English lexical innovations of the semantic field «person» in linguocultural illumination (on the material of lexicographic and network sources)

The subject of the study is the characteristic of the essence of the social phenomenon "consumer society" through the prism of the views of foreign thinkers of the second half of the XX-early XXI centuries. The philosophical and socio-humanitarian theories of the "consumer society" proposed by European thinkers are considered in detail, their classification is carried out and the conceptual apparatus is characterized. The author substantiates the thesis that, representing a dynamic and self-developing system, the "consumer society" invariably finds its reflection in various, often contradictory conceptual models. These contradictions serve as the basis for the development of alternative philosophical methods and approaches to the development of modern societies and the resolution of problems related to consumption. It is shown that modern theories of "consumer society" make it possible to comprehend not only consumer behavior itself, but also the diverse problems of society fixed by this concept, such as manipulation of consciousness, identity construction, the functioning of mass communication media, the socio-cultural significance of social reality. The author analyzed the evolution of the concept of "consumption" using socio-cultural, socio-economic, socio-philosophical approaches. An attempt is being made to define terms such as "consumer society" and "consumerism" more clearly and to trace the interaction of these terms within the boundaries of socio-economic transformations taking place in the modern world. It is important to conclude that modern concepts of "consumer society" make it possible to comprehend not only consumer behavior itself, but also the variety of social problems that are fixed with the help of this concept: manipulation of consciousness, identity construction, socio-cultural significance of social reality, the functioning of mass communication media, and others.

The subject of the study was the ways of transferring cultural and everyday realities from Russian into English when translating works of art. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient number of studies within the framework of this language pair as applied to the translation of a literary text and the need to study the dynamics in the approach to solving the translation task. In the course of the study, from two Russian-language works saturated with Russian cultural and everyday realities, examples were selected using the method of continuous sampling, further distributed by thematic groups within the framework of existing classifications. At the stage of comparing the selected units and their translation at the beginning of the 20th and 21st centuries, the ways of their translation into English were determined. A comparative analysis of the ways of translating realities showed that translators of Russian literary texts convey Russian cultural and everyday realities using the methods recommended for translating non-equivalent vocabulary. However, over the past century there has been a change in their hierarchy - the frequency of one or another method for translating realities both in general and within individual thematic groups. Thus, the leading positions are currently occupied by descriptive translation, a combined method of translation, approximate translation, generalization and tracing. Transcription and omission became less common. The smallest dynamics is observed when choosing the method of transferring the realities denoting food and drinks, measures and monetary units, and household items, while when translating the realities of other thematic groups in the 21st century, there was a change in the approach to transferring these units.

Reviewed by: Trams or Tailfins? Public and Private Prosperity in Postwar West Germany and the United States by Jan L. Logemann Els De Vos (bio) Trams or Tailfins? Public and Private Prosperity in Postwar West Germany and the United States. By Jan L. Logemann. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012, Pp. xvi+300. $45. European postwar consumer societies often are depicted as places where the “Americanization” of consumption has taken place, with American types of mass-scale consumption replacing a more bourgeois mode. Recently, however, that generalization has been challenged. For example, in the framework of the European Science Foundation–funded project European Ways of Life in the American Century: Mediating Consumption and Technology in the Twentieth Century, several (mainly European) researchers question the extent to which the European postwar modes of consumption and material cultures were “Americanized.” In the project’s just-published synthesizing book, they shed light on processes of transforming, ignoring, or resisting American influences that took place in various countries (see Per Lundin and Thomas Kaiserfeld, eds., The Making of European Consumption). Jan L. Logemann’s Trams or Tailfins fits this new approach. Logemann, a research fellow at the German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C., compares the postwar American consumer society with the West German one. While the suburban house, supermarket, fully equipped kitchen, and individual’s car were dominating the American consumer landscape, West German consumers preferred urban living, trams, and the local grocery store within walking distance. Logemann looks for explanations in the following areas: public policy, social norms, and the geographical environment. As a result, the book is divided into three parts. The first maps the public policy attitudes toward public and private consumption in West Germany and the United States. The higher level of private spending in the United States can be attributed to the higher purchasing power of Americans, less state intervention in the free market, and less public spending. This last point is very interesting, as consumption history has focused mainly on private consumption, with public consumption remaining out of sight. Nevertheless, the investments in areas such as public transport and social provisions were crucial in the formation of the European welfare states. They cultivated an urban culture. [End Page 283] The second part focuses on consumer aspirations and the social meaning of consumption. Logemann argues that American citizens bought more durable goods because they saw doing so as a way to increase their social status, while in West Germany, social stratification dominated consumption patterns. That might be mistaking cause for effect, however: as incomes increased in the United States, possession of certain material goods became a measure of social status. In this vein, Logemann notes that the easy accessibility of mortgage loans accelerated private U.S. consumption. The last part discusses how consumption reconfigured space, while space reinforced certain consumption patterns. In the United States, large-scale suburbanization took place, which encouraged (and depended on) car ownership to reach the workplace. Car use was a catalyst for supermarkets situated near big roads and surrounded by large parking lots. The long distance to the city center led people to invest more in leisure activities at home, which contributed to the disinvestment in public provisions such as the theater, cinema, or public transport. Logemann convincingly outlines the developments of the consumer societies in the two countries. Instead of the Americanization of West Germany, he shows how the country took lessons from the developments in the United States. The West Germans did not blindly adore the U.S. system; its policymakers worked to maintain lively and compact cities with small shops. West German consumers remained critical toward American products. They preferred sound, durable goods instead of fancy objects. Certain “American” evolutions were present in Germany, such as suburbanization, the rise of car ownership, and the emergence of supermarkets. However, these were guided and regulated much more in favor of public interests. The case of West Germany illustrates how the “soft power” of the United States was quite successfully resisted and transformed in Europe. Despite his interest in the role of public policy, Logemann pays little attention to a set of influential actors. In Europe, many organizations and institutions, including state agencies...

