ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННАЯ ЦЕЛЕСООБРАЗНОСТЬ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ МАТОЧНОГО ПОГОЛОВЬЯ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА МЯСНЫХ ПОРОД

The article deals with the dynamics of commercial fish production in Russia,
 the Volga Federal district and the Saratov region. Dynamics of retail sale
 of fish is given. Two variants of the project of rainbow trout cultivation in
 recirculating water supply facilities aimed at 50 tons of fish a year with and
 without use of the state grants are offered. The main competitive advantages
 of rainbow trout cultivation are presented. The indicators of economic
 efficiency of the project are given.

The article presents an analysis of the current state of domestic production of cattle meat. The formation of a stable trend of reducing the number of cattle in the country, which in 2009-2019 decreased by 11.8%, is noted. The subjects of Russia that have provided the greatest growth in the number of cattle in recent years are identified, among which the leaders are the regions of the Central Federal District, where meat cattle breeding has been actively developed. Based on the results of 2019 The number of beef cattle in Russia amounted to 3.85 million heads, an increase of 3.8 times compared to 2009. The main commercial livestock of cows of specialized meat breeds is concentrated in the Southern, Central and Volga Federal Districts – 72.7% of its total number in 2019. There was a decrease in the number of newly introduced, reconstructed and modernized facilities for beef cattle breeding. The article substantiates the need to increase the investment attractiveness of beef cattle breeding for economic entities and to form a branch investment fund in order to attract private long-term capital to finance investment projects in the production of meat cattle products. The importance of implementing comprehensive measures to stimulate the development of specialized beef cattle breeding in areas with the most favorable natural and economic conditions for the cultivation of beef cattle breeds is emphasized. The key conditions necessary for the effective development of the production of meat cattle breeding products are identified, in particular, the intensification of selection and breeding work and the increase in the breeding stock of meat breeds, the improvement of feed production and the development of grassland farming, the improvement of the price mechanism and the increase in the economic availability of beef for the population.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de duas cargas animais (CA280= 280 e CA360= 360 kg PV/ha) em campo nativo e de duas composições raciais (½ Nelore ½ Hereford e ¼ Nelore ¾ Hereford) na produção de leite de vacas primíparas e no desenvolvimento de seus bezerros. A carga animal não afetou significativamente a produção de leite das vacas (CA280 = 6,16 e CA360 = 5,88 kg leite/vaca/dia). A composição racial das vacas influenciou significativamente a produção de leite, tendo as vacas ½ Nelore ½ Hereford maior produção diária que as ¼ Nelore ¾ Hereford (6,21 vs 5,84 kg leite/vaca/dia, respectivamente). A carga animal não influenciou significativamente o peso e o ganho médio diário (GMD) dos bezerros até a desmama. Bezerros filhos de vacas ½ Nelore ½ Hereford tiveram GMD do nascimento à desmama e pesos à desmama significativamente maiores que filhos de vacas ¼ Nelore ¾ Hereford (0,799 vs 0,727 kg/dia e 211,51 vs 193.12 kg, respectivamente). O sexo dos bezerros não influenciou significativamente a produção de leite das vacas e o GMD e o peso à desmama dos bezerros. Portanto, o desempenho dos bezerros não diferiu significativamente entre as cargas animais e foi melhor para bezerros filhos de vacas ½ Nelore ½ Hereford do que de vacas ¼ Nelore ¾ Hereford.

Darwin’s artificial selection as an experiment

One of the main conditions for the successful implementation of the adopted Spatial Development Strategy in the Russian Federation is the sustainable development of its regions. The study was conducted in order to study the level of sustainable development of the regions of Volga Federal District, which occupies 6.1% of the territory of Russia, based on the model developed by the authors. The indicators of sustainable development proposed for assessment (economic, social, scientific and innovative, environmental) make it possible to make an objective and comprehensive assessment of the regional policy pursued in the region, show the level of sustainable development and give appropriate guidelines in further management decisions for its management. As a result of the study, following the results of 2020, the regions were ranked according to the level of their sustainable development of the year into five groups. The Republic of Tatarstan has taken a leading stable position. The group close to sustainable development includes Bashkiria, Samara and Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as Perm Krai. Saratov region has signs of unstable socio-economic development. The Orenburg, Penza, Kirov, Ulyanovsk regions and the Udmurt Republic were included in the group with an unstable pre-crisis economic state. According to the level of sustainable development, Chuvashia, Mordovia and Mari El are classified as a group with signs of socio-economic crisis. The regions of Volga Federal District, regardless of the rank obtained, are invited to annually assess the level of sustainable development and form a development strategy based on the experience of the leading regions. The results of the study can be the basis for making a forecast of the socio-economic development of the regions of the Volga Federal District and indicators of their sustainability for the future.

