Русские культурные реалии в переводе художественных произведений на английский язык

The paper aims to identify and analyze the ability of the denotative aspect of the meaning of a lexeme to model the cultural space in a literary text. We provide an analysis of the concepts of cultural space and a linguocultureme as a unit that models the cultural space in a literary text. The study examines the relationship between a lexeme and denotatum contributing to the formation of a linguocultureme in general and the modeling of cultural space in particular. Using the method of continuous sampling, we selected examples of lexemes whose denotative meaning determines the formation of linguistic culture and the modeling of cultural space in Daniel Kehlmann’s novel Tyll. With the help of linguoculturological analysis and the modeling method, we studied how a lexeme’s denotative meaning influences the identification of elements of cultural space in the literary text. The frequency of references to denotata expressed by linguistic units, their compatibility and the connection between the denotative meaning of a lexeme and the presupposition appear to be important aspects in the analysis of the cultural space modeling in a literary text. In the course of the study, lexemes that carry culturally significant information at the denotative level were found to endow other linguistic units with linguocultural potential, raising them to the rank of linguistic means of the cultural space modeling. At the same time, an increase in the number of methods for modeling the cultural space contributes to its expansion within the framework of a literary text. From a theoretical perspective, the research is significant in that there has been developed a model for analyzing the denotative aspect of the meaning of a lexeme in order to identify the elements of cultural space in a literary text. The research results are valuable both for the theory of language in general and the theory of cultural linguistics in particular.

The novel «Abay’s way» has deep cultural significance and research value, as it is one of the worksthat comprehensively reflects the traditional culture of the Kazakh people through records of the life ofthe Abai family. The purpose of this article is to review the methods and ways of translating the realitiesof Kazakh national culture into Chinese based on the materials of the novel «Abay’s way» by MukhtarAuezov. The analysis of the main methods of translating the realities of Kazakh culture into Chinese is ofpractical importance for further study in the framework of translation theory, as well as sciences such asphilology, cultural studies, and literary studies. To study this topic, methods of systematic and comparative analysis, as well as the method of gen-eralization and abstraction were used. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that when translating these realities into Chinese, the translator used such translation methods as descriptive translation, trans-literation, word substitution, and the method of word omission. The research materials can be used as additional literature on disciplines related to the teaching oftranslation studies, languages, and literature.Key words: descriptive translation, transliteration, native language, Kazakh culture, Kazakh soul.

Lexicographic register of the fiction and author's palette of means of verbal expression of characteristic features, signs, properties of external portraiture of a person, recorded by the method of continuous sampling from V. Shklyar’s historical novel «Kharakternyk», was carried out in the article. Moreover, the semantic and stylistic approach to the study of existing figurative idioms was implemented, the lexical and grammatical typology as well as artistic and aesthetic representation of the analyzed forms were clarified, which reproduce the anthropocentric vector of the author’s artistic thinking through the point of his national and linguistic worldview. The thematic group «Human appearance» primarily consists of key lexical nominations of portrait characteristics, such as: eyebrow (eyebrows), upper eyebrow; moustache (moustache); lip (lips), mouth; hair, topknot, chub; palm; nose; leg (legs); eyes. All of them have an unequally productive combination with signifying lexemes, are characterized by moderate or distinctly bright connotative qualities of their semantics and play a peculiar artistic and descriptive, ornamental, evaluative and aesthetic or emotional and expressive role in the text of this novel. A significant number of epithets belong to the artistic and aesthetic ornamentation and figurative attributes of the concepts moustache, eyes, and are united around a striking similarity, figural juxtaposition according to lexical and thematic relations – shape, size, color, tactile feelings, emotional sphere, etc. This can be seen in detail in the presentation of the material of our lexicographic attempt to describe epithet compounds. The list of artistically disparate epithets attests to the use of a common language set of permanent, traditional lexical signs, their identification of the usual figurative characteristics of a person’s appearance, and thus – a reflection of the features of the psychotype and behavior of the depicted characters – as well as the construction of updated, expanded qualitative originality of the author’s aesthetics of world perception and communicative practice, from the more familiar ones to individually actualized, precise, apt and distinctly unexpected epithets in terms of structure and artistic and aesthetic endowment.

