Калмыцкое слово в русскоязычных средствах массовой информации Республики Калмыкия

The subject of the study was the ways of transferring cultural and everyday realities from Russian into English when translating works of art. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient number of studies within the framework of this language pair as applied to the translation of a literary text and the need to study the dynamics in the approach to solving the translation task. In the course of the study, from two Russian-language works saturated with Russian cultural and everyday realities, examples were selected using the method of continuous sampling, further distributed by thematic groups within the framework of existing classifications. At the stage of comparing the selected units and their translation at the beginning of the 20th and 21st centuries, the ways of their translation into English were determined. A comparative analysis of the ways of translating realities showed that translators of Russian literary texts convey Russian cultural and everyday realities using the methods recommended for translating non-equivalent vocabulary. However, over the past century there has been a change in their hierarchy - the frequency of one or another method for translating realities both in general and within individual thematic groups. Thus, the leading positions are currently occupied by descriptive translation, a combined method of translation, approximate translation, generalization and tracing. Transcription and omission became less common. The smallest dynamics is observed when choosing the method of transferring the realities denoting food and drinks, measures and monetary units, and household items, while when translating the realities of other thematic groups in the 21st century, there was a change in the approach to transferring these units.

The paper is concerned with the use of compound words in two stylistically and culturally distinct literary works: bestselling novel “If cats disappeared from the world” originally written by Genki Kawamura and “Will” by Will Smith. The purpose of the paper is to determine the innovative potential of the English word-formation system and to conduct a comparative analysis of the use of compound lexemes in translation of the philosophical novel “If cats disappeared from the world” by Eric Selland and a celebrity memoir in a conversational tone “Will”. The material under investigation, which is a corpus of approximately 45000 words from each text. This corpus was analyzed using the descriptive method in linguistics and the methods of continuous sampling, qualitative and comparative analysis. Morphological, syntactic, and orthographic aspects of the compounds are examined. The results of the study indicate that in the memoirs “Will” significantly more compound formations are used, with 254 compounds compared to 108 in “If cats disappeared from the world”. Conclusions: the American memoir demonstrates a higher frequency of noun (146), adjective (77) and verb (18) compounding, including phrasal compounds (9), rhyme-motivated (1) and ablaut-motivated (3) compounds. In contrast, the Japanese novel presents fewer compounds and limited structural variation: compound nouns — 72, adjectives — 33, and 3 phrasal compounds.

This article focuses on various features of digital translation of public relations (PR) abbreviations in a computer-assisted environment. The relevance of this research is determined by the new digital era. Digitalization of professional activity of specialists in various fields of knowledge leads to the creation of new conditions and revision of approaches to professionally-oriented translation. Digital translation plays a special role in information exchange and its dissemination. The aim of this research is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using digital tools to meet the needs of PR specialists from the standpoint of linguistics. PR abbreviations functioning in the professional PR discourse are taken as material for analysis. The use of digital translation technologies within PR activities enables the improvement of the quality of information collection and processing, its translation, abstracting and dissemination. PR abbreviations acquire a highly specialized meaning within the target language (TL), demanding a particular algorithm for translation into Russian, which is due to the insufficient PR terminology development, especially in terms of translating abbreviations. To achieve the object in view, the method of continuous sampling, the method of comparative analysis and the method of linguistic description have been used. As a result of the investigation, it has been established that together with digital translation gaining momentum, as it makes it possible to transfer a large amount of information into different languages in a short time, a number of issues remain unresolved and need to be researched.

In the conditions of intensive growth of scientific and scientific-technical information, rapid changeability and updating of the system of scientific knowledge there is a need to study issues related to professional communication. Users of scientific language master its culture gradually; acquire life experience, their own knowledge, general and professional erudition of the speaker. The aim of the article is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of linguistic means and identify the features of the implementation of professional linguistic personality of a scientist, author of scientific articles on the speciality «Earth Sciences». Special attention is devoted to a brief review of theoretical provisions of domestic researchers engaged in the study of professional linguistic personality and idiostyle. Scientific novelty lies in the analysis of linguistic means characteristic of the individual style of a scientist on a new linguistic material (scientific texts on the specialty «Earth Sciences»). This approach allowed us to consider the influence of a person's professional status on the texts produced by him/her. The material for the analysis is the articles selected by the method of continuous sampling on the scientific specialty «Earth Sciences». In addition, the method used in this article was continuous sampling method, content analysis, comparative analysis. The obtained results showed that in order to build a model of professional linguistic personality of a scientist, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive psychological and linguistic analysis of the scientist's texts at the verbal-semantic, linguistic-cognitive and pragmatic levels, highlighting the correlation and influence of ethno-cultural, socio-group and individual aspects of personality content. Despite the fact that the author of scientific articles is limited by the norms of scientific style, there are certain linguistic means that allow reflecting the author's uniqueness under the existing norms of text formation.

