Применение метода многокритериального синтеза в решении задач по обеспечению пожарной безопасности

The article deals with the formation of the organizational and methodological foundations for conducting fire-technical examinations carried out within the framework of administrative cases at the suit of state supervision (control) in the field of technogenic and fire safety on the implementation of response measures in the form of a complete or partial suspension of the operation of inspection objects. It has been established that there are no clear assessment criteria for violations of norms and rules that determine the degree of threat to life and health of people as a result of exposure to fire hazards. The specified uncertainty causes the doubtfulness of evidence and limits the possibility of making procedural decisions when considering administrative cases regarding the implementation of response measures by supervisory (control) bodies. In accordance with the established by judicial practice, it becomes necessary to form sufficient evidence in a public law dispute using special knowledge in the field of fire safety through the adoption of decisions on the appointment of forensic fire and technical examinations. At the same time, a scientifically-based approach to conducting this kind of a fire-technical examination has not been established. The problems of scientific and technical support of expert research are defined. The purpose, subject, object, tasks, algorithm, and research methods are formed. The basis of the proposed organizational and methodological approach to conducting fire-technical examinations is the algorithm of expert studies aimed at improving evidence-based information. The dialectical methods of expert research and the method of mathematical modeling are defined and proposed as tools for scientific and technical support of fire-technical expertise. The necessity of consistent integration into forensic activities of innovative approaches and technologies, which is the method of mathematical modeling, is substantiated. The necessity of introducing a procedural procedure (a mechanism) of expert research is substantiated in order to ensure the staging, the legality of the formation of an expert opinion as evidence in an administrative case at the claim of state supervision (control) in the field of technogenic and fire safety on the implementation of response measures. The need for further scientific research aimed at improving the activities of scientific and technical support of fire-technical examinations through the development, formation, and introduction into expert practice of the methodology for conducting relevant expert research has been proved. Key words: fire-technical examination, fire safety, life/health, research methods, evidence, response measures, supervision (control).

The aim of the work is to generalize innovative solutions in the field of construction of sports facilities and to examine the forces and means necessary to extinguish a fire in the Baikal Ice Palace in Irkutsk. To achieve this goal, the authors analyze the innovations proposed by Russian and foreign experts in the field of fire safety in the construction and operation of sports facilities. The effectiveness of modern innovative protection systems is discussed, such as fire extinguishing with remote control, fire alarms, robotic extinguishing systems, smoke protection in automatic and remote modes, control panels for evacuation control, etc. An analysis of the level of fire protection of an object was carried out using the example of an ice palace “Baikal”, for which possible scenarios of emergency situations related to fire were considered. It was possible to determine the forces and means necessary to extinguish a possible fire and conduct ASR (emergency rescue operations) using calculations of the fire area, the amount of the required fire extinguishing agent, the intensity of its supply, the number of involved units and units of the GDZS, the number of tankers. A method for calculating the stress state of a structure under the influence of a temperature load is proposed, possible schemes for the development of a fire are developed, and the necessary data for calculating the area and the number of mobile devices for extinguishing are obtained. During the inspection of the ice palace, it was found that the building provides for the protection of premises of any area with automatic fire extinguishing installations and fire alarms, robotic fire complexes (RPK) have been introduced. The success of firefighting depends on the correct placement and provision of sufficient firefighting forces and equipment, as well as on the careful choice of a decisive course of action. The objectivity of the assessment of the fire situation and the accuracy of decision-making are due to the highly professional training of the Cancellation Service Manager (RCD) and the ability to predict the development of fire fighting.

