Особенности корпоративно-нормативной системы в романо-германской и англосаксонской правовых семьях

Основоположники сравнительного системного подхода к изучению права (среди первых были американец Р. Шлезингер, французы Р. Давид и М. Ансель, итальянец Р. Сакко, канадец П. Гленн, позже немцы Х. Кётц и К. Цвaйгерт и др.) на рубеже 1960-1970-х гг. совершили прорыв в правовой науке. Они завершили создание основ нового направления сравнительно-правовых исследований, выделили и проанализировали различные правовые общности прошлых веков и современности, назвав последние семьями или системами (англо-саксонская, романо-германская, социалистическая, мусульманская и др.). Им следуют многие российские авторы. Термины «правовая система» и «правовая семья» часто используются как одинаковые, понятия системы и семьи, как правило, не даются, социальная суть основных (глобальных) правовых систем игнорируется. Англо-саксонская семья права и тоталитарная социалистическая правовая система находятся в одной и той же классификационной единице. В статье предлагаются новые подходы и иной синтез правовых систем. Автор использует методы исторического, логического, дедуктивного, индуктивного и сравнительного исследования, формационно-цивилизационный подход и на этой основе выделяет три основные правовые системы современного мира: мусульманскую систему (мусульман более 1,7 млрд. человек), либерально-полусоциальную капиталистическую систему (распространяется на 4,5 млрд. человек, включая многие развивающиеся страны) и тоталитарно-социалистическую систему (1,5 млрд. человек). При выделении правовых семей используется традиционный подход сравнительного правоведения, но с учетом социальных и культурологических правовых особенностей. На этой основе в рамках каждой из глобальных систем выделены правовые семьи. В системе мусульманского права есть фундаменталистская (радикалистская) и модернизированная (продвинутая) правовые семьи, а по другому основанию деления — суннитская и шиитская правовые семьи; в либерально-полусоциальной капиталистической системе — англо-саксонская, романо-германская и другие семьи (современные исследователи называют латино-американскую, скандинавскую и др.); в тоталитарной социалистической системе — ортодоксальная и частично модернизированная семьи.

The subject of the research is the methodological problem of identification of some world regions as a legal systems and legal families. In recent years, in practical comparative legal studies (calculation of indices of the rule of law, human rights and freedom of the press), as well as in theoretical comparative legal literature, there has been a problem of incorrect universalization of legal system identification criteria based on the Western legal tradition alone. This problem is also particularly clearly manifested in the uncertainty of European legal space regions in the context of their attribution to a separate legal family. A striking example of such an uncertain region is Eastern Europe.The purpose of the research is to substantiate the directions for improving legal comparative legal research in the context of postclassical methodology, namely the approach from the point of view of legal values and in the aspect of legitimacy of legal institutions in the investigated legal system.Methodology. The interdisciplinary approach serves as the methodological basis of this research. It provides a synthesis of methodological tools of classical jurisprudence and methodological techniques and achievements of related socio-humanitarian fields of knowledge and post-classical jurisprudence. In our research we use sociological studies, especially legal sociology, political science and legal axiology, which allows a comprehensive study of the legal systems and legal families on a real case of investigated countries.Results and conclusions. The authors revised the existing criteria for classifying legal families, considered the criteria for the separation of legal families, as well as the classifications of legal families themselves, proposed by R. Leger, K. Zweigert and H. Ketz, V.A. Lafitsky. From the standpoint of non-classical science, authors propose a mechanism for verifying the legal system from the legal axiology point of view. This axiological approach can be applicated through an assessment of the legitimacy of norms, according to its value basis. In a dependence of affiliation of these values as a western or eastern (liberal or conservative etc.) it is correct to conclude that one legal system belongs to a particular legal family.The main results. The authors conclude that the prospects for the development of contemporary comparative law also lie in strengthening an interdisciplinary approach that allows combining the achievements of jurisprudence with sociology, philosophy, economics and cultural studies. The conducted integrative study of legal traditions opens up new possibilities for the analysis of legal systems. For example, it allows us to solve a specific research problem on the relevance of the legal systems of Eastern Europe to the Slavic legal family. The prerequisites for substantiating this conclusion were a shift in focus from the analysis of a not entirely universal criteria of legal ideology to the more basic criterion of legal axiology. It also allowed us to offer tools that opened up opportunities for a more differentiated definition of values relevant to the corresponding legal system through an analysis of the legitimacy of institutions and norms.