The article presents a comprehensive linguistic analysis of modern Ukrainian accounting and financial terms integrated into the economic terminological system, taking into account their structural, semantic, and functional characteristics. The influence of extralinguistic factors on the formation and development of this subsystem isrevealed, with the leading ones being market globalization, business process digitalization, harmonization of legislation with international standards, as well as socio-economic transformations caused by the full-scale Russian invasion and Ukraine’s European integration course. The accounting and financial terms are systematized into six thematic groups: financial indicators, properties, and phenomena; accounting operations; reporting and document flow; institutions, organizations, and associations; professionals in the field; securities, funds, and electronic money.The study identifies terms formed through borrowing, calquing, compound and analytical word formation, and reveals the growing trend of multi-component terminological units. The linguistic features of adapting internationalisms and English borrowings denoting modern financial instruments, documents, and professions are analyzed, along with the process of gender adaptation of professional titles. It is demonstrated that accounting and financial terminology functions as an open and dynamic subsystem of the economic terminological sphere, within which processes of specification, concretization, and standardization of meanings take place. The scientific novelty of the research lies in its comprehensive approach to analyzing terms through thematic grouping and cross-linguistic interaction, which makes it possible to outline the vectors for the development of the Ukrainian economic terminological system in the context of European integration. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results for compiling bilingual and explanatory dictionaries, developing electronic terminographic resources, and improving the language training of economists.

PurposeThis study aims to identify how Spanish consumers’ extrinsic preferences for food have evolved by examining the extant literature on food preferences in Spain, focusing on food-related attributes and food-related values.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on a synthetic review of the extant academic literature on Spanish consumer preferences for food-related attributes and food-related values from the mid-20th to the 21st century. This study uses key economic and social milestones that are most likely to influence food value chain actors to show how consumer preferences have evolved over the study period.FindingsSpanish consumer food attribute preferences expanded as the food sector of the nation continued to grow, and value preferences showed a similar pattern from the mid-20th to the 21st century. The drivers of these preferences were trust, lifestyle, education (campaigns), sociodemographic factors and purchasing power.Originality/valueEvaluating the extant literature’s contribution to consumer preferences for food-related attributes and values is important because it can aid in understanding the hierarchy and variety of consumers’ food preferences as well as the factors that drive these preferences. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to explore how Spanish consumer preferences evolved between the mid-20th and 21st centuries.