Int roduction. The implementation of fire safety measures is one of the main tasks of decision makers (DM). Their activities are supported by automated fire and explosion safety systems (AFES), whose software subsystems are now increasingly incorporating digital twins. Their use allows modelling of various, including pre-fire, situations. The DM should always take into account the influence of their actions of the AFES personnel on their development when carrying out the appropriate set of measures. However, the supplied versions of digital twins do not contain the required calculations, which makes it necessary to fill in such gaps. The article is devoted to calculations of the human factor influence assessment on the implementation of the complexes of industrial safety measures and reasonable tolerances for their adjustment. Methods. To solve this problem, the article analyzes hierarchies, which allows to define in more detail the structure of decisions made by the DM in the field of fire safety. Two variants of structural organization of objects are chosen, each of which represents a tree with a different number of leaves and branches. Structural schemes of objects allow to formulate types of tasks and directions for formation of complexes of measures to ensure fire safety. Complexes of measures for specific areas of fuel and energy complex facilities are formed by the DM in the course of further specification of their structure. Calculations. Calculation of regulated and real time of performance of complexes of measures of fire safety of a separate site of the object of fuel and energy complex is carried out on the basis of estimated times for each of the measures in the complex. On the basis of the obtained values, the integral degree of their completion is determined. Result s. The total time of events should be determined either through data on the development of dangerous situations over several years, or by modelling in digital twins. Conclusions. Inclusion of calculations of integral degree of completeness of complexes of measures to ensure fire safety in the subsystems of software, information and mathematical support of the AFES will give the DM the possibility to react more quickly to the occurrence of dangerous situations.

Introduction. The analysis of normative legal acts in the field of fire safety and education is carried out. Approaches to the organization of training in fire safety measures are analyzed. The discrepancy between the formally existing normative legal acts regulating the same social attitude is revealed, which leads to a conflict of legal acts that creates difficulties in implementing training for a certain category of employees of organizations. A solution to this problem is proposed by introducing amendments to certain regulatory legal acts. The purpose of the study is to solve the identified legal conflict (conflict of legal acts) by making changes to certain regulatory legal acts. Research methods. To obtain the results, we used general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge – analysis, generalization, system-structural, technical-legal, comparative law. The results of the study. The analysis of normative legal acts in the field of fire safety and education is carried out. A legal conflict (conflict of legal acts) has been identified. A variant of solving this problem by making changes to certain regulatory legal acts is proposed. Conclusion. Using the results of the conducted research, it is possible to initiate a procedure for making changes to the existing regulatory legal acts regulating public relations in the field of fire safety and education, which will solve the problem of training employees of organizations to the fire-technical minimum. Key words: training, fire-technical minimum, additional professional education, professional training, regulatory legal act.

The article analyzes the current state of the normative and legal support of the activity of public administration bodies in the field of fire safety of Ukraine. Their place, role and functions in providing fire safety, the need for further regulation and improvement of regulatory and legal regulation in this field are considered in order to optimize the work of state bodies in the field of fire safety of Ukraine, eliminating duplication of their functions. The subjects and objects of public administration in the field of fire safety in Ukraine, which are enshrined in normative-legal acts, are analyzed. It’s proposed to make changes to the system of the current legislation in Ukraine in the field of fire safety, in particular the Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine (2012) and constructed a prescriptive model of the subject-object legal relations of the state fire safety management.

Introduction. Inspections of the fire condition of protection facilities are one of the main activities of the federal state fire supervision of EMERCOM of Russia. Currently, the frequency of scheduled inspections is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of fire safety, depending on the risk category of protection facilities. However, the specified frequency has no scientific justification and is regulated by a strong-willed decision. That is why in recent years the frequency of scheduled inspections has repeatedly changed. Therefore, the development of a scientifically based methodology for determining the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire state of protected facilities, including buildings for temporary residence (residence) of people, is an urgent problem. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study was to study the dependence of the number of fires occurring in buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people on the frequency of scheduled inspections of their fire-fighting condition by state fire supervision authorities. The objective of the study is to develop an analytical methodology and substantiate on its basis the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire condition of buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people. Methods. Based on the analysis of statistical information on fires that occurred in buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people in 2014-2021, analytical dependencies of the average annual number of fires at these protection facilities on the time interval from the moment of their last inspection to the moment of fire occurrence, as well as the number of fires that occurred at the protection facilities of different risk categories on the frequency of scheduled inspections were developed. Results and discussion. As a result of the conducted research, the following has been developed methodology for analyzing statistical information on fires to determine the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections in buildings for temporary residence of people. Unlike the method given in the regulatory legal acts on fire safety, the proposed methodology does not prescribe, but scientifically substantiates the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections. The conducted research allowed us to justify the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people, which is 0.59 years. Conclusions. The research allowed to prove that the method of regulating the frequency of scheduled inspections given in the normative legal acts on fire safety cannot be universal for all types of supervisory bodies regardless of the type of prevented danger, and the frequency of scheduled inspections significantly depends on the frequency of scheduled inspections of protection objects in previous years. Keywords: state fire supervision bodies; federal state fire supervision; fire protection condition of defense objects; risk category; number of fires; scheduled inspections; frequency of scheduled inspections; optimal frequency of scheduled inspections; legislation in the field of fire safety.

