Основні завдання ефективної соціальної політики в умовах глобалізації та демократичних трансформацій

Introduction. In the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022, Ukraine implemented various economic and social policies that resulted in diverse socio-economic consequences. This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of specific aspects of social and economic policy during these periods. Analysis of scientific research. Research on specific theoretical and practical aspects of state economic and social policy implementation in Ukraine during the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022 has been conducted by prominent scientists including S. V. Mocherny, Yu. S. Shemchushenko, O. P. Orlyuk, and others. The examination of the socio-economic consequences resulting from the implementation of economic and social policies in Ukraine during the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022 remains insufficiently explored, necessitating comprehensive scientific research in this field. The purpose of this scientific article is to investigate specific aspects of economic and social policy implemented in Ukraine during the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022. The main tasks of the article are to provide a theoretical and mathematical description of specific aspects of economic and social policy during the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022, as well as to analyze their consequences in Ukraine. Research methodology and methods. During the writing of the article, several special research methods were employed. These methods include direct observation, which involved gathering information on various indicators such as the number of points in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) in Ukraine from 2013 to 2022, changes in real gross domestic product (GDP) from 2016 to 2020, the amount of state and state-guaranteed debt from January 2016 to January 2022, and Ukraine's position in the democracy rating from 2014 to 2022. Information processing methods were used to develop tables for calculating the growth and changes in the number of points in the CPI in Ukraine from 2013 to 2022, as well as the amount of state and state-guaranteed debt from January 2016 to January 2022. Graphical analysis was conducted to examine the dynamics of the CPI in Ukraine from 2013 to 2022, changes in GDP from 2016 to 2021, the size of the state and state-guaranteed debt from January 2016 to January 2022, and Ukraine's position in the democracy rating from 2014 to 2021. The time range for analyzing changes in GDP and the national debt was chosen by the author to minimize the impact of the acute phases of the conventional Russian-Ukrainian war during 2014-2015 and after February 24, 2022. Similarly, the time range for the CPI from 2013 to 2022 was selected to demonstrate that the conventional war does not have a decisive influence on the fight against corruption. Additionally, the time range for Ukraine's position in the Democracy Rating from 2014 to 2021 was chosen to mitigate the impact of the large-scale conventional Russian-Ukrainian war that began on February 24, 2022. Research results. According to the data from the Corruption Perception Index, it was found that effective measures were taken by the Ukrainian authorities to combat corruption during the period of 2014-2018. However, from 2019 to 2023, the progress in the fight against corruption slowed down. The analysis also demonstrates that following the cessation of active hostilities that took place between 2014 and 2015, the economic policies implemented by the state authorities facilitated consistent economic growth for sixteen quarters, spanning from 2016 to 2019. However, after a change in power occurred in 2019, economic growth shifted from positive to negative starting from 2020. During the period of 2016-2019, the government's economic policies not only focused on fostering economic growth but also aimed at reducing the external debt burden on the economy. Conversely, following the change in power in 2019, the new leadership pursued an active policy of foreign borrowing, resulting in an increase in the debt burden on the Ukrainian economy. Scientific novelty of the research results. A comparative mathematical analysis was conducted to examine specific aspects of state economic and social policies in Ukraine during the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022. Practical significance of the obtained research results. The author believes that conducting a qualitative comparative mathematical analysis of specific aspects of state economic and social policy in Ukraine during the periods from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2022 will facilitate the identification of more effective methods for implementing economic and social policies. This, in turn, will contribute to the establishment of an independent and efficient state. The article contains: formulas: 3, fig. 8, tab. 5, bibl. 24.