The article is devoted to one of the topical problems of modern translation studies which is the peculiarities of translating culturally marked vocabulary into a foreign language. The relevance of this issue is determined by the growing interest in the features of intercultural communication. It is obvious that a translator’s inattentive attitude to conveying nationally specific concepts of the original can lead to the loss of national character and, as a result, to an incorrect understanding of the particular country’s culture by foreign readers. The purpose of the research described in the article is to identify nationally colored (Tatar and Russian) lexical units in the German translation of G. Yakhina’s novel “Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes”, their classification and systematization of the main ways of translating these words. As a result of the factual material analysis, such groups of linguistic and cultural realities as household items, clothing, food, mythological creatures, religious cult realities, etc. were identified It was established that the most frequent ways of transferring the novel’s realities into German are transcription or transliteration, descriptive translation, translation commentary and the use of approximate correspondences.

The article focuses on to conduct a comparative analysis of English and Kazakh phraseological units nominating the image of a dog. The purpose of this study is to consider the national and cultural specifics, reflected in the stable expressions of the English and Kazakh languages with the "dog" component. The article provides a brief overview of works related to the issues of phraseology in English and Kazakh. The work was based on general scientific methods: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. The work with the collected card index of stable expressions was carried out by the method of continuous sampling, using the descriptive-analytical method. An important place in the work with the material was given to the methods of definitional, contextual and typological analysis. Using the comparative-comparative method, national-specific and universal features of zoonyms in English and Kazakh languages were determined. The material of the research was a card index of phraseological units of the English and Kazakh languages (more than 160 units) which were selected using the method of continuous sampling from phraseological dictionaries of the English and Kazakh languages. When analyzing the authors of the article relied on materials from phraseological dictionaries in English and Kazakh languages. In the course of the analysis, groups of phraseological units were identified and their differences and similarities in the compared languages were identified, as well as their national and cultural specificity, based on the action of universal cultural codes; the national and cultural specificity of zoonyms is determined by a number of extralinguistic factors: the location of the country, the living conditions of the people, their customs and traditions, history, religion and socio-political structure. All this secures national-specific connotation to zoonyms and determines their productivity. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, an analysis of English and Kazakh stable combinations with the "dog" component, reflecting the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities, was presented, as well as universal values representing at the intercultural level. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, the analysis reflects the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities. The research results have both theoretical and practical significance; it will be additional material for elective courses on the subject of "Lexicology" taught at the faculties of philology and foreign languages in higher educational institutions.

The active development of international tourism contributes to a steady increase in demand for high-quality translation of tourist texts explaining the importance of research on the common problems of their translation into foreign languages. The research subject is the specific features of translating tourist texts from Russian into English. The research objective is to identify the key features of tourist text translation. The article examines the stylistic features of tourism discourse texts which are the most difficult for translation from Russian into English. A definition of the international tourism discourse is given, popular types of tourist texts are listed, and common ways of translating these texts into English are pointed out: creative translation, descriptive translation and translation by searching for functional analogues. The author used the methods of generalization, content analysis, systematization of data from recent studies on this topic and comparative analysis of Russian and English tourist texts. The research novelty lies in the systematization of the works of Russian linguists devoted to the problems of translating tourist texts and in the proposed ways to eliminate possible mistakes. The key problems of translating tourist texts include underestimation of translation in tourism and translation by non-specialists often using machine translation, mistakes in translating terminology, ignoring the genre of the source text and insufficient adaptation of the translation text to the target audience of another culture. It is proposed to create new Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries of tourist terms, train translators in special courses for translating tourist texts, providing them with knowledge of key concepts in tourism at least in their native language and experience in translating these concepts into a foreign language, and teach students majoring in linguistics to translate tourist texts. It is noted that translation methods and strategies depend on the text genre.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the national words used in the Russian-language mass media of the Republic of Kalmykia to convey the ethno-cultural component of the publicistic material. The aim of the article is to describe functioning of Kalmyk words in the Russian-language mass media of the Republic of Kalmykia. The material was contexts containing Kalmyk words, extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the publicistic texts posted on the website of RIA "Kalmykia" (riakalm. ru). The methods of lexico-semantic, component, comparative, and distributional analysis were applied in the work. Results. The analysis showed that in the Russian-language mass media of the Republic of Kalmykia, Kalmyk nouns are actively used, naming a place, event, person, organization, objects; common names denoting specific concepts and realities of the Kalmyk culture; adverbs (hamdan, uralan) and adjective (tsagan), which are included in composite nominations. Background and non-equivalent vocabulary from the Kalmyk language, as well as linguistic means with an emotionally colored connotation associated with Kalmyk culture, form the national cultural component of the publication. Conclusions. National units, most of which relate to nouns, do not violate the graphical, grammatical, and lexico-semantic unity of the Russian-language text. Kalmyk linguistic means perform informational, popularizing, stylistic, emotional and expressive functions in the texts of journalism. In the conditions of narrowing the sphere of application of the Kalmyk language, national words contribute to the formation of national identity and are markers of the cultural code.