Introduction . Design of medical institutions in the Russian Federation is carried out taking into account requirements of the Federal law of 30 December 2009 No. 384 “Technical regulations on safety of buildings and constructions”, and also the Federal law of 22 July 2008 No. 123 “Technical regulations on requirements of fire safety”. In Italy, the technical regulations on fire safety in the design, construction and operation of public and private medical institutions were approved by Decree No. 227 of 18 September 2002 of the Ministry of Internal. The purpose of this article is to study the Italian design standards of medical institutions for comparative analysis with the Russian regulatory framework in terms of fire safety of health facilities. Methods . A comparative analysis of the main provisions and objectives of the documents of technical regulation in the field of fire safety and general principles of fire safety in Italy and Russia. Results . It should be noted that the fire safety regulations approved by Decree No. 227 do not contain a specific concept of “evacuation” and do not describe its characteristics. In Federal law No. 123, both the concept of evacuation and its characteristics are disclosed in sufficient detail. The requirements established by the Italian building codes for fire resistance of building structures, practically coincide with the domestic fire safety requirements for fire resistance. Conclusion. Despite the complex nature of the system of fire safety of buildings, including fire prevention system, fire protection system and organizational and technical measures, it should be noted the similarity of principles and approaches in ensuring fire safety both in Russian standards and in the Italian design rules. The differences are due, in the authors’ opinion, to climatic, socio-economic and, possibly, scientific and cultural aspects that influence the decision-making of standard-setting organizations and associations.

Fire safety in Europe 1992

Purpose. Based on the generalization of the results of long-term studies, the possibilities of protecting wooden churches from fires; detecting and extinguishing fire sources; ensuring safety of churchgoers in case of fire in conditions of limited resources are shown. Typical issues of ensuring fire safety of wooden cultural monuments are considered on the example of a unique monument of wooden architecture in Russia – the Assumption Cathedral in the town of Kem, Republic of Karelia, a parish church available to visitors. Methods. The tasks have been solved on the basis of the comprehensive examination of the church by experts and the analysis of fire safety state of the facility by fire prevention and extinguishment specialists. The criterion for ensuring fire safety is the fulfillment of the requirement on ensuring the normative value of the individual fire risk. Measures on fire protection of the church have been proposed, taking into account the experience of national and foreign developments in the field of fire safety at cultural heritage sites. Findings. The causes of the increased fire hazard of the wooden church in the town of Kem have been established and recommendations have been made for ensuring fire safety of the church. The recommendations for ensuring fire safety of the Assumption Cathedral have been made. To minimize the cost of adapting the facility to the modern use, options for fire protection of the church are given. Options for building construction and fire prevention are compared with engineering means of fire extinguishment, taking into account the features of historical wooden buildings. Research application field. A set of fire prevention measures makes it possible to establish a rational fire protection system of the facility based on the variant design and taking into account certain criteria. Recommendations can be considered as typical providing the required level of fire safety of religious facilities of wooden architecture. Conclusions. Recommendations have been made on a system of firefighting measures for protecting cultural heritage facilities of federal significance of the Russian peoples.

