Paronymic relations in the Russian proverbs with anthroponyms (structural aspect)

This research focuses on the linguistic and cultural specifics of the concept «unity in diversity» in P. B. Shelley’s poem “Love’s philosophy”. The study reflects the expert linguistic interest to the national cultural and individual author’s specificity in interpreting philosophical concepts in literature, which have a meaning-­forming function within the space-time continuum of literary works. The aim of this research is to study the linguistic and cultural specifics of the concept «unity in diversity», as well as to identify its pragmatic function in the artistic space of P. B. Shelley’s works. The novelty of this research lies in the use of an anthropocentric approach to the study of linguistic material, in which the verbal representations of the concept «unity in diversity» are viewed through the prism of the inner world of the lyrical hero. The interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of lexical units brings together linguistic cultural studies, literary criticism, psycholinguistics and philosophy. The theoretical principles underlying this study are presented in the works of linguists involved in the analysis of concepts (in particular, philosophical and emotional ones) in the linguo-­cultural and anthropocentric paradigms. The analysis relies on the method of continuous sampling, the method of conceptual frame analysis, the method of semantic-­cognitive analysis, the descriptive method, as well as the contextual and interpretive methods. Having studied the verbal content of frame structures representing the concept of «unity in diversity» within the framework of the individual author’s concept sphere, the author made a conclusion about the special semantic function of the analyzed concept , which represents the cognitive dominant of the poem «Love’s philosophy».

In the article we analyze the lexeme fear from the point of view of linguistics.The lexeme fear refers to a group of words that come from a common ancestor, but are now used in many Slavic languages, for example: Polish, Russian, Czech. This word has a common etymology in both Polish and Russian.First of all, we study the meaning of phraseological units containing the word fear in Polish and Russian. From the research material, which includes Polish and Russian proverbs and sayings, we are trying to highlight the same and different meanings of the lexeme fear. An analysis of this type allows us to determine how the meaning of the word fear has changed in Polish and Russian.

The article considers the role of phraseologisms with the meaning of speech behavior in the English language. The aim of the study is the identification of the English phraseologisms with the meaning of speech behavior defining the phraseologisms directly related to household realities. In the article, the English phraseologisms denoting speech behavior are distinguished from other phraseologisms and among them the phraseological units reflecting household realities are chosen in order to reveal their meaning. Phraseologisms trace the connection of the language with culture and they are characterized by various historical facts. All events in the life of the nation obtain their reflection in the vocabulary. Phraseological units of speech behavior reflectinghousehold realities, selected from phraseological dictionaries, are analyzed to identify the most striking examples of the household realities. In the course of our research, the methods of continuous sampling were used for the selection of language material and also the methods of description, quantitative calculation. The analysis of the linguistic material showed that the most frequent among the household realities of the English language were phraseological units denoting the names of food and drinks. This is followed by the phraseological units describing dwellings and constructions and the phraseological units depicting clothes and shoes. Significantly less common phraseological units turned out to be phraseological units denoting vehicles.

The article focuses on to conduct a comparative analysis of English and Kazakh phraseological units nominating the image of a dog. The purpose of this study is to consider the national and cultural specifics, reflected in the stable expressions of the English and Kazakh languages with the "dog" component. The article provides a brief overview of works related to the issues of phraseology in English and Kazakh. The work was based on general scientific methods: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. The work with the collected card index of stable expressions was carried out by the method of continuous sampling, using the descriptive-analytical method. An important place in the work with the material was given to the methods of definitional, contextual and typological analysis. Using the comparative-comparative method, national-specific and universal features of zoonyms in English and Kazakh languages were determined. The material of the research was a card index of phraseological units of the English and Kazakh languages (more than 160 units) which were selected using the method of continuous sampling from phraseological dictionaries of the English and Kazakh languages. When analyzing the authors of the article relied on materials from phraseological dictionaries in English and Kazakh languages. In the course of the analysis, groups of phraseological units were identified and their differences and similarities in the compared languages were identified, as well as their national and cultural specificity, based on the action of universal cultural codes; the national and cultural specificity of zoonyms is determined by a number of extralinguistic factors: the location of the country, the living conditions of the people, their customs and traditions, history, religion and socio-political structure. All this secures national-specific connotation to zoonyms and determines their productivity. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, an analysis of English and Kazakh stable combinations with the "dog" component, reflecting the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities, was presented, as well as universal values representing at the intercultural level. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, the analysis reflects the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities. The research results have both theoretical and practical significance; it will be additional material for elective courses on the subject of "Lexicology" taught at the faculties of philology and foreign languages in higher educational institutions.