The article raises questions of analysis of the mutual dependence of regional social, economic and environmental situation. In total, their indicators form the concept of regional sustainable development. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the regions of the Volga Federal District, identified the leading regions (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan) and outsider regions (Saratov region). The study showed a direct relationship between the studied indicators, which means that the growth of any of them will positively affect the state of the others. Green marketing in the context of regional development is designed to increase the attractiveness of the region from an environmental standpoint, which should lead to an increase in socio-economic indicators.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of residual feed intake on key technological parameters involved in the rearing of Kazakh white-headed cattle. The experimental research was carried out at four large-scale breeding enterprises raising this breed: the limited liability partnership “Zhana Bereke” (Akmola Region), the limited liability partnership “Galitskoe” (Pavlodar Region), the communal farm “Sabit” (West Kazakhstan Region), and the limited liability partnership “Shalabai” (Abai Region). Data collection and continuous monitoring were implemented using the automated livestock monitoring system known as Vytelle-sense technology. Following a two-week adaptation period, 64 steers of the Kazakh white-headed breed were selected at each enterprise. Over the course of 60 days, measurements were taken for residual feed intake, average daily weight gain, and daily dry matter consumption. Results showed that, across all four enterprises, approximately half of the animals exhibited negative residual feed intake values. The mean average daily weight gain was 0.95 kilograms, while the mean daily intake of dry matter per steer was 11.03 kilograms. A positive correlation was observed between residual feed intake and average daily weight gain, whereas no significant correlation was found with dry matter consumption. Bulls demonstrating negative residual feed intake values along with high feed consumption are recommended for selection in breeding programmes due to the potential for genetically favourable traits. Additionally, the recorded average daily weight gain ranged from 0.1 to 1.81 kilograms, with dry matter intake ranging from 7.82 to 13.91 kilograms per day

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between calving difficulty score and carcass traits in Charolais and Hereford cattle, treating first and later parity calvings as different traits. Genetic correlations between birth weight and carcass traits were also estimated. Field data on 59,182 Charolais and 27,051 Hereford calvings, and carcass traits of 5,260 Charolais and 1,232 Hereford bulls, were used in bivariate linear animal model analyses. Estimated heritabilities were moderate to high (0.22 to 0.50) for direct effects on birth weight, carcass weight, and (S)EUROP (European Community scale for carcass classification) grades for carcass fleshiness and fatness. Heritabilities of 0.07 to 0.18 were estimated for maternal effect on birth weight, and for direct and maternal effects on calving difficulty score at first parity. Lower heritabilities (0.01 to 0.05) were estimated for calving difficulty score at later parities. Carcass weight was positively genetically correlated (0.11 to 0.53) with both direct and maternal effects on birth weight and with direct effects on calving difficulty score. Carcass weight was, however, weakly or negatively (-0.70 to 0.07) correlated with maternal calving difficulty score. Higher carcass fatness grade was genetically associated with lower birth weight, and in most cases, also with less difficult calving. Genetic correlations with carcass fleshiness grade were highly variable. Moderately unfavorable correlations between carcass fleshiness grade and maternal calving difficulty score at first parity were estimated for both Charolais (0.42) and Hereford (0.54). This study found certain antagonistic genetic relationships between calving performance and carcass traits for both Charolais and Hereford cattle. Both direct and maternal calving performance, as well as carcass traits, should be included in the breeding goal and selected for in beef breeds.