Formulation of the problem. The strategic perspective and the main trend of sustainable and dynamic socio-economic progress of modern states is socially oriented development, one of the main generators of which is innovation. Innovative technologies include extraordinary ways of solving problems that had no analogues before. Social is a innovation that serves as a mechanism for transformation and sustainable development in the framework of non-profit or profitable entrepreneurial activity. Research goals. Investigate the peculiarities of development in modern Ukraine, prove the need to consolidate the term social entrepreneurship at the legislative level and regulate the tax base of this industry. Propose ways to increase the efficiency of development in accordance with the goals of sustainable development in Ukraine, which would coordinate the efforts of all stakeholders - entrepreneurs, NGOs and the state. Main material. The article analyzes approaches to the definition of the concept of social entrepreneurship. International experience in the field of is considered. The peculiarities of in modern Ukraine as an innovative technology are defined. The main barriers and problems of enterprise development are justified. It has been established that in modern conditions there is an insufficient level of development of in Ukraine. The liability to strengthen the role of the state in creating favorable conditions for the development of has been acknowledged. Conclusions and the prospects of further research. The development of in Ukraine is a long process that can be accelerated by considering the formation of as an important independent direction of socio-economic reform policy. In addition, the development of supports the global goals of sustainable development to 2030 proclaimed by the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly of September 25, 2015 № 70/1 and fully meets the goals of sustainable development of Ukraine for the period up to 2030. To provide sustainable development to entrepreneurship, the state needs systematic support in this area. It should be noted that the development of is beneficial to the state, as it is focused on employment and adaptation of socially vulnerable groups, as well as providing them with certain services. In addition, it reduces the burden on the budget and reduces tensions in society. Social is at the intersection of traditional and charity, for their separation and correct interpretation it is necessary to enshrine at law the term social enterprise, to prescribe clear requirements for the characteristics of the enterprise and the criteria by which the enterprise can be called social. The priority is also the legal definition of organizational and legal forms of these enterprises, for which we can use the international experience, the analysis of which is provided in the article. At the same time, any experience of entrepreneurship, successful in one country, cannot be transferred to another country without adaptation, because needs an effective ideology and advocacy. Any can develop only in conditions when there are appropriate conditions for this, is no exception. Legal consolidation, and hence the increasing importance of entrepreneurship, would be a key point for it to take its rightful place in politics, economics, society and science. Social can become an effective mechanism for sustainable development in Ukraine with a systematic solution to the problems of the industry and clear and coordinated work of all stakeholders - entrepreneurs, NGOs, donors and the state. Keywords: entrepreneurship, state management, innovation, development, workplaces, people with disabilities, internally displaced persons.

Social Policies and Water Sector Reform

Introduction. At the current stage of the Ukrainian economy's and sociopolitical state's growth, the society faces a variety of social difficulties, one of which is unemployment. Because Ukraine's current stage of historical development is marked by worldwide transformative changes that influence social well-being, this promotes domestic changes in the processes of social policy implementation. It is important to note that the current situation of the state's economy might be perceived as unstable, as a result of a variety of objective and subjective issues. The labor market and the level of national employment underwent significant deformation during the martial law period, owing to the temporary occupation of settlements and their economic potential, mass internal and external migration of the workforce, and general economic reformation. In response to these circumstances, governmental institutions of social policy are adjusting their methods in order to adapt and execute efficient social protection. Ukraine's State Employment Service is authorized to carry out state social policy in the labor market and employment regulation. As employment management is intricately intertwined with practically all elements of human existence, including society, economy, politics, culture, and spirituality, the subject of successful employment service activity in current settings emerges. In recent years, the sphere of employment regulation has been regularly redesigned in response to internal and external elements of influence, such as the Covid-19 epidemic in earlier years, and at current stage, active military operations and martial law throughout Ukraine's territory. Thus, by evaluating the real difficulties of employment under martial law, the major paths for strengthening social policy in this sector in general, and the activities of the Employment Service of Ukraine as one of its tools, may be formed. The purpose of the article is to identify problematic aspects of social policy in the field of employment of the population in the conditions of martial law and to form potential ways of solving and amortizing them. The methodological basis of this article is the employment theory of John Maynard Keynes, which is based on the assertion of the need for active state intervention in the macroeconomic functioning of the market economy in crisis conditions. The results. It has been proved that under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, there has been a rise in the overall level of employment as well as an escalation of a number of negative factors impacting the labor market. According to Maynard K.'s theory, demonstrates the necessity for governmental management of macroeconomic processes in the state, particularly during martial law. It is worth mentioning that the state is the de jure guarantee of maintaining effective employment in both peacetime and wartime situations, and that the state cannot properly control the labor market under crisis conditions. We developed theses on the primary approaches of amortization and implementation of these features to improve the level of employment in Ukraine under martial law based on the list of recognized challenges in the sphere of employment.