The subject of the study was the ways of transferring cultural and everyday realities from Russian into English when translating works of art. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient number of studies within the framework of this language pair as applied to the translation of a literary text and the need to study the dynamics in the approach to solving the translation task. In the course of the study, from two Russian-language works saturated with Russian cultural and everyday realities, examples were selected using the method of continuous sampling, further distributed by thematic groups within the framework of existing classifications. At the stage of comparing the selected units and their translation at the beginning of the 20th and 21st centuries, the ways of their translation into English were determined. A comparative analysis of the ways of translating realities showed that translators of Russian literary texts convey Russian cultural and everyday realities using the methods recommended for translating non-equivalent vocabulary. However, over the past century there has been a change in their hierarchy - the frequency of one or another method for translating realities both in general and within individual thematic groups. Thus, the leading positions are currently occupied by descriptive translation, a combined method of translation, approximate translation, generalization and tracing. Transcription and omission became less common. The smallest dynamics is observed when choosing the method of transferring the realities denoting food and drinks, measures and monetary units, and household items, while when translating the realities of other thematic groups in the 21st century, there was a change in the approach to transferring these units.

The relevance of the study lies in the need for a detailed examination of occasional vocabulary in modern Russian animated series and the definition of its derivational specificity. The aim of the study is to provide a structural and semantic characteristic of occasionalisms in the animated series “The Fixies” taking into account the opinion of representatives of the Kazan linguistic school on the methods of word formation and to identify the role of these units in the language game with the viewer. The research material, which is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, is individual-authorial neologisms in the animated series “The Fixies”. The work uses the descriptive-analytical method and the method of continuous sampling, as well as methods and techniques of structural-semantic and functional-stylistic analysis. Usual (prefixation, suffixation, composition and its varieties) and non-usual (hendiadys, conversion, palindrome, dieresis, contamination, and substitutive derivation) methods of creating occasionalisms have been established; their productivity has been revealed. The author determined that occasionalisms with the element “fixie” in the animated series are the most frequent, they form a word-formation nest. The age of the character is inversely proportional to the frequency of using occasionalisms in speech. The individual author’s word creation makes the animated series “The Fixies” interesting for children and attracts their attention. Such word creation in this cartoon is primarily due to the language game. The prospects of the work consist in increasing the research base by comparing occasionalisms with other linguistic units of “The Fixies” in the language game, as well as in comparing the new formations presented in this cartoon with occasionalisms functioning in other animated series.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of phraseological units in English newspaper headlines. The aim of the work is to study and analyze pragmatic functions of phraseological units in the headlines of modern British and American newspaper articles. The notion of phraseological unit is revealed and its features are defined. The subject of the study is 185 phraseological units belonging to three groups, namely: phraseological units with a component related to the field of colour, music and weather. The research material includes 9,200 headlines of English newspapers, dated 2014-2018 and selected from the Questia Online Library. Using the method of continuous sampling, we selected phraseological units from the dictionaries The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, Dictionary of English Idioms & Phrases and McGraw-Hill’s Essential American Idioms Dictionary. In addition, the frequency of use of phraseological units of the three groups in the headlines of British and American discourses was studied and analyzed. The study found that the most common of the three groups was the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of colour. The second most common is the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of music, and the least numerous is the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of weather. In addition, it was determined what phraseological units are the most common in English newspaper headlines and which ones are the least common.