The study analyzes somatic idioms used in business English, which constitute an essential part of the linguistic worldview of native speakers. Phraseological units recorded in lexicographic sources were analyzed, and 212 English somatic idioms were selected. The research examines the semantic classification of somatic idioms covering thematic groups such as external human body parts, internal human body parts and external animal body parts. Idioms referring to external human body parts form the most substantial category of somatic phraseological units, comprising 141 examples or 66.5% of the analyzed corpus. It is followed by idioms involving external animal body parts (45 idioms, making up 21.2%), while idioms with lexemes nominating internal human body parts form the smallest group (26 units, representing 12.3%). The idioms under study were classified by their level of semantic opacity into pure (32.4%), semi-idioms (41.4%), and literal (26.2%). Special attention was given to translation techniques applied for adapting somatic idioms in interlingual communication. Results show that the most common translation methods are analogy (34.9%) and near equivalent (27.4%), whereas absolute equivalents (14.6%), descriptive translation (19.8%) and calques (3.3%) are less frequently used. The external human body parts thematic group exhibited the greatest variability in translation methods, indicating the universality of this group for constructing metaphorical meanings. The study demonstrates that metaphorical expressions involving lexemes that nominate human body parts are a rich source of idioms across languages. Among them, references to external body parts tend to carry meanings that are widely understood and easily translatable across cultures. In contrast, idioms involving lexemes nominating internal organs or animal anatomy often reflect culturally specific associations, making direct translation more challenging and frequently requiring explanation or adaptation. The originality of this paper lies in its focus on semantic features of somatic idioms used in business English, a topic that has received limited attention in linguistic research. By grouping these idioms into thematic categories - external human body parts, internal human body parts, and external animal body parts - and analyzing their meanings and translation techniques employed in rendering them in Ukrainian, the study offers new insights into how figurative language works in professional communication. Conclusion. The study highlights the richness of somatic idioms in business English and their semantic features. It shows that idioms based on external human body parts are the most common and easiest to translate due to their universal meanings. In contrast, idioms involving internal body parts or animal anatomy tend to be more culture-specific, often requiring explanation.

Este artigo fundamenta-se em uma pesquisa empírica de cunho social em que são analisados os significados atribuídos por estudantes de medicina aos agrupamentos formados por eles próprios em uma universidade pública, indagando-se a partir daí sobre a relação desses espaços com o desenvolvimento da cidadania em uma sociedade de consumo na qual importantes deslocamentos estão ocorrendo. Obteve-se o material empírico através de observações em diversos cenários de convivência dos alunos e de entrevistas realizadas com estudantes de medicina, tendo como referencial teórico noções da educação crítica e do pós-estruturalismo. Os resultados revelam que são hegemônicas no espaço universitário festas e celebrações de grande visibilidade e de forte aspecto mercantilista. Também acontecem grupos de estudo, encontros religiosos, debates sobre afirmação da raça e da opção sexual, atividades comunitárias e científicas, porém com menor visibilidade e prestígio. Nesse contexto, o centro acadêmico e o centro esportivo, além das suas finalidades respectivas de engajamento político-estudantil e de organização de práticas esportivas, se constituem importantes espaços de convivência entre estudantes em diferentes períodos da graduação. Com base nesses resultados, discutimos o relacionamento a ser estabelecido entre esses espaços e o currículo universitário, tendo em vista valores de solidariedade, liberdade e deveres sociais.

Reduplicated nouns such as krasota-krasota, mama-mama, and others, have been widely used in modern colloquial speech and attracted the interest of Russian and foreign linguists. This paper identifies how the functioning of these words depends on their relation to the lexico- grammatical classes and thematic groups. The characteristics underlying the peculiar seman- tics of all reduplicated nouns are specified: the comparison of several objects, with one of them fully expressing an individual / general image of a phenomenon; the substantive nature involving more than one feature in the word meaning. The classification is based on several criteria, the main one being the attributability to personal nouns (muzh-muzh, podruga- podruga) or impersonal nouns (veter-veter, derevnya-derevnya). For impersonal reduplicated nouns, the essential characteristics are their correlation with adjectives or their belonging to material, abstract, or concrete nouns or thematic groups (celebrations, seasons, clothes). These characteristics determine the following functions: the intensification of one characteristic, the combination of a greater intensification and a subject’s image of the best model, a complete correspondence to an individual / common image of a phenomenon, a high emotional evalua- tion, and others. The range of functions of personal reduplicated nouns is highly varied, de- pending not only on their belonging to a particular group (nominations based on gender and age, family and interpersonal relations, kind of activity) but also on extralinguistic factors, semantic peculiarities of a basic noun, and others. Reduplication can change a hierarchy of semes in the structure of a lexical meaning, actualizing the role of peripheral and implicit semes.

Abass Alavi: A giant in Nuclear Medicine turns 80 and is still going strong!