Social Activity of Human Resource as a Basis of Effective Social Policy

Summaries The debate about future social policies in OECD countries is framed in the light of rich country concerns, notably of a ‘welfare state at risk’. Because globalisation processes can plausibly be presented as a major source of threat, there is a temptation to generalise the analysis globally, and to assume that social policy issues in poor countries are fundamentally the same as in OECD states. The debate about the future of social policy in poor countries should not be framed in terms of OECD concerns. Three more specific points underpin this general argument: (a) Economic globalisation is not necessarily a threat. There are good historical reasons for believing that it may create political pressures to extend as well as to shrink social provision in poor countries; (b) There is a fundamental problem of state incapacity in much of the poor world that makes many OECD‐based arguments about the proper role of the state appear redundant. Greater state capacity will itself lead to more effective social policies; and (c) It makes little sense for poor countries to resist, on grounds of potential adverse impacts on social policy, the trends toward the adoption of either New Public Management practices or the broader shift from ‘positive’ to regulatory states. Whatever changes occur in the architecture of poor states, more effective regulation will remain an urgent need.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted on September 28, 2015 at the summit in the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As mentioned by other authors in previous chapters, the road to the SDGs involved different groups of stakeholders (government representatives, civil society, and private sector) who deliberated on the definition of the new goals in the UN Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals between March 2012 and July 2014, when this group released its “Zero Draft.” Among the aspects that have attracted the most attention are the inclusion of such issues as the environment and inequality. Nevertheless, the aim of eliminating “ultra-extreme poverty”—the name that the author has given to the phenomenon called “extreme poverty” by the World Bank, as it refers to a population living on less than$1.25—remains the primary objective. In addition to halving ultra-extreme poverty, “ending poverty in all its forms everywhere” Has now become a goal. To better understand the scope of the SDGs with regard to poverty and inequality, and their possible impact on social policy in Mexico, this chapter first necessary reviews what the establishment of such an agenda means in terms of the recognition of socioeconomic rights. Then this chapter discusses the degree to which the original MDGs, with an emphasis on poverty reduction, have been achieved, both on a global scale and in Mexico. Based on this reflection, the issues most relevant to matters of poverty and inequality shall be examined, as well as their possible link to social policy in Mexico.

Th e article considers pertinent issues related to social policymaking and its implementation in Ukraine.

Since 2020, numerous measures have been taken by governments to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, which have certainly had and continue to have a huge impact on economic and social life. This has significant implications for various socio-political spheres and has a significant impact on the health care system, the labor market, the economy, and so on. For social protection systems, the pandemic has become a challenge. In times of crisis, countries have had to find a balance for successful and effective governance, where on the one hand there is a threat to the life and health of the population, and on the other – the risk of negative social consequences caused by anti-epidemiological measures. One of the main response measures was the reorien-tation of the health care system to combat the epidemic, while the main risks were rising poverty, declining employment and income.
 The article is devoted to the study of social policy in Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is noted that an important aspect is the implementation of social policy based on distributivity, ie the conduct of their activities by the competent authorities on the basis of redistributive processes aimed at overcoming socio-economic inequality among different segments of the population.
 The official appeal of the Statement on COVID-19 and social rights regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the social rights of the European Committee of Social Rights has been considered. The main directions of social policy implementation are outlined. A number of normative-legal acts on regulation of this issue have been researched and analyzed. Three forms of realization of social support in Ukraine and their realization are considered. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of a remote form of employee performance of their duties, which has led to the emergence of a new type of employment relationship, which differs in its implementation from the usual. The growing level of digitalization of public services, which was a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, is justified. The introduction of a set of measures to support the population and business in Ukraine since 2020 has been studied. It is proposed to consider social support of citizens in this period from two aspects, as direct and indirect

The development of integrated social services for parents raising children with disabilities is one of the priorities of social policy in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to identify the typical problems of parents raising children with disabilities. Based on the in-depth interviews conducted by parents raising children with disabilities in two regions of Ukraine (n=60), groups of typical problems they face (discrimination, medical problems, imperfection of regulatory support, information problems, access problems, problems of early diagnosis / early intervention, psychological problems, risk of institutionalization, financial and economic problems) and their analysis. In-depth interviews identified issues that could provide brief guidance on social work with families raising children with disabilities.The authors draw attention to the urgent and structural changes needed to improve the access of parents of children with disabilities to quality social services and to improve the quality of their social and pedagogical support, including enhancing the educational potential of such parents.

