ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ОКРЕМИХ АСПЕКТІВ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ У 2014–2019 РР. ТА 2019–2022 РР.

Introduction. At the current stage of the Ukrainian economy's and sociopolitical state's growth, the society faces a variety of social difficulties, one of which is unemployment. Because Ukraine's current stage of historical development is marked by worldwide transformative changes that influence social well-being, this promotes domestic changes in the processes of social policy implementation. It is important to note that the current situation of the state's economy might be perceived as unstable, as a result of a variety of objective and subjective issues. The labor market and the level of national employment underwent significant deformation during the martial law period, owing to the temporary occupation of settlements and their economic potential, mass internal and external migration of the workforce, and general economic reformation. In response to these circumstances, governmental institutions of social policy are adjusting their methods in order to adapt and execute efficient social protection. Ukraine's State Employment Service is authorized to carry out state social policy in the labor market and employment regulation. As employment management is intricately intertwined with practically all elements of human existence, including society, economy, politics, culture, and spirituality, the subject of successful employment service activity in current settings emerges. In recent years, the sphere of employment regulation has been regularly redesigned in response to internal and external elements of influence, such as the Covid-19 epidemic in earlier years, and at current stage, active military operations and martial law throughout Ukraine's territory. Thus, by evaluating the real difficulties of employment under martial law, the major paths for strengthening social policy in this sector in general, and the activities of the Employment Service of Ukraine as one of its tools, may be formed. The purpose of the article is to identify problematic aspects of social policy in the field of employment of the population in the conditions of martial law and to form potential ways of solving and amortizing them. The methodological basis of this article is the employment theory of John Maynard Keynes, which is based on the assertion of the need for active state intervention in the macroeconomic functioning of the market economy in crisis conditions. The results. It has been proved that under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, there has been a rise in the overall level of employment as well as an escalation of a number of negative factors impacting the labor market. According to Maynard K.'s theory, demonstrates the necessity for governmental management of macroeconomic processes in the state, particularly during martial law. It is worth mentioning that the state is the de jure guarantee of maintaining effective employment in both peacetime and wartime situations, and that the state cannot properly control the labor market under crisis conditions. We developed theses on the primary approaches of amortization and implementation of these features to improve the level of employment in Ukraine under martial law based on the list of recognized challenges in the sphere of employment.

The problems of implementation of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine cause the need to pay attention to its mechanisms. The research of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine, its mechanisms is conducted by scientists of different fields of knowledge. In fact, the study of the implementation of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine is particularly relevant among scientists in the field of public administration. However, the issues concerning the definition of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine and its mechanisms remain insufficiently investigated. The implementation of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine is investigated; expert assessment of its mechanisms of implementation is carried out. Based on the processing and analysis of respondents' answers, the results of their assessment are summarized and the relevant conclusions are reached. It is indicated that the state regional economic policy is the activity of the state, implemented through appropriate means and levers. One of the biggest obstacles in the implementation of the state regional economic policy is the imperfection of the regulatory framework and the lack of appropriate organizational and economic support, which confirms the conclusion about the need to improve the mechanisms of implementation of the state regional economic policy. It requires paying considerable attention to the improvement of the regulatory framework of the state regional economic policy. Its assessment gives grounds to state that there is still no established interrelational regulatory framework of the state regional economic policy and that is why, according to the respondents, it needs to be updated. Current challenges, trends of regional development underline the importance of improving the mechanisms of implementation of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine. The respondents emphasized the importance of taking into account foreign experience during the implementation of the state regional economic policy in Ukraine. Further scientific search will be devoted to the improvement of mechanisms of formation of state regional economic policy.

The role and place of the ethical approach in Russia’s social and economic policy are shown; ethical aspects of economic policy are considered; basic ethical principles which should be taken into account in the process of development of social and economic policy are offered. Ethical requirements to such basic directions of state economic policy as fiscal and price policy, labor policy, social policy, institutional policy, etc. are described.