To understand the rising prevalence of childhood obesity in affluent societies, it is necessary to take into account the growing obesity infrastructure, which over past decades has developed into an obesogenic environment. This study examines the effects of one of the constituent factors of consumer societies and a potential contributory factor to childhood obesity: commercial food communication targeted to children. Specifically, it investigates the impact of TV advertising on children's food knowledge and food preferences and correlates these findings with their weight status. Evaluations of traditional information- and education-based interventions suggest that they may not sustainably change food patterns. Based on prior consumer research, we propose five hypotheses, which we then test using a subsample from the IDEFICS study, a large-scale pan-European intervention study on childhood obesity. The results indicate that advertising has divergent effects on children's food knowledge and preferences and that food knowledge is unrelated to food preferences. This finding has important implications for both future research and public policy.

Hume as a Social Theorist:Comments on Taylor's Reflecting Subjects Willem Lemmens (bio) Reflecting Subjects (abbreviated "RS") by Jacqueline Taylor is a book of genuine Hume scholarship and a delight to read. Central to this monograph is a reconstructive reading of Hume's moral philosophy, and of Hume's account of the way the indirect passions and sympathy shape the practical and social identities of human subjects. Starting from a meticulous analysis of Books 2 and 3 of the Treatise, Taylor integrates into her reading a challenging interpretation of Hume's Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals and some of his essays. Taylor presents us a Hume who is at the same time an anatomist and painter of human nature. In Hume's hands, Taylor argues, a naturalist account of the human mind and its reflective capacity transforms into an innovative modern sentiment-based ethics of human dignity. For Taylor, the Second Enquiry forms the pitch of Hume's reformative and emancipatory moral discourse, from which we can still learn, despite its eighteenth-century prejudices and unavoidable blind spots. 1. Hume's Social Theory There is much in this book to admire. Taylor highlights in a first chapter how Hume's Treatise reflects his revolutionary explanatory intentions. Hume, we learn, transcends the half-baked empiricism and naturalism of Locke and Hutcheson, still reminiscent of teleological conceptions of human agency and virtue, by developing his own experience-based, mechanistic moral psychology. Chapter 2 derives from Hume's account of the indirect passions a "social theory," by which Taylor means: "an explanation of the indirect passions in relation to the distribution of wealth and property, and other forms of social power (typically grounded in government and other [End Page 147] social institutions), as well as styles of living, learning, and working, and the commitment to various values" (RS 34). Taylor is original when she shows how for Hume, passions such as pride and humility (but also love and hate) gain significance through a web of culturally formed beliefs and values. Next to the natural hardware of the mind (for example, the double association of impressions and ideas), culturally transmitted beliefs and values determine why and how we feel pride when contemplating our achievements and social status, or why and how the poor feel a mixture of shame and respect for the wealthy to whom they are connected by rules of civil obedience through the institutions of property and government. Taylor stresses, following Duncan Forbes, that for Hume, our social and moral identities are the product of both nature and nurture: the human mind is "socially plastic" (RS 35). Indirect passions, in other words, have (formally) natural causes: an achievement based on the strength of character or the beauty of our body, for example, will universally cause pride in the self that exemplifies this achievement, and this self will be the object of love in the community that identifies with his or her achievement. But this causal relation always depends on social context and education, and thus on values and beliefs that may vary from culture to culture, which determine in which sense and how exactly qualities of body, character, or social status become significant, structure our passions, and shape our behavior. As Taylor further shows, the indirect passions gain this full significance and power through the remarkable mental mechanism of sympathy. For Hume, sympathy appears to be "a key principle that helps to explain the meaning and value of our passionate life" (RS 44). Hume, as Taylor points out, sees sympathy not only as a mirroring capacity of the mind through which emotions of person x reverberate in the psyche of person y: sympathy is also a general tendency for the "sympathetic communication of the interconnected schemes of beliefs and values, especially those related to the causes and the nature of the indirect passions, that reflect a particular sociocultural context" (RS 37). Taylor discerns a strong interdependence between sympathy and culturally transmitted customs and habits, which transform natural causal relations (for example of sex and procreation or first possession), into symbolic relations (such as relations of family and property). Those relations have existential significance and shape our "practical" identities.1 Sympathy...