The actualization and practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development in Ukraine began after 2015, when our country officially joined the global process of ensuring the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of the article is to study the place of local self-government in the financial support of the strategy for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine in the context of limited budgetary resources and decentralization. In the course of the analysis of the strategic role of local self-government in the financial support of the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine, it is found that municipal authorities, whose financial resources account for 35.0% of public finances, are responsible for achieving strategic objectives in the context of 7 Goals (41.2%). In order to assess the strategic potential of financial support for the Sustainable Development Goals at the regional level, the author proposes a methodological approach that takes into account the Pearson’s pairwise correlation coefficients. In this case, the values are taken that show a high density of stochastic relationship between the relevant indicator of formation and distribution of financial resources of local budgets and the indicator of the Sustainable Development Goals. There should also be an unidirectionality of Pearson’s coefficients with the intended purpose of the indicator. The progress in achieving the strategic objective (sub-objective) is based on the indicators with the highest correlation coefficients. It is substantiated that significant progress was made at the regional level in 2015-2021 with regard to Goal 17 «Partnership for Sustainable Development», since positive trends in the dynamics of 55% of the indicators of strategic objectives («sub-goals») were recorded. The author’s further research will focus on assessing progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Ukraine, the financial support of which is the responsibility of local self-government bodies, especially in the context of martial law.

Economic transformations of the country due to the development of market relations lead to appropriate changes in the field of social policy, the development of appropriate mechanisms of social protection, based on the principles of self-regulation and mutual support. The scale of economic growth is largely determined by the level of motivation of the behavior of economic entities both in increasing their own financial results and the general economic effect of creating a social product. In this aspect, the social policy of the state becomes a powerful factor in economic growth, with the greatest effect is given by the use of such forms of incentives that realize the public interests of all economic entities, which are not homogeneous in nature. The implementation of these priorities should be aimed at solving major socio-economic problems in order to prevent conflicts and promote sustainable development at the level of enterprises, regions, the country as a whole, so the problem of harmonizing the interests of all economic entities can be identified as a priority. The urgency of this problem is due to the need to increase the level of social protection of the population, which is achieved through the effective implementation of social policy and improving the mechanisms for its implementation from the standpoint of harmonization of interests of all economic entities. It is proved that to form a low-conflict model in which each entity has a clearly defined mechanism for meeting their own needs through the interests of partners, possibly by expanding the scope of market methods of self-regulation in combination with government leverage to influence economic behavior. To implement a more effective social policy, the government proposed a mechanism for expanding and harmonizing the socio-economic interests of the state, business and employees, which summarizes the result of the synthesis of natural and artificial responsibilities for various actors in social policy and social partnership. The proposed mechanism is able to neutralize the problems associated with low wages in the real sector of the economy, poverty and inefficient use of GDP, ensure the transparency of this process, and create a powerful motivational environment for workers and employers.

O professor Josep Burgaya é, atualmente, um dos mais profícuos analistas críticos de temas candentes de natureza econômica, social, política e ética que afetam direta e indiretamente a política social. Sua formação em história contemporânea aliada ao seu métier de articulista de imprensa tem aguçado o seu interesse por paradoxos e contradições que nem sempre são desvendados e debatidos em profundidade. Suas últimas produções, intituladas “La Economía del Absurdo”, de 2015, ganhadora do Prêmio Joan Fuster de Ensayos, e “Adiós a La Soberania Política”, de 2017, constituem material de debate obrigatório para a todos que desejam entender os perigos que atualmente pairam sobre a democracia, a cidadania social, o poder do Estado, os direitos trabalhistas e, consequentemente, à política social como política pública. Nesta entrevista ele analisa a conjuntura política e econômica atual e indica algumas consequências para a política social.

