ЄВРАЗІЙСЬКИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ СОЮЗ: ЄВРАЗІЙСЬКИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ СОЮЗ: РОЗВИТОК ВЗАЄМНОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ДЕРЖАВ-ЧЛЕНІВ

The temporal and spatial distribution of the current challenges in the field of higher educationmanagement shows that these same challenges can be solved through joint efforts that do notcontradict international trends in the development of the education sector. The effectiveness of thesearch for common solutions in the field of education has been proven over the course of a decade,as it also becomes clear that spatial, economic, political, cultural and other factors can be the basisof unity. It is this complex of factors that underlies the formation of the EAEU. Cooperation of theEAEU member states in the field of education has new prospects - not all aspects of thiscooperation have been identified and are operating in the current period.Of particular importance is the study of the educational traditions of societies representingdifferent cultures of the EAEU member states, the contours of new dialogues. From this point ofview, it is especially important not only to study the Russian education sector, which is completelyopen for cooperation in the Armenian education sector, but also to study the Kazakhstanieducation experience, which is possible in terms of identifying new educational and culturalinteractions.Cooperation between the EAEU member states has not yet achieved final success in the fieldof education, which requires new research.If the volume of cooperation between Armenia and Russia, the underlying factors andperspectives are clearer, the same is difficult to say about Kazakhstan. As EAEU member states,apart from examples of private cooperation in the field of education, the ways of cooperation in thefield of higher education management have not been expanded and clarified, especially betweenKazakhstan and Armenia.This study aims to facilitate the search for cooperation in the field of education managementin the EAEU member states.218The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the indicators of the input ofKazakhstani higher education from the EAEU member states using a specially developedmethodology.As part of the study, a new methodology for the comparative analysis of the higher educationsystems of the EAEU member states was developed, within the framework of which indicatorswere developed for the first time, thanks to which it is possible to evaluate and analyze the featuresof education management.

The statistical data on foreign investments in the EAEU countries, on the share of gross volumes ofmutual trade in the total volume of foreign trade in the EAEU as a whole and in the EAEU member states, are given.Analysis of mutual trade and investment indicators showed an insufficient level of economic convergence in theEAEU, assessed from the standpoint of the mutual trade intensity and mutual foreign direct investment intensity. Atthe moment, the volumes and dynamics of trade and investment flow between the EAEU member states do not causean objective need for a transition to monetary cooperation at the level of a currency union. This research allows us toconsider the problem of transition to monetary integration between the countries participating in the EAEU from theimportance standpoint of economic prerequisites. The practical significance of the work lies in the substantiation ofthe objective prerequisites for the formation and creation of a monetary union in the course of regional integrationprocesses development.

The EAEU, as a subject of international law, is engaged in a process of integration cooperation with states. Its interaction with countries is characterized by a variety of forms and, despite drawing on the legal experience of most international organizations, the EAEU chooses its own way. One example of a fruitful partnership, although not unambiguous on some issues, is the cooperation between the EAEU and China. The purpose of this article is to trace the realization of the economic potential of the EAEU and China to create the Silk Road Economic Belt as part of China’s global Belt and Road Initiative. In addition, the article seeks to analyse the interplay of expectations and economic motivations of each of the EAEU member states. The research uses various documents of an international legal nature, including international treaties, doctrinal sources and the national legislation of foreign countries. The research is carried out with the use of general and special scientific methods. Legal analysis and forecasting are performed using legal modelling methods. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the international legal framework of economic cooperation between the EAEU and China and formulates recommendations for improving this mechanism. The overland economic corridors and their correlation with the opportunities of EAEU member states within the framework of the Belt and Road initiative are analysed in detail, as are the results of the participation of each EAEU country in this project. Chinese initiatives, such as the so-called“Digital Silk Road,” and the interests of EAEU member states in this area are also considered. In addition, the author conducts a legal examination of the basic agreements signed between the EAEU and China. The study of the problems and prospects of cooperation between the EAEU and its member countries allows us to note the systematic nature of the EAEU’s activities in the field of integration interaction with third countries. At the same time, the variety of forms of cooperation allows the EAEU to respond flexibly to the varying degrees to which the countries are ready to simplify trade procedures. The author concludes that, structurally, the process of coupling the EAEU and the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) is manifested both in the linkage between the development agendas of the integration initiatives and in cooperation with individual EAEU countries. The article emphasizes the inefficiency of a bilateral format for the EAEU member states’ accession to the SREB initiative. Considering the legal basis of cooperation between the EAEU and China, the author notes a consistent algorithm of joint actions at the current stage of integration. Nevertheless, for the future it is necessary to develop other formats of international cooperation, which would not be geographically contingent and would ensure effective coordination between different economic blocs of states, including those at different stages (forms) of integration. We should note that the digital agenda of mutually beneficial cooperation is highly relevant for both China and the EAEU countries in the long term. English translation from the Russian text: Vorontsova N. A. 2023. Sovremennye pravovye voprosy torgovo-ekonomicheskogo sotrudnichestva EAES. Moskovskiy Zhurnal Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [Moscow Journal of International Law]. No. 1. P. 6–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2023-1-6-28