B a c k g r o u n d . The article presents the author's view on the symbolism of images of Heavenly bodies in the work of Taras Shevchenko, summarizes the materials of previous studies on the image of nature in Shevchenko's work. Natural landscapes in the poems of T. Shevchenko were studied by many scientists: M. Sumtsov, V. Gorodecka, L. Zadorozhna, A. Kalynchuk, V. Kononenko, etc. The relevance of our research is due to the fact that the theme of the symbols of the Sun, Moon and Stars in Shevchenko's poems has not yet been sufficiently revealed. M e t h o d s . The research process uses the method of continuous sampling (search for phrases from the poems of T. Shevchenko), the method of analysis (critical analysis of specific poems and definition of the research concept); the method of systematic description, which consists of such techniques as comparison, generalization, systematization, classification of the analyzed material and interpretation. R e s u l t s . In the poems of "Kobzar", the image of the Sun is most often found – 127 times. The lexeme Moon in "Kobzar" occurs 27 times, "misiachen'ko" (the small moon) – 1 time, the lexeme "Zorya" (Star) in the case paradigm is fixed 30 times, "zironka" (the little star) – 6 times, "zirnytsa" (the little star, another name) – 3 times and 1 time – the lexeme "stars". In Shevchenko's Kobzar, the image of the Sun is present in 36 verses. In some poems, the image of the sun is repeated: in the poem "Gaidamaky"– 14 times, "Kateryna" – 11 times, "For the Eternal Memory of Kotlyarevsky" – 6 times, in the poem "Maria" – 5 times. From the analysis of Shevchenko's poems, we state that the Sun is a personified celestial body that acts as a symbol of truth, warmth, holiness, light and radiance, as well as negative energy that burns everything and brings death. The second place in terms of frequency of use in Shevchenko's works is occupied by the image of Star. This image is found in 25 poems, in the poems "Gaydamaky" and "Princess" the image of Star is mentioned 6 times each, in the poem "Slave" – 4 times, "Neophytes" – 3 times. In Shevchenko's works, the Іtar is an animate celestial body that acts as a symbol of radiance, guiding light, movement, joy, is the interlocutor of a lonely person, the sister of the moon, the star is a girl's eyes. The moon in Shevchenko's works is found in 12 poems, in particular in the poem "Gaydamaky" – 6 times, in the poem "The Bewitched" ("Prychynna") the image of Night Light is fixed 4 times, in the poem "Dream" – 3 times. In Shevchenko's poems, The Moon is a personified celestial body that is a silent witness to evening and night events, a source of light and radiance, a condition for divination, a symbol of movement and dynamic actions. C o n c l u s i o n s . After analyzing the images of the Heavenly Bodies in the poems of "Kobzar", we can draw the following conclusions: names in appeals to the Heavenly Bodies in Shevchenko's poems indicate their special reverence (My little Moon!/ Our little pigeon! My little Saint Star! The Holy Sun has risen). The sun, stars and Moon in Shevchenko's works are united by a symbol of spirituality, light and radiance, mostly positive images. In Shevchenko, the sun is also a symbol of negative energy, which burns everything and brings death.

This article focuses on various features of digital translation of public relations (PR) abbreviations in a computer-assisted environment. The relevance of this research is determined by the new digital era. Digitalization of professional activity of specialists in various fields of knowledge leads to the creation of new conditions and revision of approaches to professionally-oriented translation. Digital translation plays a special role in information exchange and its dissemination. The aim of this research is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using digital tools to meet the needs of PR specialists from the standpoint of linguistics. PR abbreviations functioning in the professional PR discourse are taken as material for analysis. The use of digital translation technologies within PR activities enables the improvement of the quality of information collection and processing, its translation, abstracting and dissemination. PR abbreviations acquire a highly specialized meaning within the target language (TL), demanding a particular algorithm for translation into Russian, which is due to the insufficient PR terminology development, especially in terms of translating abbreviations. To achieve the object in view, the method of continuous sampling, the method of comparative analysis and the method of linguistic description have been used. As a result of the investigation, it has been established that together with digital translation gaining momentum, as it makes it possible to transfer a large amount of information into different languages in a short time, a number of issues remain unresolved and need to be researched.

The subject of the study is occasional words formed at the end of the XX beginning of the XXI centuries. The purpose of the article is a various characteristics of occasional words in the Russian language of the turn of the centuries. Methods of continuous sampling, observation, description, word-formation, classification and functional-semantic analysis were used in the course of the study; quantitative methodology was applied to determine the ratio of grammatical categories of occasional words and the spheres of their functioning. Excerpts from subcorpuses of the National Corpus of the Russian Language provided the main language material. The analysis allowed to define styles where occasional words are most commonly encountered and to distinguish between fiction and journalistic occasional words. The result of the study identified the main problematic issues related to occasional words (their features, reasons of occurrence, a variety of methods classifications of occasional words formation, the differentiation of potential words and occasional words, differences between literary and newspaper occasional words, etc.). The main methods of formation of occasional words, their grammatical categories in quantitative ratio have been described based on the language material analysis; the main spheres of their functioning are identified; the types of dictionaries of occasional words are represented. The study found that active formation of occasional words in the modern Russian language, characterized by intensive expression, evaluativity, creativity in the process of speech tends to expressiveness. The thorough analysis of occasional words suggests future prospects of their existence in the modern Russian language.