Purpose This article empirically critiques Social Reproduction Theory by examining schoolchildren’s work in South African farmworker homes during employment hours and its relation to employment practices and residential conditions. Design/methodology/approach A longitudinal matched comparison case study design, with interview and observational data collected at three points over one year from 13 homes stratified by residence (farm vs. town) and employment (permanent vs. temporary). Thematic analysis and triangulation with social theoretical and contextual social policy and legislative data ensured rigour and robustness. Findings An average child care gap of 21.2 weekly hours in homes is identified: 24.72 (range: 20.33–29.67) for younger (ages 6–12) and 17.68 (range: 13.42–19.67) hours weekly for older (ages 13–17) schoolchildren. This corresponds with a legislated weekly gap between child education and adult employment ranging from 22.5 to 27.5 h, for older and younger schoolchildren respectively. This structures a social care deficit most acute for young schoolchildren and pervasive in townhomes, where state after-school childcare services are absent, resulting in a social state of child neglect. This social care deficit is shown to link to substantial risk: poor educational outcomes, teenage pregnancy, juvenile crime, child accidents, abuse, and kidnapping. Research limitations/implications Though the small sample limits statistical generalisability, the in-depth empirical inquiry provides rich, nuanced insights into the complex nexus of child work, care and neglect. This research design serves as a robust, replicable model for theory-building (Yin, 2018), enabling identification of critical empirical correlations and laying the groundwork for exploring additional local and global parallels and larger-scale research to further quantify findings. Practical implications Findings highlight targeted social policy and legislative interventions, beyond the recently enacted Basic Education Laws Amendment Act (Republic of South Africa, 2024), to align social employment and education work schedules to address the socio-structural care deficit. Social implications Findings offer foundational evidence directly relevant to social theory, policy and legislation to combat structural contributors to the social state of child neglect, and to mitigate social inequality and social risk across society. Originality/value This article pioneers empirical data on the nexus of labour, employment, work, care and neglect. It uniquely provides empirical evidence on the correlation between misaligned child education and adult employment work schedules structuring a social care deficit and associated social risk. It critiques SRT’s theoretico-political, adult-centric biases and contextual, conceptual and empirical gaps by grounding work in homes in material practices and conditions. It enhances SRT’s relevance to low-income contexts, social science and the sociology of work; and strengthens sociology’s contribution to social policy, legislation and critical social solutions.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 to “end poverty and set the world on a path of peace prosperity and opportunity for all on a healthy planet” by 2030. This ambitious framework includes 17 goals (e.g., no poverty, zero hunger, good health, quality education, etc.) with 169 targets and 231 unique indicators. The SDGs have been widely adopted to guide policy makers in development efforts around the world, but they also have been criticized as too unwieldy and all-encompassing. The Economist (March 26, 2015) concluded that the “SDGs are unfeasibly expensive” and “are so sprawling and misconceived that the entire enterprise is being set up to fail.” Nevertheless, the SDGs are now an integral part of the global development movement and are often cited by advocates of specific interventions. The Sustainable Development Report 2020 (SDR2020) was prepared by teams of independent experts at the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Bertelsmann Stiftung. It is separate from the The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020 published by the UN. The project is directed by Jeffry Sachs, who was an advisor to UN Secretaries-General Kofi Annan and Ban-Ki Moon in the creation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and SDGs. As in previous years, the SDR2020 presents and aggregates data from all UN member states to describe each country's progress towards achieving the SDGs and indicates areas requiring faster progress. Estimates of indicators rely on the most up-to-date data from variety of official and nonofficial sources. In order to summarize levels and trends in country performance, the report calculates indices for each SDG with a scale from 0 to 100 (worst to best). A country's overall SDG Index score and its scores on individual SDGs can be interpreted as a percentage of optimal performance. The overall SDG index score ranges from a high of 84.7 in Sweden to a low of 38.5 in Central African Republic. The report's central chapter summarizes global and regional trends in index scores, and appendix tables present two-page summaries of levels and trends for SDG indicators for each country. Besides struggling with a range of methodological issues, the authors faced the difficult task of succinctly summarizing a very large set of data (115 SDGs indicators for 193 countries). Unfortunately, there are few general findings, because the degree of progress towards achieving the SDGs depends on (i) country/region, (ii) the specific SDG, and (iii) level or trend. On average, progress since 2015 has been fastest in low- and middle-income countries especially in East and South Asia. Africa scores low but showed significant improvements in a number of SDGs. OECD countries, which have on average the highest scores, made only limited progress. The report provides a valuable but rather brief summary of these regional differences. A second objective of SDR2020 is to review policy efforts to implement the SDGs. This assessment is based on information gathered in new expert and public opinion surveys to gauge political leadership in support of the SDGs at the country level. Results confirm that the SDGs framework is increasingly used at many national and international statistical institutes and other data providers. The adoption of the SDG framework by policy makers is growing but more limited. The report's clear exposition in graphs and tables and the many country and regional statistics will no doubt be appreciated by policy makers and researchers in national and international organizations. However, the value of the findings is somewhat limited by the lack of current data for many indicators. As the authors discovered, most estimates are not up to date and a substantial proportion of the data points available now even have a year of reference that predates the adoption of the SDGs. This diminishes the value of publishing country-level estimates on an annual basis, as indicators for many countries change little from one year to the next. The report was in preparation when the Covid-19 epidemic struck. A brief discussion of this huge new human and economic crisis is included, and the authors identify which SDGs will likely be most heavily affected. The epidemic will cause massive disruption of progress on the SDGs for years to come, but it was too early to assess this damage at the time of the publication of the report (July 2020).