The article focuses on to conduct a comparative analysis of English and Kazakh phraseological units nominating the image of a dog. The purpose of this study is to consider the national and cultural specifics, reflected in the stable expressions of the English and Kazakh languages with the "dog" component. The article provides a brief overview of works related to the issues of phraseology in English and Kazakh. The work was based on general scientific methods: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. The work with the collected card index of stable expressions was carried out by the method of continuous sampling, using the descriptive-analytical method. An important place in the work with the material was given to the methods of definitional, contextual and typological analysis. Using the comparative-comparative method, national-specific and universal features of zoonyms in English and Kazakh languages were determined. The material of the research was a card index of phraseological units of the English and Kazakh languages (more than 160 units) which were selected using the method of continuous sampling from phraseological dictionaries of the English and Kazakh languages. When analyzing the authors of the article relied on materials from phraseological dictionaries in English and Kazakh languages. In the course of the analysis, groups of phraseological units were identified and their differences and similarities in the compared languages were identified, as well as their national and cultural specificity, based on the action of universal cultural codes; the national and cultural specificity of zoonyms is determined by a number of extralinguistic factors: the location of the country, the living conditions of the people, their customs and traditions, history, religion and socio-political structure. All this secures national-specific connotation to zoonyms and determines their productivity. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, an analysis of English and Kazakh stable combinations with the "dog" component, reflecting the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities, was presented, as well as universal values representing at the intercultural level. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, the analysis reflects the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities. The research results have both theoretical and practical significance; it will be additional material for elective courses on the subject of "Lexicology" taught at the faculties of philology and foreign languages in higher educational institutions.

The main objective of this paper is to describe semantic diversity of nationally labeled lexemes and peculiarities of their word formation mechanisms on the example of the Swiss German language. One of the central concepts is the concept of «the
 national variant of the language». The article briefly describes the most important stages of literary and linguistic works on the stage of fixing and studying the basic dialect of Switzerland – Alemannic. The Dictionary of Variability of the German
 Language is accepted as the main source of the research material. The methodological basis comprises the method of comparative analysis, the method of component
 analysis, the method of continuous sampling, the method of statistical data processing.The study has confirmed the working hypothesis that the nationally marked
 vocabulary is manifested in all thematic blocks, but its use for naming the national cultural realities of Switzerland is the most typical case. Word-formation models, while maintaining the constancy of the word formation general methods, demonstrate
 a wide variability found in the quantitative filling of the component composition of compound words. For the lexemes of the suffix model, a typical postfix segmental morpheme – the suffix –li – is identified. The future research may expand the empirical base of the language and reconstruction of fully aspectual communication model of the polycode space of Swiss
 German discourse.

Introduction. The present study examines the pragmastilistic potential of migration discourse based on the speeches of modern British politicians. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the acute social specifics of migration discourse and its manipulative component. In today’s world, migration processes have become global and their impact on the development of the host culture is becoming increasingly evident. There is still no established strategy for the integration of migrants into the new society, which creates a conflict environment and determines the hostility of the indigenous population towards migrants. Migration discourse as one of the directions of policy discourse becomes an effective tool for managing public opinion. Various persuasive tactics are incorporated in the speech of politicians using linguistic means, the use of which in the British migration discourse is considered in this article.Methodology and sources. The key tasks of the study are to identify specific discursive tactics, by means of which the persuasive strategy is implemented in the British migration discourse, and to analyze the stylistic techniques used to design the discovered tactics. During the study, pragmastilistic analysis was used, the application of which involves referring to the following methods of linguistic research: the method of continuous sampling, quantitative, descriptive and comparative methods, the method of stylistic analysis, discursive analysis. The material of the study was the speeches of modern British politicians from 2004 to 2021. Results and discussion. The analysis of migration discourse based on the texts of speeches by modern British politicians allows to talk about the stylistic saturation of the material and the main means of expressiveness used in the framework of the discourse under consideration. The main tactic of opponents of free migration is the comparison of “good/bad” migrants, which is actualized using antithesis. As for the lexical stylistic means, the use of the epithet should be specified, which is also a way of actualizing opposition tactics. Thus, this tactic is implemented both at the lexical and syntactic level. Similar tactics are also relevant in the framework of pro-migration rhetoric, namely, when comparing the local elite and the visiting population, which performs all the work necessary for the functioning of society. In most cases the main stylistic technique for tactics actualization is antithesis (or the convergence of antithesis and epithet). Proponents of pro-migration policies also use metaphor (tactics for describing the political process) and syntactic parallelism (tactics for describing the benefits of migration). Finally, the most common tactic inherent in both poles of migration discourse is the tactic of generalization. It consists in equating the speaker with his audience, their “fusion”, and is most often actualized using hyperbola.Conclusion. Migration discourse is characterized by an ideological orientation, which is actualized using certain speech techniques, tactics and strategies. Migration discourse, as a multifaceted entity, can also serve to harmonize social life by facilitating the integration of migrants into the host culture. Migration discourse is a powerful ideological weapon that can be used both to contribute to integration and to incite ethnic hatred. Stylistic tools play a key role in the implementation of a persuasive strategy, which is actively used both in migration and in political discourse in general. The main tactics of the migration discourse of modern British politicians are opposition and generalization, used both in pro- and anti-migration rhetoric.