The increasing intensity of the sanctions pressure of Western countries on the Russian Federation as a locomotive ensuring the economic growth of the EAEU, as well as on the Republic of Belarus, the prospects of falling under secondary sanctions of other member countries of the Union, are inevitably reflected in the physical and economic availability of food both in each of the EAEU member countries and in the Union as a whole. The new situation requires an objective analysis of the potential for ensuring food security.Aim and tasks. To characterize the state and dynamics of agricultural production in the context of achieving food security of the EAEU member states for the period from 2014 to 2023.Methods. Based on official statistics from the Department of Statistics of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS and the national statistical committees of the EAEU member states, comparative analytics and descriptive statistics were used to assess the current state and analyze trends in agricultural production in the EAEU.Results. It has been revealed that the risks of food security in each of the EAEU member states are significantly reduced in the integration space, which is primarily facilitated by mutual provision of certain food products. At the same time, the determinant of food security of the EAEU is undoubtedly the sustainable development of agriculture, which has ensured the growth of physical availability of food products in the Union countries. Self-sufficiency in basic agricultural products at the Union level is assessed as high. However, a number of Union member countries have recorded risks for self-sufficiency in certain products of their own production, associated with possible interruptions in imports in the event of unforeseen situations.Conclusions. The risks associated with global food security are growing significantly in the world. The value of food resources, which some experts recognize as the “new oil”, is increasing [2]. Productive and stable growing agriculture in the EAEU is not only the basis for ensuring food security, but also the driver of sustainable macroeconomic development of both the Union as a whole and the EAEU member states.

Objective: to define libertarian principles of labor law, to establish their place in the system of labor law, and to identify problems related to their implementation in the law enforcement practice of EAEU member states.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, and method of specific sociological research.Results: based of natural-law and libertarian concepts of legal understanding, the author formulates a definition of the “libertarian principles of labor law” concept as guiding ideas that embody freedom and underlie the labor law construction. The author determines the vector of its further development in the regulation of labor and associated relations. The main libertarian principles of labor law are proposed and analyzed: a) freedom of labor force movement; b) freedom of labor and the right to work; c) prohibition of forced labor; d) freedom of contract (specified as the principles of freedom of labor contract, freedom of collective bargaining, agreement); e) freedom of association; f) freedom of collective bargaining, freedom of choice in discussing issues within the sphere of labor, voluntariness of the parties’ taking obligations (as the main principles of social partnership). The study results are expressed in theoretical conclusions and assessment of labor legislation of the EAEU countries in terms of the libertarian principles of labor law completely reflected and guaranteed in them.Scientific novelty: the paper is the first to analyze libertarian principles of labor law as a separate group of principles of labor law in the EAEU member states and to reveal the legal nature and system of libertarian principles of labor law.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the consideration and resolution of labor disputes, in overcoming gaps and legal conflicts in labor legislation.

