaction, which makes it possible to outline the vectors for the development of the Ukrainian economic terminological system in the context of European integration. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results for compiling bilingual and explanatory dictionaries, developing electronic terminographic resources, and improving the language training of economists.

The present study attempts to explore the effect of language proficiency on the ability to guess the grammatical roles of unknown words, to make use of contextual clues, and to guess the meaning of unknown words from context by examining EFL learners majoring in different departments at university.Guessing from Context Test (GCT) developed by Sasao and Webb (2018) was used to collect data to measure EFL learners' guessing skills as well as their ability to identify both the part of speech of an unfamiliar word and contextual clues that help them infer the meaning of unfamiliar words.The findings indicate that English-major EFL learners significantly perform better than non-English major EFL learners in each of the three categories in the GCT.More specifically, correctly guessing the meaning of unknown words lags behind correctly guessing the grammatical class of unknown words in both groups.Similarly, the rate of correct guessing of contextual clues in both groups is not as high as the grammatical class of unknown words.On the other hand, while English-major EFL learners correctly guess the meanings of the words for which they cannot correctly guess the clues, non-English major EFL learners cannot benefit from correctly guessed contextual clues to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.Also, nouns and verbs are the word groups whose grammatical class is best predicted in both groups.

The article presents a description of semantic and linguocultural features of English lexical innovations-anthroposemisms, that is, new words containing the seme person/personality, man. The use of definitional-componential analysis allowed us to structure new English neologisms of our empirical material on the designation of personality into 11 lexical-semantic groups: sphere/direction (professional or social) of the individual's activity; views/beliefs of the individual; mental traits/behavior; habits/hobbies; family relationships; food preferences; mental abilities; age/generation; physical qualities; social status; ethnic characteristics/affiliation. The core of the studied new nominations of person belongs to three thematic groups: features of the individual's activity, his/her views on life, specifics of behavior and psyche. The application of the method of cultural interpretation of new nominations of person allowed us to establish the reflection in anthropolexics of value dominants of English-speaking cultures, primarily American, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, namely: life in a technocratic world and consumer society, a tendency to accumulate the latest things/gadgets. In the second and third decades of the 21st century, the actor and creator acquire special significance in English-speaking linguacultures, since more than half of the studied lexical innovations designate individuals by their professional/social activities or active life position. This conclusion is consistent with the value-orientation profile of English-speaking linguacultures as individualistic, which highly value the achievements of the individual. Life in a technocratic world remains a global factor influencing the creation of new English anthropolexems, while the behavioral models of the bearers of the linguaculture that receive public resonance are defined as local factors of influence. Based on the semantic features of «family relations» and «age/generation», a significant number of anthroposeisms have been formed, which demonstrate cultural specificity in comparison with Russian linguistic culture.