The research topic is an analysis of the political discourse of Donald Trump. The research purpose is to identify the linguistic and stylistic features of the politician’s speech. In the course of our work, we used the method of continuous sampling, the system-structural method, the qualitative analysis method, and the translation method. The significance of the research lies in the addition of the theoretical base in the study of linguistic and stylistic means in the field of political discourse.

The article is devoted to the study of metaphorical processes in the German professional language of psychology. On the basis of the linguocognitive approach, scientific research of the main type of secondary nomination was carried out, as well as the establishment of donor areas for the creation of new terms. Interest in the study of metaphorization in various terminological systems has been growing in recent years. A wide range of linguists devoted the works to metaphorical phenomena in the terminologies of different professional languages (T. M. Halai (geology), A. P. Chudinov (politics), Y. I. Hrybinyk (geodesy and cadastre), M. M. Teleki), O. V. Petrenko (robotics), V. V. Lelyukh (oil and gas industry)), but the processes of metaphorization in the German professional language of psychology have not yet been the object of scientific research, which determines the relevance of research based on the principles of application general scientific (induction, deduction) and special methods and techniques of analysis of linguistic material. The material was a set of metaphorized psychological terms, carried out by the method of continuous sampling. In the first stage the process of selection of metaphorical term units was carried out, the descriptive method and semantic-component analysis were also applied; at the second stage the analysis of spheres-sources for fixing of donor spheres of German language for specific purposes of psychology is carried out; at the third stage the distributive analysis is used – for definition and the description of the semantic structure of the investigated terms; quantitative analysis was used to determine the frequency of the studied phenomena. The paper also uses the techniques of observation, generalization, interpretation, modeling, and systematization. The results of the study show that the term formation in the modern German professional language of psychology is based on the fields of human knowledge and experience, through the prism of which psychological phenomena and phenomena are considered. Donor zones of metaphorization are established: anthropomorphic, proprial, mythological, natural morphological, artifact, meteorological, and zones of other branch terminological systems (chemical, physical, geographical, mathematical, economic, historical, philological). Dominant donor spheres are anthropomorphic, proprial, and zoomorphic.

The article represents a comparative analysis of Russian, German and French public signs that regulate safety precautions during the coronavirus pandemic, of their both linguistic and cultural specifics. The study is based on 500 authentic public signs, collected by the continuous sampling method in Izhevsk (Russia), Lyon, Clermont-Ferrand (France), and Leipzig (Germany) in the course of 2020. As a result, similarities and differences have been revealed concerning impact strategies as well as linguistic means whereby these strategies are realized. Most similarities are revealed in the informative public signs; however, the corresponding German and French signs are marked by detailed description of safety precautions, and Russian signs often refer to decrees of the local authorities. One of the main differences is that some Russian signs contain explicit prohibitions, whereas there are no such examples among the German and French signs under study. The difference in frequency of impact strategies that influence the recipients’ emotions also takes place: polite addresses and requests, appeals to take care of one’s health, and thanks for following the instructions. The specifics of compared cultures are reflected in the texts under study: the Russian culture is relationship-oriented, emotional, and values external control, whereas both German and French cultures are information-oriented, rational, and value internal control.

The paper aims to identify and analyze the ability of the denotative aspect of the meaning of a lexeme to model the cultural space in a literary text. We provide an analysis of the concepts of cultural space and a linguocultureme as a unit that models the cultural space in a literary text. The study examines the relationship between a lexeme and denotatum contributing to the formation of a linguocultureme in general and the modeling of cultural space in particular. Using the method of continuous sampling, we selected examples of lexemes whose denotative meaning determines the formation of linguistic culture and the modeling of cultural space in Daniel Kehlmann’s novel Tyll. With the help of linguoculturological analysis and the modeling method, we studied how a lexeme’s denotative meaning influences the identification of elements of cultural space in the literary text. The frequency of references to denotata expressed by linguistic units, their compatibility and the connection between the denotative meaning of a lexeme and the presupposition appear to be important aspects in the analysis of the cultural space modeling in a literary text. In the course of the study, lexemes that carry culturally significant information at the denotative level were found to endow other linguistic units with linguocultural potential, raising them to the rank of linguistic means of the cultural space modeling. At the same time, an increase in the number of methods for modeling the cultural space contributes to its expansion within the framework of a literary text. From a theoretical perspective, the research is significant in that there has been developed a model for analyzing the denotative aspect of the meaning of a lexeme in order to identify the elements of cultural space in a literary text. The research results are valuable both for the theory of language in general and the theory of cultural linguistics in particular.