The article deals with the problems of the effectiveness of social policy as a factor of democratic transformations of society and their solutions in modern conditions. The author gives an explanation of the category of «social policy» in the narrow and broad sense, and demonstrates the need to explore areas of social policy in theoretical and practical dimensions. The study reveals major shortcomings of the effectiveness of social policy; special attention is paid to the problems that are present in the social policy of Ukraine.It is noted that conceptually democratic transformations have a direct link to the policy of sustainable development, an important component of which is effective social policy. Under the conditions of globalization social policy becomes important global policy within the framework of the United Nations (evidenced by the UN «Millennium Development Goals» (2000–2015) and «The goals of sustainable development» (2016–2030)) and other international organizations, aimed at overcoming of the global gaps in economic, political, cultural and social development of the countries of the world.It is made the conclusion that one of the main objectives of social policy in the world and in Ukraine is to overcome poverty and its manifestations and consequences for different groups. Another important tasks of the effective social policy in Ukraine in the context of globalization and democratic transformations are: reforming of the social welfare system; overcoming of the demographic crisis; minimizing of manifestations of negative social phenomena like teenage delinquency, drug abuse, HIV / AIDS, the problem of migrants and internally displaced persons, disadvantaged families, child neglect, etc; achieving peace, harmony in society and overcoming of destructive consequences of the political crisis of recent years; development and implementation of the National Program of sustainable development in Ukraine.

The study of the features of the formation and implementation of the state economic policy is aimed at the analysis of the current state of the organization, the stage and perspective of development, the normative support of the national economic policy, and the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of the specified policy. The relevance of the study of the state economic policy lies in the fact that in the conditions of globalization and European integration it is necessary to activate theoretical and practical research in order to solve the most important and priority problems of the country. The subject of the study is the state economic policy of Ukraine from the point of view of its transformation with the current challenges of economic interests of the society. This understanding of the problem has led to the formulation of the research objective: theoretical substantiation of the content, principles, model and regulation of economic policy, taking into account the transitivity of the national economic system. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of cognition and systematic approach to the study of the problems of state economic policy and its transitivity; scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists based on the application of the abstract-logical method, systematic approach, critical legal approach, etc. It is established that the state economic policy is a component of the general political process, an integral system of measures of the state influence on the economy, the effectiveness of which is manifested in the interconnection of its elements. The transitory nature of the state economic policy, based on the ability of the national economy to expand self-reproduction to meet the needs of the population and the state, and on the other hand, the ability to withstand the destabilizing factors caused by Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, allows to talk about the formation of a new vector of development of the state economic policy of Ukraine. The issues that should be taken into account by public authorities when developing and implementing the State economic policy under martial law are outlined. The need for further research on the institutional foundations of the theoretical approach to justifying the definition of the state economic policy and highlighting the main positions of its constructive formation is substantiated. Results. The essence and separate components of the state economic policy are revealed, in particular, the principles of policy formation and the model of the national economy. The priority areas, which should be considered in the development of the state economic policy, were determined. Certain problems of implementation of the economic policy in the conditions of martial law were identified. The peculiarities of the normative consolidation of the state economic policy of Ukraine are pointed out. Recommendations on improvement of the development of the state economic policy are given.

Rates of preterm birth and infant mortality are alarmingly high in the United States. Legislated efforts may directly or indirectly reduce adverse perinatal and infant outcomes through the enactment of certain economic and social policies. We conducted a narrative review to summarize the associations between perinatal and infant outcomes and four state-level US policies. We then used a latent profile analysis to create a social and economic policy profile for each state based on the observed policy indicators. Of 27 articles identified, nine focused on tax credits, eight on paid parental leave, four on minimum wages, and six on tobacco taxes. In all but three studies, these policies were associated with improved perinatal or infant outcomes. Thirty-three states had tax credit laws, most commonly the earned income tax credit (n = 28, 56%). Eighteen states had parental leave laws. Two states had minimum wage laws lower than the federal minimum; 14 were equal to the federal minimum; 29 were above the federal minimum; and 5 did not have a state law. The average state tobacco tax was $1.76 (standard deviation = $1.08). The latent profile analysis revealed three policy profiles, with the most expansive policies in Western and Northeastern US states, and the least expansive policies in the US South. State-level social and economic policies have the potential to reduce adverse perinatal and infant health outcomes in the United States. Those states with the least expansive policies should therefore consider enacting these evidence-based policies, as they have shown a demonstratable benefit in other states.