Genetic parameters of mature weight are needed for effective selection and genetic evaluation. Data for estimating these parameters were collected from 1963 to 1985 and consisted of 32,018 mature weight records of 4,175 Hereford cows that were in one control and three selection lines that had been selected for weaning weight, for yearling weight, or for an index combining yearling weight and muscle score for 22 yr. Several models and subsets of the data were considered. The mature weight records consisted of a maximum of three seasonal weights taken each year, at brand clipping (February and March), before breeding (May and June), and at palpation (August and September). Heritability estimates were high (0.49 to 0.86) for all models considered, which suggests that selection to change mature weight could be effective. The model that best fit the data included maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects in addition to direct genetic and direct permanent environmental effects. Estimates of direct heritability with this model ranged from 0.53 to 0.79, estimates of maternal heritability ranged from 0.09 to 0.21, and estimates of the genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects ranged from -0.16 to -0.67 for subsets of the data based on time of year that mature weight was measured. For the same subsets, estimates of the proportions of variance due to direct permanent environment and maternal permanent environment ranged from 0.00 to 0.09 and 0.00 to 0.06, respectively. Using a similar model that combined all records and included an added fixed effect of season of measurement of mature weight, direct heritability, maternal heritability, genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects, proportion of variance due to direct permanent environmental effects, and proportion of variance due to maternal permanent environmental effects were estimated to be 0.69, 0.13, -0.65, 0.00, and 0.04, respectively. Mature weight is a highly heritable trait that could be included in selection programs and maternal effects should not be ignored when analyzing mature weight data.

Three Brahman (B) bulls were mated with Hereford (H), Angus (A) and Shorthorn (S) cows and the F1 progenies were evaluated for beef production in comparison with grade Hereford cattle under range conditions in southeastern Alberta. The crossbred heifers were mated with Hereford bulls, as were their [Formula: see text]-Brahman female progenies. Calves were weaned on November 1 at 6 to 7 months of age.Each of the three Brahman-sire progeny groups, numbering 12, 6 and 146 calves born, averaged higher than contemporary Herefords in performance.B × A and B × S cows surpassed all other groups in weaned calf crop percentage. Hereford calves were lighter than F1 and heavier than [Formula: see text]-Brahman calves at birth. Breeding-group means and standard errors for weaning weight were (a) Generation 1: Hereford, 155 ± 2.2; B × H, 165 ± 2.4; B × A, 176 ± 2.9; and B × S, 175 ± 3.2 kg; (b) Generation 2: Hereford, 150 ± 2.7; H × (B × H), 184 ± 2.2; H × (B + A), 191 ± 2.4; and H × (B × S), 195 ± 2.6 kg; and (c) Generation 3: Hereford, 152 ± 3.8; H × [H × (B × H)], 170 ± 3.2; H × [H × (B × A)], 182 ± 4.1; and H × [H × (B × S)], 186 ± 4.0 kg.An extended study of B × H and Hereford cows showed the crossbreds to be superior in longevity and lifetime productivity.Further exploratory crossbreeding including the Brahman is in progress at the Lethbridge Research Station.

Records on 983 cows born during a period of 10 yr (1966 to 1975) were used to estimate longevity and lifetime productivity of cows raised under range conditions. The cows were from a purebred Hereford and two multibreed synthetic groups, one composed of beef breeds (Beef Synthetic #1) and the other composed of two-thirds dairy breeds and one-third beef breeds (Dairy Synthetic). The cows were raised under a stringent culling system in which all heifers were exposed to bulls as yearlings and were expected to wean a calf each year thereafter or they were culled. Cows were also culled for other reasons, such as severe calving problems, bad udders, and leg and feet problems. The mean longevity was 4.2 yr; cows from the synthetic breed groups produced longer (P < .01) than Hereford cows, due to a relatively faster rate of removal at all ages in the purebred Hereford group. The mean values per cow for lifetime productivity traits were 2.7 and 2.5 for number of calves born and weaned and 101.9 kg and 482.9 kg for weight of calf born and weaned, respectively. Male calves were not castrated, and weights of female calves were adjusted to a male basis. Over their lifetimes, Dairy Synthetic cows were more productive, in terms of number and weight of calves born and weaned, than Beef Synthetic #1 cows, which in turn were more productive than purebred Hereford cows (P < .01).

Ninety-one Simmental-Hereford and Hereford cows in early gestation were used to compare three rations in a 106-day trial: (1) wheat straw, (2) wheat tailings, and (3) soaked wheat straw. Each was fed to groups of lactation and nonlactating cows. Cows fed the soaked wheat straw and those fed wheat tailings out-gained those on wheat straw by 28 and 16.7 pounds, respectively. All cows' condition score decreased during the trial period. Two-year-old heifers did not perform as well as the mature cows on the straw rations. Dry cows out-gained the lactating cows on both straw and tailing rations.