Introduction. The main development priorities of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU, the Union), established in 2015, include the completion of work aimed at eliminating existing restrictions, unification of customs rules, revision of certain norms, including taking into account the existing international environmental agenda and the specifics of each state. The cooperation expansion of Russia with other EAEU states in the exploitation of natural resources makes interstate cooperation in the environmental sphere increasingly relevant. In the context of activation of certain areas of economic development and the transition to the functioning of a single market for goods, works and services, there is a need to improve legal mechanisms for cooperation in the environmental sphere, the need for a coordinated policy at the EAEU level. The merging of national markets for goods, works, services, capital and labor is interconnected with the development and implementation of policies and mechanisms of the green economy, which will contribute to the stability of socioeconomic development, while at the same time guaranteeing environmental protection. Materials and Methods. Logical, induction, deduction, comparative legal analysis and synthesis, analogy, statistical and other methods of scientific cognition were used to analyze the areas of convergence and institutions of environmental policy in the national legislation of the EAEU member states and overcome existing problems. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the general provisions of supranational legislation and acts of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, mediating the implementation of state environmental policy. Analysis. The convergence of national environmental policy should be considered a starting point for cooperation between the EAEU member states in the field of green economy and the formation of an appropriate agenda for integration cooperation. The overwhelming number of scientists and experts agree with the lag of the EAEU both in the development of a green economy and green energy, and in the implementation of a coordinated environmental policy and legislation. Results. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the convergence of the environmental policies of the EAEU member states will contribute to the further development of integration, the removal of barriers, exemptions and restrictions in the regulation of environmental management and environmental protection. In order to bring together the environmental policies pursued by the EAEU member states, it is necessary to develop and adopt common supranational legislation that enshrines strategic goals and directions for the development of environmental management and environmental protection. The current legislative acts at the national level are based on a similar set of goals, objectives and directions of development, which opens up opportunities for their harmonization and unification. At the same time, priority should be given to environmental safety issues.

We start with an overview of EAEU member states’ economies: Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia. We highlight a number of structural features (such as Russia’s dominance in the EAEU in terms of its GDP, population, and role as an exporter of raw materials) that represent challenges for the EAEU’s long-term development as a regional integration project. We describe the high density of economic ties within the post-Soviet space (including railways, electric power, and supply chains) and consider it as an underlying reason for integration. We give special attention to the levels of convergence among EAEU member states’ economies. A long paragraph describes the intricacies and dynamics of public perception of Eurasian integration in all EAEU states and other post-Soviet states (i.e., what people think of integration and how their thinking changed over time).

The struggle for a dominant position among the world's economic "giants", as discussed in our previous papers, continues to be one of the most debated and relevant topics. The desire to gain control over individual countries and regions, moving from region to region, has not bypassed the EAEU. Being one of the most controversial, yet simultaneously heterogeneous and cohesive economic associations, the EAEU leaves the impression of a structure subject to dissolution in the event of imperfect and strong shocks. Finding themselves at the center of a geopolitical struggle, the EAEU member states, regardless of their will, are “forced” to choose one of the sides in the struggle in order to keep up with the ongoing race and take advantageous positions in this struggle of roles. Of course, it may seem that neutrality is the best and, perhaps, the safest option. Is neutrality reasonable, how to get the maximum benefit from this struggle, will the EAEU member states be able to emerge victorious from the situation, and what to expect from further developments?

A comparative legal analysis of the legal regulatory systems for energy resource markets in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union has revealed general and specific trends in the development of legal regulation for relations concerning energy (energy resources) and has identified certain directions for the convergence of national legislations of the EAEU member states in the energy sector. The general trends in the development of the system of legal regulation of energy resources markets in the EAEU Member States, in particular, include: the development of competition and market relations in the energy sector; facilitation of new energy technologies; greening energy; the development of the nuclear industry; the complexity of legal regulation of relations in the energy sector. Despite the coincidence of the main directions of energy development and their corresponding legal forms and mechanisms, the state, level, and completeness of legal regulation of market relations in the energy sector in the EAEU member states vary. The legal paradigm of the energy sector of the EAEU member states is characterized by a focus on creating conditions for the development of competitive traditional and new energy sectors, and a gradual transition from predominantly public law to sustainable private law regulation of energy markets. The similarities and differences in legal approaches actualize the tasks of developing national systems of legal regulation of energy resources markets in order to preserve energy sovereignty without hindering the harmonization of energy legislation of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and the creation of common energy markets of the member states.