The article offers an analysis of the paremias of Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish, devoted to women. The research material was the paremiological units of these languages, obtained by continuous sampling from collections of paremias, works of art and bilingual dictionaries, the selection criterion is the presence of a woman’s lexical unit (French femme , Spanish mujer , Malagasy Vehivavy ) or a description of appearance, significance, behavior function as mother, wife, housewife, etc. in paremias in considered linguocultures. The purpose of the study is to reveal the universal and cultural-specific features of the concept of a woman in the considered corps of the Russian, French Malagasy and Spanish paremies. The tasks of the work also include consideration of the peculiarities of the paremiological and lexical units used in this fragment of the linguistic picture, as well as to describe the general and non-coinciding aspects of the origin and functioning of the antiparemia and the use of gradualness in the paremies. The selection and analysis of paremiological units showed that in the languages in question one can find paremic units characterizing a woman as ideal, intelligent, strong, etc. person, and also the importance of a woman as a housewife and her superiority over a man. A significant part of the analyzed linguistic material is made up of paradoxes in which a woman is compared with a female animal, a plant or object with which a certain quality of a woman is associated, and also a woman is presented as a stupid, talkative, unreliable, lazy, capricious person or unreasonable wife. The originality of the research is that the first time the analysis of the comparative consideration of the paremias about the woman on the material of the Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish languages and the lexical and paremiological material of the Malagasy language introduced into the scientific circulation is made.

This article is devoted to the linguistic analysis of lexemes denoting the concept of suol (road, path) as one of the obligatory components of epic space. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to examine lexemes nominating suol using contexts extracted using a continuous sampling method from the Yakut epic “Nurgun Botur the Swift” by Platon Oyunsky. The purpose of the proposed study was to actualize the functional and semantic properties of lexemes verbalizing the concept of suol in the olonkho text using certain parameters (spatial, metaphorical) for their description. Furthermore, structural and semantic analysis, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions, and methods of description and general interpretation were used. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: to determine the ratio of concepts realized by the meaning of suol; to analyze the lexical and semantic means involved in modeling suol in the epic space; to establish the features of the relationship between the use of lexemes and culturally significant elements. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the lexemes nominating the concept of suol in the epic text were systematized; an attempt was made to linguistically analyze the road designations based on certain parameters. The study revealed that of the set of lexemes (suol, aartyk, yllyk, yyr, chuos, orokh) denoting the concept of suol, most frequently suol and aartyk were included in the structure of descriptions of spatial objects in the epic narrative, with the latter acquiring the image of a dangerous, difficult-to-pass, and hostile passageway between worlds. In many cases, the names of passes with negatively charged components, corresponding to the ascribed characteristics of the loci they inhabit, are highly significant and informative. In the context of this topic, it seems relevant to study the semantics of pass names as loci not only within a single epic space but also in comparison with other folklore traditions. A less common element in the interpretation of the situation with a folkloric road is the lexeme yllyk (path, footpath). Future work could benefit from a more detailed study of this problem using epic works from related languages.

The article deals with the problem of creating a public oratorical speech. This research is based on an extensive literary analysis of such scientists in the field of text as I.G. Koshevaya (Koshevaya, 2012), L L. Nelyubin (Nelyubin, 2011), L.K. Sviridova (Sviridova, 2004), G.T. Khukhuni (Khukhuni, 2011). The purpose of the research is to analyze the relationship between the author’s prospect and the plot perspective of the oratorical text. During the research, we used the following methods: the method of contextual analysis, the method of dictionary definitions, the descriptive method, and the method of continuous sampling when selecting material for research. We have selected, counted, and systematized speeches from more than 1000 pages of texts of public speeches. The results of the research can be used in writing academic and political oratorical texts, as well as in courses of rhetoric for University students.

The main objective of this paper is to describe semantic diversity of nationally labeled lexemes and peculiarities of their word formation mechanisms on the example of the Swiss German language. One of the central concepts is the concept of «the
 national variant of the language». The article briefly describes the most important stages of literary and linguistic works on the stage of fixing and studying the basic dialect of Switzerland – Alemannic. The Dictionary of Variability of the German
 Language is accepted as the main source of the research material. The methodological basis comprises the method of comparative analysis, the method of component
 analysis, the method of continuous sampling, the method of statistical data processing.The study has confirmed the working hypothesis that the nationally marked
 vocabulary is manifested in all thematic blocks, but its use for naming the national cultural realities of Switzerland is the most typical case. Word-formation models, while maintaining the constancy of the word formation general methods, demonstrate
 a wide variability found in the quantitative filling of the component composition of compound words. For the lexemes of the suffix model, a typical postfix segmental morpheme – the suffix –li – is identified. The future research may expand the empirical base of the language and reconstruction of fully aspectual communication model of the polycode space of Swiss
 German discourse.

The article examines the representation of the value component of the linguo-cultural concept MERCY by means of the English and Russian paremias interpreting mercy as an action. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the author for the first time conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of the paremiological representation of mercy as an action in the English and Russian linguo-cultures. The research material includes the Russian and English paremias obtained by the method of continuous sampling from monolingual and bilingual phraseological, etymological, explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of winged words and Internet resources. Some of the analyzed phraseological units are given in the author’s translation.