Background. The processes of industrialisation and modernisation, according to classical sociologists, should lead to the blurring of ethnic differences, but practice shows the opposite trend. The purpose of the paper is to identify the level of civil and ethnic identity in the settlements of different types (metropolis, town, village), and the impact of various factors on its formation. Materials and methods. The implementation of the research tasks has been achieved on the basis of analysing the data of the nationwide research by the RAS Institute of Sociology “20 years of reform as viewed by Russians”, a series of studies by the International Relations Research Center of the RAS Institute of Sociology in Moscow and the republics on a representative sample, a study conducted by the subdepartment of sociology and personnel management” of Penza State University under the grant “Dynamics of students’ values and attitudes in the Volga Federal District under Russian sociocultural modernisation”, as well as data of the European Social Survey. Sociological survey and secondary analysis methods have been used. Results. The analysis of the research results showed that civil and ethnic identity in the cities not only lower than in the rural areas, but the significance of ethnic identity in the cities is even a little higher. Conclusions. The nature of interethnic relations is influenced by many factors, such as the level of education, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one’s life, the assessment of what people gained or lost in the last decade, the collapse of hopes, anger against corruption and injustice in life. In addition, each factor in conjunction with the others “works” in different ways on every territory.

A study was undertaken to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) intake and ME requirement for beef heifers and cows during twin pregnancy. Weekly feed consumption and body weights were recorded during the last trimester of twin pregnancy for 19 Hereford cows and 16 Hereford heifers. The same data were recorded for six Hereford cows and eight Hereford heifers that calved singles. ME intake per unit of metabolic body size was higher for heifers than cows (P less than .05), but was not affected by whether the dam was pregnant with a single or with twins. In general, ME intake decreased during the last trimester of pregnancy. During this time, heifers and cows with singles gained weight (pregnant weight minus weight of the conceptus), while dams with twins lost weight (P less than .01). The greatest weight loss for dams with twins was observed late in pregnancy. The ME requirement of pregnancy was greater for dams with twins than singles (P less than 0.01), and the difference in maintenance ME requirement approached significance (P less than .10). The high ME requirement for the twin pregnancy and the weight loss experienced by dams during the last trimester may have implications for management decisions pertaining to the prevention of complications that often occur with twin pregnancy in cattle.

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to assess the effectiveness of the production use of small breeds of cattle bred in the country's gene pool farms. Methods. The purpose set in the study was achieved through the use of methods of analysis and generalization using special scientific literature on the problem being analyzed, a yearbook on breeding work in dairy cattle breeding on farms of the Russian Federation, and periodicals. Object of study: cattle breeds of gene pool farms in Russia (Bestuzhev, Mountain cattle of Dagestan, Istoben, Caucasian brown, red steppe, Tagil, Yakut cattle, Pechora type of Kholmogory breed). Results. Among all the breeds bred in gene pool farms, the latest ripening ones, which took the longest to reach the age of first calving, were Yakut cattle, as well as individuals of the Istoben and Red Steppe breeds, in which it varied within 33.4–35.3 months. It should be noted as a positive pattern that the animals of the Tagil breed achieved the analyzed indicator early, which was 26 months. The optimal duration of the period from calving to fertile insemination was distinguished by cows from the gene pool farms of the Republic of Dagestan – Mountain cattle of Dagestan and Caucasian brown – 71 and 74 days, respectively, as well as the breeding stock of the Bestuzhev breed – 86 days. The longest duration of the service period was recorded in the herds of gene pool farms of the Istoben breed and the Pechora type of the Kholmogory breed. The early age of retirement of Yakut cattle raises concerns, which, along with the small number of cows in this breed, will reduce not only the reproduction of the herd, but will also lead to the complete disappearance of this population. The lowest yield of calves per 100 cows is characterized by animals of the Pechora type of the Kholmogory breed – 63,1; for all other breeds it varies between 80–91 calves. Scientific novelty. For the first time, monitoring of the numbers and current state of industrial use of small breeds of dairy cattle in gene pool farms in Russia was carried out.