One of the driving forces of the modern economic system is global competitiveness and digitalization of the economy, which determine the position of states in world markets. At the same time, restrictions on free trade in the country may lead to deterioration of the activities of domestic entrepreneurs. However, the consequences of state regulation of prices on commodity markets may have ambiguous consequences for these factors, which is why the relevance of the study is determined. The purpose of the study is to identify the degree and nature of dependence in the EAEU member states of competitiveness and development of the digital economy on state regulation of commodity prices. The main methods presented in the work are general scientific methods, statistical methods and methods of economic and mathematical modeling. Within the framework of the study, statistical data were used to study the causal relationships of state regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU: the global competitiveness index, the digital competitiveness index, the digital knowledge index, the technological readiness index, the digital technology application index, the annual economic growth rate, the volume of investments in the economy of the EAEU countries, imports of goods in the EAEU countries. The evaluation of the regression analysis showed that market competition and inflation have a statistically significant impact only on global competitiveness, digital knowledge, the volume of investments, but there is no impact on digital competitiveness, technological readiness, the use of digital technologies, the pace of economic growth, imports, according to the study. Based on the results of the study, alternative scenarios were constructed for the development of the consequences of state regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU member states for global competitiveness and the development of the digital economy in the post-pandemic period.

This article discusses the topic of confirming the conformity of the quality of feed and feed additives coming into circulation at the Russian feed market. The idea is substantiated that technical regulation measures applied without fail to feed and feed additives are not sufficient to reduce the risk of a low-quality product entering circulation. It was found that the presence of registration of a feed additive is not a criterion for issuing a declaration of conformity and, accordingly, it is possible to draw up a declaration for an additive without its state registration. The article aims to draw the attention of manufacturers of feed and lump additives and their consumers to the issues of product quality and possible ways to solve this problem. Also, the manufacturer has the opportunity to confirm the conformity of the quality of the product on a voluntary basis. Based on the statistical analysis carried out, as well as the use of information on the number of registered and valid declarations for feed, feed additives registered in other EAEU member states, an analysis of data on the number of valid declarations registered in the Russian Federation in the Rosaccreditation register was formed.

ЕАБР Специальный доклад 2018. Внешнеторговые операции стран – участниц ЕАЭС: Тенденции и потенциальные точки роста (EDB Special report 2018. Foreign Trade Operations of the Eurasian Economic Union Member Countries: Trends and Potential Growth Areas)

The article considers the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia, as well as the impact of tariff preferences on foreign trade between two countries. The analysed measures were: dynamics of the Russian Federation’s exports to the Republic of Serbia, dynamics of the Russian Federation’s imports from the Republic of Serbia, tariff preferences applied between countries. The article provides statistical data on the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia for 2010–2019 and their dependence on the application of tariff preferences, as well as indicators of trade between the EAEU and the EAEU member states with the Republic of Serbia for 2017–2019. The paper analyses the possible directions of Serbia’s participation in the EAEU and the European Union, assesses the benefits of creating a free trade zone between the EAEU and Serbia, as well as the costs of Serbia’s integration into the European Union. The importance of tariff preferences in the development of foreign trade relations between Russia and Serbia is shown.

Статья посвящена стратегическим вопросам устойчивого развития финансового рынка ЕАЭС. С учетом содержания концепции устойчивых финансов и оценки условий их внедрения в странах-участницах ЕАЭС сформулированы принципы, цели и задачи данного развития. Разработан план мероприятий по реализации авторской стратегии, основное внимание в рамках которого посвящено релевантным финансовым инструментам. The article addresses strategic issues of sustainable development of the EAEU financial market. Taking into account the content of the sustainable finance concept and the assessment of the conditions for theirimplementation in the EAEU member states, the principles, goals and objectives of this development are formulated. An action plan has been developed for the implementation of the author's strategy, the main focus of whichis devoted to relevant financial instruments.

The comparative analysis of higher education management in different countries has becomeextremely relevant and highly valuable in the world today. These studies address two importantissues: i.e. the exchange of cognitive and advanced experience and definite contribution to thedevelopment of Comparative Pedagogy. Furthermore, the article compares the higher educationmanagement of the two EAEU member states: i.e. Armenia and Кazakhstan as well as presentssimilarities and differences, achievements and problems of the management system. In particular,reforms that are implemented both in Armenia and Кazakhstan in the context of the BolognaProcess are presented in the article. The present article conducts a comparative analysis of ThreeDegree Education System, Management System and Assessment System.