Introduction. The economic development of any society is determined by its needs, so when analyzing long-term changes in the economic system, attention is focused on the parameters of social welfare. People's perception of the level of their well-being is historically determined and depends on the prevailing criteria for assessing human well-being at a particular time and place. In modern Ukraine, the level and standards of living of the population does not meet world standards of living, the level of real incomes of many citizens is extremely low, economic and social differentiation between rich and poor is extremely high. In this regard, improving public welfare is the central task of the state in the formation and implementation of economic policy. The purpose of the article is to study the state economic policy as a tool to improve the social welfare system. Results. Models of state influence on public welfare are considered: liberal, neoclassical, neo-Keynesian ("welfare state", social market economy). The study of models of state influence on public welfare allowed to determine the directions of state intervention: external effects, production of public goods, influence on asymmetric information, leveling of cyclical fluctuations, policy of support and growth of incomes, protection of competition. The legal framework for the formation of social standards in our country is not developed. The priority tasks of the state in the fight against poverty have been identified. Recommendations for further development of social partnership are given. Conclusions. The state takes a number of measures aimed at ensuring the growth of social and individual well-being at both the national and regional levels. At the same time, the measures taken are often ineffective due to the lack of the main basis in the mechanism of improving welfare - the goal of meeting the specific needs of the individual and society. It is based on needs that the minimum wage, the level of pensions and scholarships and other social standards should be determined. Collective and social needs must be taken into account in the distribution of both corporate profits and state budget revenues. The focus of public policy to meet needs will increase its effectiveness. Key words: social welfare, poverty, state economic policy, social policy.

So what's social policy got to do with economic growth? Quite a lot, it would appear, if one takes the results of cross -country growth regressions at face value, as they are by many social policy analysts, even as they criticize the findings of the economic policy part of the very same regressions. I have argued that these regressions are deeply problematic, and are antithetical to social policy analysts' normal instincts on the importance of country and community specificity. At the same time, attempts to distinguish social policy from economic policy in terms of policy objectives is not very successful, while classifying policy instruments into economic or social also leaves a significant grey area. But the economic and social policy analysis literatures can indeed be distinguished in their approaches to understanding the mechanisms of policy transmission. Despite the difficulties of defining social analysis, except in contradistinction to economic analysis, both types of analysis are needed to advance understanding of policy impact and design of policy. The Bank should (i) play a lead role in developing and assessing such multidisciplinary approaches, (ii) move to a much more outcomes based system of aid allocation in recognition of the country-specific complexities of linkage between (economic or social) policy and outcomes, and (iii) understand itself better as an institution, and its institutional footprint in countries where it is big player.

Social experimentation is a tool that enables economists and policy makers to test proposed economic policies in the real world. Instead of testing policies by analytical methods or by laboratory simulation, the policies are tested on people who would be affected were these policies implemented. The authors describe how such social experiments are set up and carried out, and consider the advantages and disadvantages of social experimentation relative to other means of evaluating economic and social policies. The main part of the book is a review and a critical evaluation of the principal social experiments in economics that have been carried out in the United States, where this method has been used most extensively. The authors examine in detail the first large-scale experiment in the United States (the New Jersey Income Maintenance Experiment) and subsequent experiments with the labour force, electricity rates, and cash housing allowances. A consideration of the social utility of social experimentation follows, and the book closes with a set of recommendations on the conditions under which social experimentation might best be used in evaluating economic and social policies.

The empirical findings on the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and health expenditure are diverse. The influence of income levels on this causal relationship is unclear. This study examines if the direction of causality and income elasticity of health expenditure varies with income level. It uses the 1995-2014 panel data of 161 countries divided into four income groups. Unit root, cointegration and causality tests were employed to examine the relationship between GDP and health expenditure. Impulse-response functions and forecast-error variance decomposition tests were conducted to measure the responsiveness of health expenditure to changes in GDP. Finally, the common correlated effects mean group method was used to examine the income elasticity of health expenditure. Findings show that no long-term cointegration exists, and the growth in health expenditure and GDP across income levels has a different causal relationship when cross-sectional dependence in the panel is accounted for. About 43% of the variation in global health expenditure growth can be explained by economic growth. Income shocks affect health expenditure of high-income countries more than lower-income countries. Lastly, the income elasticity of health expenditure is less than one for all income levels. Therefore, healthcare is a necessity. In comparison with markets, governments have greater obligation to provide essential health care services. Such results have noticeable policy implications, especially for low-income countries where GDP growth does not cause increased health expenditure.

This study empirically examines the potential determinants of the wealth of Malaysian Employees Provident Fund (EPF). The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test approach was employed to determine the existence of a long-run relationship between EPF’s wealth and its determinants, namely inflation rate (INF), gross domestic product (GDP), life expectancy (EXP), and the Gini coefficient (GINI) as a proxy for income inequality. Data for this study consisted of a set of annual time series data from 1980 to 2018. The findings indicate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the total EPF wealth and GDP, income inequality, INF, and EXP. Further, there is a relatively quick adjustment in the total EPF wealth when all of the determinants change. GDP, EXP, and GINI were found to be significantly important drivers of EPF wealth. A 10% change in GDP will result in a long-run change of 25.8% in the total EPF wealth. Meanwhile, a 1% increase in income inequality and life expectancy will reduce the total EPF wealth by 11.8% and 20.4%, respectively. One of the implications of this study’s findings is that EPF wealth would grow continuously with an increase in economic prosperity and improvements in income inequality and demographic structure. Thus, this study suggests that EPF wealth can be improved by making positive changes to economic and demographic factors in ensuring the sustainability of the fund.