The given article provides a comprehensive review of the issues related to the operation of fuel power generators in energy crisis conditions. The study is based on data from Ukraine, where, after beginning of the full-scale aggression of the russian federation in 2022, critical energy infrastructure facilities were destroyed or significantly damaged, leading to large-scale power outages across the country. In response to these challenges, the population began to use generators as autonomous power sources to meet their household needs. This has led to a simultaneous increase in the man-made risks associated with their use, including fire hazards, carbon monoxide poisoning, explosions of fuel systems, etc. The research covers a statistical analysis of the dynamics of fires over the past eight years (in particular, the time interval before and after the full-scale invasion of the aggressor country). The emphasis is on the period of 2022-2024, when the number of fires related to the use of electric generators increased to dozens per year. It is based on the official data of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, according to which the main causes of such fires are short circuits and non-compliance with fire safety during the operation of electrical equipment. The paper analyzes the specifics of the use of electric generators in buildings and structures of various functional purposes, describes the main causes of fires during their use. It is found that the lack of differentiated standards for the placement and certification of equipment poses a potential threat to these facilities. Particular attention is paid to foreign incidents, in particular in the USA, Nigeria, Canada, India, and Australia, which demonstrate a similar typology of fire safety violations to Ukrainian realities, but in the context of effective regulatory control, they are more often localized in the early stages of fire development. In addition, the article highlights the problem of the lack of mandatory regulatory requirements in Ukraine regarding the location of generators, verification of equipment certification, and a national regulatory document on the rules for the arrangement and operation of fuel electric generators. With this in mind, the authors analyze the existing international standards governing the requirements for the safe installation, operation and maintenance of stand-alone power generators in countries with high fire safety standards. This comparison allows to identify gaps in the current Ukrainian legislation and to form a vision of the possible adaptation or integration of international experience into national practice in this area. Materials of the study can be used for further scientific understanding of the problem of operating fuel power generators, improving existing safety policies, developing regulatory documents for state supervision bodies, as well as in the work of designers and specialists in the field of fire safety.

The article examines the experience of public administration in the field of fire safety and the elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made emergencies in Japan. The author analyses the structure of public administration in a certain sphere, describes the hierarchical model of the construction of public administration in the area under consideration, describes in detail each of the hierarchical levels of the system. In doing so, the author presents the functions, responsibilities and tasks performed by each of the elements of the system of fire safety and the elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made disasters in Japan. The article discusses the regulatory framework for the activities of the relevant services and agencies established in Japan to prevent the occurrence of fires and their elimination, and to reduce the negative consequences of disasters caused by natural factors, the chances of which, according to the author are very high in Japan due to its geographical location. The author gives statistics on the number of fires, losses from them and the number of deaths in Japan over a period of time since 1992. At the same time, the author has made a statistical analysis of the given data array, which resulted in obtaining regression equations for approximating dependencies for the number of fires and deaths in those fires for the ten-year period from 2007 to 2016, which, according to the author, reflect the presence of a steady downward trend. At the same time, the author calculated the determination coefficient and described his essence and value for use in public administration. According to the author the steady tendency to reduce the number of fires and deaths is a consequence of Japan's reform of public administration in the field of fire safety, as well as the consistency, internal consistency and consistency of the legal framework governing the relevant public services as well as private companies in Japan. The author uses the method of historical parallelism when considering public administration in the field of fire safety in Japan, the USSR and, in particular, the Ukrainian SSR (before 1991) and Ukraine, after gaining independence. The article emphasizes particular importance to those parallels in reforming the system of local self-government that is being conducted in Ukraine today and the positive experience already existing in the work of the municipalities of Japan regarding the provision of fire safety and response to the various environmental challenges that are the source of emergencies of different origin. It should be noted that in spite of all the efforts of public administration and local authorities in Japan, aimed primarily at the organization of preventive measures to prevent the fires, in the said country, there are still quite large fires, but the conclusions made by the relevant state institutions, in order to prevent such a repetition in the future, are reflected almost immediately in the methodological recommendations, and the change in regulatory and regulatory regulation of some economic entities. This conclusion is achieved by the author applying case-study method of analysis of large-scale fires that have arisen in Japan in the last few years. The data obtained from the article indicated that the experience of organizing the Japanese fire service at the municipal level is appropriate and time-consuming in the conditions of decentralization and deconcentration of power in Ukraine. But at the same time the author cautions against the danger of loss of control and an increase in entropy in the process of reforming non- pockets of local self-government institutions. The author concludes that in public administration in the field of fire safety in Ukraine there are a number of unresolved problems regarding the construction of an effective security system for the protection of personality, society and the state from the current challenges associated with the emergence of fires and emergencies. In conclusion, the author focuses his research on the practical application of Japanese experience in the reform of local self-government bodies in Ukraine, as well as provides specific methodological recommendations for public administration and local government bodies regarding the implementation of the reform of the State Service of Ukraine for Emergency Situations.