The paper revises the gender aspect of media discourse in socialist Yugoslavia on the example of one of the oldest and most popular Yugoslav women's magazine "Bazar." An analysis of the textual and visual content of the 1973 edition (issues 208–233) reaffirmed the assumption that the mass media – including The Women's Press – actively participate in the construction and reproduction of both "femininity" and "masculinity", and in the depiction of desirable/expected gender relations in a certain socio-historical moment (Yugoslav socialism). In addition to the main female character – a beautiful, young, modern and well-groomed woman who is successful in all fields (at work, at home, as a wife, mother, sister, friend, worker...) – there is also an equally caring and dedicated husband and father, a modern man, successful in his field of expertise. In other words, of all the roles that Yugoslav society has assigned to women/men, the following seem to be dominant: She is primarily 1) a wife, mother and housewife, 2) a hard worker, and 3) a woman who is clearly positioned in the new consumer society, while He is 1) Pater Familias, 2) a successful businessman, and 3) a modern man who keeps up with the times. The research has shown that these (and such) "Bazar" images of a woman / man are highly harmonized with the official representation of gender in the socialist Yugoslav society – She is the embodiment of the socialist "super-woman", while He is depicted as part of the hegemonic model of masculinity. The female-male relationship is presented in the experimental media discourse in two ways. The first (socialist) model of gender polarity – the one that is in the central media plan / easily observable / clearly legible – is placed in the official narrative framework of socialism as an ideology that follows the principle of equality as the dominant matrix in social/gender/economic/family relations. In the second narrative plan, there is a traditional model of gender polarity, which is based on binary oppositions – weak-strong, gentle-rough, subordinate-dominant, dependent-independent, right-wrong – performed by the female-male couple. By analyzing the media discourse of the experimental socialist periodical, it has also been established that the narrative of one of the most popular Yugoslav women's magazines contains all three key terms (for gender reading or in the media text) – these are power, gender (in)equality and representation of meaning. Interpreting textual and visual content as a system of representation (and not presentation) of reality, it becomes obvious that despite the change in social paradigm in the years after World War II, the policy of gender representation in the context of power relations (man over woman) continued, which Yugoslav socialism – as a doctrine of equality – clearly could not (or did not want to) eradicate in practice.

Since Weber, sociology has aimed to explore the relationship between social status and religiosity. However, in the 21st century's value-diverse societies, this relationship requires reexamination. This study investigates the elective affinities between social groups and dimensions of contemporary Christian religiosity in Hungary. A national survey was conducted with 1000 Hungarians to collect data on various dimensions of religiosity. The survey measured church attendance, participation in rites, religious beliefs, identity, and values. Hierarchical cluster analysis and correspondence analysis were then used to statistically relate the social status indicators to this extensive set of religiosity measures. The analyses showed significant associations between social status and distinct clusters of religiosity. For example, the upper classes exhibited an affinity for more external, low-commitment forms of religiosity, such as partaking in major holidays and occasional church attendance. In contrast, higher-status skilled workers showed greater devotion to internal Christian values. In conclusion, this study shows that there are significant relationships between social stratification and different expressions of Christian religiosity and culture in contemporary Hungary. These findings can provide better insight into the complex interplay between societal position and multidimensional religiosity in 21st-century societies.

The study aims at analyzing the types of address terms used by all the characters in Fantastic Beasts And Where To Find Them movie and revealing the factors that influence the use of address terms. Both employ the theory proposed by Wardhaugh (2006). Further, this study applies to qualitative design. The result of the study can be concluded as follows. The types of address terms used in the movie are first name, title plus last name, title alone, last name, pet name, and kinship terms. The use of address terms first name was commonly used to show intimacy between the speakers. There are various factors influencing the use of address terms. They are particular occasion, social status, gender, age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy, transactional status (i.e., service encounter, or doctor-patient relationship), race, and degree of intimacy. The social status or rank of others apparently the common factor influencing the use of address terms. It is because the characters are not familiar with each other even though they know each other. Some characters also show the clear differences between the superior and the inferior. Then, the circumstances and the social background of the characters determine the use of appropriate address terms.

The article is devoted to studying neologisms of the German language of the last decades in the thematic group "Freizeit". Basing on new words in an online dictionary and a database of neologisms of the modern German language, a lexical-semantic analysis of lexical innovations is carried out. The vocabulary of the German language is studied in order to highlight the prevailing subgroups in the thematic group "Freizeit", to show the origin of neologisms. The analysis of lexical innovations allows us to draw a conclusion about the connection of neologisms with the changes in public life.