The purpose of the article is to describe the gender peculiarities of the objectification of emotions in the verbal and non-verbal aspects of the communicative behavior of female and male characters in a literary text. Of interest is the study of the features of the representation of emotions in the literary text, taking into account the factor of gender influence on the communicative behavior of a person and the choice of language means. Text fragments which most clearly described the emotional experiences and states of female and male characters were selected by a continuous sampling method from the modern literary compositions of the 20th - 21st centuries written in Russian by women and men. Features of emotion explication were analyzed taking into account gender identity in texts of literary prose. Gender preferences in the choice of language means of expressing emotions in speech were identified. The following research methods were used to achieve the objectives: a descriptive method involving analysis, comparison and classification of language facts; contextual analysis method. The practical significance of the work is the possibility of applying the main conclusions and results of the investigation in theoretical courses in linguistic studies of emotions and gender.

Aim. To reveal the properties of the herms of the field of linguistic tension of a complex syntactic whole, which are in the exposition of the artistic macrotext.Methodology. The paper considers the lexemes of the herms of the field of linguistic tension of a complex syntactic whole, located in the exposition of the artistic macrotext and functioning in it, realizing the prospectus as a textual category. The research uses methods of continuous sampling, observation, generalization, interpretation of results and a comprehensive level analysis of a complex syntactic whole.Results. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the hermes of the field of linguistic tension of a complex syntactic whole, located in the exposition of the artistic macrotext, implement the prospection as a textual category, as well as cohesion and integration, contributing to the identification of those meanings that reflect both the idiosyncrasy of the author and the system of his worldview, as well as the contradictions of this system.Research implications. The results of the study contribute to the theory of a complex syntactic whole as a linguistic unit that implements an expanded utterance.

The subject of this research is the paronymic relations in paremiological units (proverbs and sayings) with anthroponyms as the structural-semantic component. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of structural specificity of paronyms in the Russian paremiological units, including anthroponyms and their functions performed in the text. The research material contains the Russian proverbs and sayings, selected through the method of continuous sampling from the Large dictionary of Russian Proverbs edited by V. M. Mokienko and the book “Russian Proverbs and Sayings” edited by V. P. Anikin. The analysis employs 145 paremiological units – proverbs and sayings. The relevance of this work is defined by the fact that the problem of paronymy in the Russian folklore texts, namely in paroemias, which provide quite an extensive description of paronymic relations, has not received a sufficient scientific coverage. The author applies the method of linguistic description for compartmentalization of paronymic units in proverbs and sayings, as well as structural-semantic method for clarification of the structural, semantic and functional peculiarities of paronyms as a part of paroemias. The novelty of this research lies in the attempt of a three-level (phonetic, morphological and syntactic) structural classification of paronyms in the Russian paronyms with anthroponyms. In the Russian proverbs and sayings, the author indicates the process of paronymic convergence of anthroponyms with other components of paroemias. This process in paroemias is represented by paronymic attraction, paronomasia, and paronymic sound game. Paronymic convergence of the proper names in the Russian proverbs carries out pragmatic functions - mnemonic, satirical, and expressive. The acquired results broaden the scientific representations of paronymy in the folklore texts, and can be used in teaching general linguistics, stylistics and lexicology in the university.

The object of this research is 56 phraseologisms of the treatise “Analects of Confucius”, and versions of their translation into the Russian language by L. S. Perelomov, selected for the analysis using the method of continuous sampling, as well as such method of linguistic studies as structural-semantic. The translation of phraseologisms of Confucius is described and analyzed within the framework of the concept of V. N. Komissarov; phraseological units are classified in accordance with the five types of equivalence of translation. The goal of this work is consists in determination of conditions that allow  preserving the semantic accuracy in translation of  phraseologisms of Confucius from Chinese to Russian. The research is carried out at the intersection of linguistics and philosophy. The novelty consists in the fact that this article is first to examine V.  N. Komissarov’s translation of phraseologisms of Confucius. Insufficient study of the translation of this philosophical text into the Russian language defines the relevance of this research. Based on the quantitative analysis it is concluded that phraseologism of Confucius are usually translated into Russian in accordance with the fifth type of the concept of V. N. Komissarov; i.e. literal translation of hieroglyphs into Russian, equivalence is founded on preservation of the meaning contained in the original. First and foremost, the translator tries to convey and preserve the pragmatic focus of the text.