This important new book, the first of its kind in the fire safety field, discusses the economic problems faced by decision-makers in the areas of fire safety and fire precautions. The author considers the theoretical aspects of cost-benefit analysis and other relevant economic problems with practical applications to fire protection systems. Clear examples are included to illustrate these techniques in action. The work covers: * the performance and effectiveness of passive fire protection measures such as structural fire resistance and means of escape facilities, and active systems such as sprinklers and detectors * the importance of educating for better understanding and implementation of fire prevention through publicity campaigns and fire brigade operations * cost-benefit analysis of fire protection measures and their combinations, taking into account trade-offs between these measures. The book is essential reading for consultants and academics in construction management, economics and fire safety, as well as for insurance and risk management professionals.

Introduction. Translating fire-technical terms is a difficult task for a translator, since if the meaning of a word is conveyed incorrectly or inaccurately, the goal of translation - successful intercultural communication - cannot be achieved. The difficulty in achieving translation equivalence lies in linguistic lacuna of corresponding phenomena in Russia and abroad, as well as in the lack of knowledge in professional sphere due to the narrow focus of the field. In view of the need for interaction between Russia and foreign countries on fire safety issues, the problem of finding the right equivalences seems to be one of the most important.
 Aim. The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis of fire-technical terms taken from authentic sources.
 Methodology and research methods. The study was conducted by random sampling of terms from specialized texts. The authors relied on a comparative method to identify differences between the selected terms in two languages.
 Results. The article analyzes the translation principles and transformations that are most often used when translating fire-technical texts. The conclusion of the expediency of applying this or that technique is made, and it is shown that the price that should be paid for a translation mistake is too high. 
 Scientific novelty. This work is intended to draw attention to lexical gaps formed in translation studies due to lack of knowledge in the sphere of fire-technical terms interlingual correspondence.
 Practical significance. The study contributes to the development of efficient communication between professionals from different countries in the field of fire safety. The article may be of interest not only to translators, but also to technical experts, as it allows comparing instrumentarium used in different countries.

The theoretical framework of fire safety design: Reflections and alternatives

Vision Zero is a term mainly connected with road traffic safety and has its roots in the Swedish road safety strategy. It was formally adopted by the Swedish parliament in 1997, and due to the initial success of lowering the number of deaths in traffic crashes significantly, it has become a role model for road safety strategies in countries and cities all over the world. In Sweden, Vision Zero for road safety has also inspired the introduction of Vision Zero policies in other sectors, and this chapter focuses on Vision Zero from a multi-sectoral perspective. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: to present five different cases of Vision Zero policies and to discuss what constitutes a Vision Zero policy based on these five cases. The five cases are found in road traffic safety, fire safety, patient safety, suicide, and workplace safety. Every case has its unique preconditions in terms of laws, actors, scope, etc., but they are also similar in relation to injury prevention and the ambition to decrease the number of deaths and serious injuries. The five Vision Zero policies are summarized by presenting the problem and problem framing, the goal, measures, and solutions as well as leading actors and governing structures. We find that the problem itself is quite self-explanatory in each case but that the problem framing and attribution of responsibility differ. All cases have on paper been inspired by the road safety strategies, but the systems approach, so intimately connected with Vision Zero, is more or less absent in the cases of fire safety and suicide. Furthermore, in the field of fire safety, responsibility is placed on the individual and on the business sector rather than based on a shared responsibility and ultimately on the system designers. In all five cases, there are a set of measures in place, but there are differences in implementation due to temporal factors and also what kind of governing and steering structures are in place. There is also a difference in internal support where the Vision Zero for suicide stands out as having less support among agencies working with the issue. Finally, the monitoring systems differ from case to case. The Vision Zero for road traffic safety stands out as having a monitoring and evaluating system based on specific safety targets ultimately aiming toward zero (management by objectives). Based on the empirical findings, we argue that besides having a clear problem and problem framing, a toolbox of measures, a monitoring system, and a governing structure, a policy based on a visionary approach with an ambition to reach zero needs additional perspectives or criteria in order to be successful: (1) ascientificapproach to problem framing and solutions, (2) acomprehensiveapproach, (3) along-termcommitment, and (4) a system and structure based ongovernance. These criteria do not necessarily have to be in place in order to adopt Vision Zero, but they are a prerequisite for building a system based on Vision Zero.