This research analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on the global economy with a case study of the USA, Europe and China. This study uses the secondary data obtained from WHO and the World Trade Organization (WTO) among other recognized research institutes. The data analysis approach is based on hypothesis testing, where ANOVA is used for the hypothesis testing. Time series analysis of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the US, Europe and China is also done. The GDPs for the periods before and during the pandemic were forecasted using Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA Model). Analysis of the percentage change in GDP and the forecasts showed a clear trend of countries having a stagnating GDP from 2020 to 2022. The pandemic impacts on the GDP negatively. Closure of industries has also served a big blow to the global economy due to unemployment. Many nations across the globe have also suffered economically by restructuring their budgets and diverting reasonable amount of money towards combating the virus.

The paper deals with the problems related to economic development in Serbia and Southeast-European countries. Comparative analysis has been used for distinguishing typical changes of gross domestic product, foreign direct investment and gross domestic product per capita in Serbia, the countries of Southeast Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The analysis indicates that the levels of both the gross domestic product (GDP) and production in Serbia and other countries are currently lower than in 1989, the year generally taken as the beginning of the process of transition from centrally planned to market economies. .

This study examines the factors influencing Indonesia’s motor vehicle exports to nine developing countries using the gravity model approach with long-term and short-term panel data. The variables analyzed include the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of partner countries, exchange rates, economic distance, and trade cooperation agreements. The data are analyzed using the Error Correction Model (ECM) to capture short-term dynamics and long-term relationships. The long-term results show that partner countries’ GDP has a significant positive effect on Indonesia’s vehicle exports, indicating that economic growth in partner countries increases demand for Indonesian automotive products. Conversely, exchange rates and economic distance have significant negative effects, suggesting that depreciation of partner currencies and economic disparities reduce export volumes. Trade cooperation agreements do not have a significant impact in the long term. In the short term, changes in GDP continue to have a significant positive effect, while exchange rates maintain a significant negative impact on exports. Economic distance and trade agreements are not significant in the short term. The significant and negative error correction term (ECT) confirms the existence of an adjustment mechanism toward long-term equilibrium. This study highlights the importance of partner countries’ economic growth and exchange rate stability in supporting Indonesia’s vehicle exports to developing countries, as well as the need to address structural barriers to improve long-term competitiveness.

The impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in populations extends beyond ill-health and mortality with large financial consequences. To systematically review and meta-analyze studies evaluating the impact of NCDs (including coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer (lung, colon, cervical and breast), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease) at the macro-economic level: healthcare spending and national income. Medical databases (Medline, Embase and Google Scholar) up to November 6th 2014. For further identification of suitable studies, we searched reference lists of included studies and contacted experts in the field. We included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, cohorts, case-control, cross-sectional, modeling and ecological studies carried out in adults assessing the economic consequences of NCDs on healthcare spending and national income without language restrictions. All abstracts and full text selection was done by two independent reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved through consensus or consultation of a third reviewer. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-designed data collection form. Studies evaluating the impact of at least one of the selected NCDs on at least one of the following outcome measures: healthcare expenditure, national income, hospital spending, gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product, net national income, adjusted national income, total costs, direct costs, indirect costs, inpatient costs, outpatient costs, per capita healthcare spending, aggregate economic outcome, capital loss in production levels in a country, economic growth, GDP per capita (per capita income), percentage change in GDP, intensive growth, extensive growth, employment, direct governmental expenditure and non-governmental expenditure. From 4,364 references, 153 studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were focused on healthcare related costs of NCDs. 30 studies reported the economic impact of NCDs on healthcare budgets and 13 on national income. Healthcare expenditure for cardiovascular disease (12-16.5 %) was the highest; other NCDs ranged between 0.7 and 7.4 %. NCD-related health costs vary across the countries, regions, and according to type of NCD. Additionally, there is an increase in costs with increased severity and years lived with the disease. Low- and middle-income (LMI) countries were the focus of just 16 papers, which suggests an information shortage concerning the true economic burden of NCDs in these countries. NCDs pose a significant financial burden on healthcare budgets and nations' welfare, which is likely to increase over time. However further work is required to standardize more consistently the methods available to assess the economic impact of NCDs and to involve (hitherto under-addressed) LMI populations across the globe.