This article studies the thematic group ‘Food’ in the dialects of the area located at the upper reaches of the Nepryadva river. Food, as well as the arrangement of the dwelling, household items, folk costumes, is part of the everyday culture of the people. The material for the study was an array of unique lexemes collected in filed research in five settlements of the Volovsky district of the Tula region. Since ancient times, population of this area has been engaged in various activities, crafts, trades. In the course of the study, we identified lexical units that denote the names of foods, meals, and drinks. The entire array of tokens was grouped into 6 thematic subgroups. The lexical units were described from the point of view of semantics; the motivational features of their denomination were determined. The collected material was compared with data from a number of lexicographic sources such as dialect dictionaries and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. It should be emphasized that, despite the persistent tendency to leveling, dialectal lexical facts related to the thematic group ‘Food’ continue to exist in modern dialects. The analysis of the lexemes made it possible to single out among them: unique lexemes that are not presented in dialect dictionaries or in dictionaries of the modern Russian language; semantic dialectisms; lexemes whose meaning is close to the literary one; lexemes found in dialect dictionaries in similar meanings; lexemes that are noted not only in the dialects of the territory under study but also in Ryazan dialects, in the identical or similar meaning. The studied content of this thematic group and the lexical units included in it require further scholarly reflection.

Роман «Путь Абая» является уникальным романом, который раскрыл перед китайским читателем быт и культуру казахского народа. Цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы рассматреть реалии как объект перевода на примере бесценного романа романа Мухтара Ауезова «Путь Абая». Анализ основных методов перевода реалий казахской культуры на китайский язык имеет практическую значимость для дальнейшего изучения в рамках теории перевода, а также таких наук как филология, культурология и литературоведение. В целях изучения данной темы были использованны методы системного и сравнительного анализа, а также метод обобщения и абстрагирования. В результате анализа было выявлено, что при переводе данных реалий на китайский язык переводчик использовал такие методы перевода, как описательный перевод, транслитерацию, замену слов и метод опущения слов. Материалы исследования могут быть использованы в качестве дополнительной литературы по дисциплинам, связанных с преподаванием перевода, языков и литературы.

The main objective of this paper is to describe semantic diversity of nationally labeled lexemes and peculiarities of their word formation mechanisms on the example of the Swiss German language. One of the central concepts is the concept of «the
 national variant of the language». The article briefly describes the most important stages of literary and linguistic works on the stage of fixing and studying the basic dialect of Switzerland – Alemannic. The Dictionary of Variability of the German
 Language is accepted as the main source of the research material. The methodological basis comprises the method of comparative analysis, the method of component
 analysis, the method of continuous sampling, the method of statistical data processing.The study has confirmed the working hypothesis that the nationally marked
 vocabulary is manifested in all thematic blocks, but its use for naming the national cultural realities of Switzerland is the most typical case. Word-formation models, while maintaining the constancy of the word formation general methods, demonstrate
 a wide variability found in the quantitative filling of the component composition of compound words. For the lexemes of the suffix model, a typical postfix segmental morpheme – the suffix –li – is identified. The future research may expand the empirical base of the language and reconstruction of fully aspectual communication model of the polycode space of Swiss
 German discourse.

The aim - to consider the etiopathogenesis, the main clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria of NF1, and present a clinical case from their practice. The paper analyzes the research findings in recent publications, focused on the studied issue using the methods of continuous sampling, synthesis and generalization, bibliosemantic evaluation and content analysis. In order to attract the attention of family physicians, neurologists, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, surgeons and other specialists, we present our own clinical observation of NF1. The patient was examined using the methods of neurological examination, as well as other laboratory and instrumental methods of research. Early diagnosis and medical examination of patients with NF1 is crucial for predicting and improving the quality of life of patients. NF1 is a complex disease where the cooperation of doctors of different specialties is important. A favorable prognosis for patients is associated with the possibility of early diagnosis of malignant transformation and timely treatment.