The subject of the study are sets of linguistic units that convey different types of content. The purpose of the paper is to study the official functional style in connection with its internal heterogeneity. Although functional stylistics has received a detailed description as a philological discipline which concerns itself with the varieties of developed literary languages, the issue of the internal heterogeneity of functional styles still remains unresolved. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that it shows the heterogeneity of the official functional style. The practical significance of the work is due to identifying the varieties of the official functional style, which is carried out in the paper and which helps to optimize the choice of teaching material depending on the needs and on the general linguistic competence of students. To solve the task, an integrated approach to the study of the material was chosen: the method of linguostylistic and functional-stylistic analysis, the method of continuous sampling, the descriptive-analytical method, as well as the comparative analysis of texts. It has been established that texts belonging to the official functional style can be divided into three groups (prescriptive official texts; descriptive official texts; evaluative official texts) in accordance with the proportions of linguistic components that perform the main functions of language and render a certain type of content.

The article examines the representation of the value component of the linguo-cultural concept MERCY by means of the English and Russian paremias interpreting mercy as an action. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the author for the first time conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of the paremiological representation of mercy as an action in the English and Russian linguo-cultures. The research material includes the Russian and English paremias obtained by the method of continuous sampling from monolingual and bilingual phraseological, etymological, explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of winged words and Internet resources. Some of the analyzed phraseological units are given in the author’s translation.

It is known that the Tatar language is a part of the Kypchak group, and the modern Turkish language is comprehended in the Oguz group. In turn, they both developed under the influence of the Arabic and Persian languages. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Oguz elements were also reflected in the Tatar literary language. The Oguz elements can be seen in the works of famous writers and poets of the time, such as Musa Akkheget, Utyz Imani, Gayaz Iskhaki, Dardmand, Gabdulla Tukay and many others. Most enlighteners of the Tatar people were educated in Turkey. For example, Dardmand lived in Istanbul in 1880-1881, studied the Turkish language and literature, communicated with prominent Turkish writers, and followed their work. After returning to his homeland, he applied the experience of Turkish poets, used certain elements of the Turkish language. An important element of the ethnic affinity of the Tatar and Turkish people is the similarity of linguistic elements, traditions, folk art. The same works, for example, «??????? ?????», are a key work for these languages, the basis of Tatar and Turkish literature. Religious similarities are also an important factor for the interconnection and mutual understanding of these two peoples. Therefore, a comparative study of these two languages makes it possible to draw interesting conclusions. This determines the relevance of the topic. This article gives a comparative analysis of the participles of the Tatar and Turkish languages. The scientific novelty of this article is defined by a comparative analysis of the past participles of the Tatar (-???/-???, -???/-???) and Turkish (-m??/-mi?/-mu?/-mA¼?; -d?k/-dik/-duk/-dA¼k) languages. In the course of the study, it is stated that each language, although it is part of the Turkic group, has distinctive features and peculiarities. At the same time, one can notice the influence of the Turkish language on the Tatar language. The choice of research methods is determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as the specificity of the studied material. The traditional methods of grammatical analysis were used in this the research: descriptive, contrastive-historical, descriptive-analytical, method of continuous sampling.

In the era of globalization and social distancing, intercultural dialogue plays a crucial role and requires a thorough reinterpretation. It is impossible without foreign language proficiency. Therefore, teaching foreign languages is a key to professional competency and personal growth. Language reflects the culture and functions as a universal tool of mutual understanding. It makes it possible to embrace the interlocutor’s mentality through grasping the peculiarities of the language. The proposed article is devoted to the validity study of the associative field technique. Its application contributes to the successful memorizing of terms and terminological expressions in a foreign language. The research considers the corresponding theoretical background devoted to the issues of intercultural communication, associative fields, and metaphorization of terms and terminological expressions in English. The methods applied in the study include comparative analysis, the method of continuous sampling, and a questionnaire survey. After the survey, the authors identified the terms that evoke associations with the notions “death” and “dead”. The article contains a number of interim conclusions with a further perspective on this issue. It is determined that the notion of “death” stands out as a representative of the “naïve” picture of the world and an initially expressive concept. In the case of a formal concept, the notion functions as a successful component of terms, especially metaphorical ones. The results of the study may be implemented in teaching a foreign language and intercultural communication, as well as in comparative linguistics and cultural studies.