Goal. The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the main problems and features of the influence of religion on the formation of modern legal families, including in the context of modern globalization processes. Method. The methodology of the study involves the integrated use of a number of general and special methods of cognition, in particular: terminological analysis, synthesis, structural-functional and comparative law. Results. In the course of the research it was proved that in the modern conditions of society development the religious legal family plays an important role due to the large number of citizens of the states that make it up. The factor that reinforces this role is the migration processes caused by globalization and integration phenomena. Today, despite its conservatism, the religious legal family under the pressure of external circumstances is forced to abandon some of its dogmas, mainly in terms of ensuring the development of the individual and the realization of his rights. The religious legal family is a separate type of legal system with its own peculiarities. It is important to distinguish between religious law and the national legal system of the state that makes up the religious legal family. Scientific novelty. The study found that in the legal families of traditional law, religion is decisive. This is manifested in the fact that, on the one hand, it serves as a regulatory mechanism for traditional, customary and other social norms. On the other hand, religion within the legal families of traditional law plays an independent role mainly in cases when it comes to regulating the activities of public law institutions. Practical significance. The results of the study can be useful in the process of developing a general theoretical and comparative religious model of formation and development of legal families of today, in particular in the context of globalization.

Using a comparative law method this article describes the similarities and differences in the obligations as a result of the injury in the Russian Federation and other countries of continental legal family, characterizes the responsibility for harm caused by deficiencies of goods, jobs and services under the laws of the countries in the Anglo-Saxon legal family. The work also suggests the ways to improve the legislation.

The article deals with the philosophical and legal foundations of legal interpretation technique. In particular it is pointed out that in spite of the fact that the legal interpretation is an integral procedure realized within the framework of law implementation (especially - law enforcement), at the same time it has its own meaning and due to this fact deserves a separate scientific attention. Legal interpretation is aimed not simply at clarification of the meaning of normative or other prescriptions, but at finding out the actual will of the legislator. It is pointed out that, contrary to the “classical” postulates of legal interpretation, the source material for interpretation is not only the texts of normative legal acts. It is clear that in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal family interpretation is aimed at clarification of general principles, legal trends, which are reflected in the judicial precedents on similar cases. However, in the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family there is also a significant shift of reference points towards the analysis not only of the normative text, but also of judicial practice.

The growth of the cryptoassets market inevitably leads to an increase in their popularity and use in everyday life. While earlier it was mainly connected with trading of crypto assets on specialised platforms, today individuals and legal entities are increasingly using them for various purposes. For example, for gaining access to a certain service provided by a project in connection, with which a certain crypto asset was created. Additionally, the crypto asset can be exchanged for a certain physical commodity. In general, users can structure a variety of cryptoasset use cases. Nevertheless, the regulatory framework of most countries still does not define the place of cryptoassets in civil law, which makes it unclear in many cases, which regime should apply to cryptoassets. Moreover, a separate issue is the definition of ownership of a crypto asset and the conditions for its acquisition. Given the special technological nature of cryptoassets, they may differ significantly from the general rules for the emergence of such a right under general provisions of civil law. In this regard, we assume that it is extremely important to determine the place of cryptoassets in civil law, as well as to determine the moment, when their ownership right arises for further circulation. In the article it is examined the approaches of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal families in the context of recognition of intangible things as objects of property rights in connection with cryptoassets. It is also identified by the author the progressive approach of the Ukrainian legislation to the application of the provisions on things under the Civil Code of Ukraine to cryptoassets in the form of a digital thing. In addition, it is established by the author that the Anglo-Saxon legal family has more flexible rules that allow for the recognition of cryptoassets as intangible property through a case law system that can quickly adapt to dynamically developing industries. Finally, it is proposed in the article the provisions to determine the moment, when the ownership of cryptoassets arises for the purpose of their further civil circulation.

The article analyzes the influence of the economic theory of property in the Anglo-Saxon legal family on the content of property rights and other property rights in the United States of America. The article examines the essence of Anglo- Saxon property law and the doctrine of American and Russian legal scholars and economists. Based on the results of the study, the author identifies three factors that influenced the economic theory of ownership on property rights and other property rights in the United States, namely: economic, historical and ideological. These factors, according to the author, determined the degree of influence of the economic theory of property in the Anglo-Saxon legal family on the content of property rights and other property rights in the United States of America.

Economic development, legality, and the transplant effect

This paper focuses on the conflict of norms in the interface between the “transplanted” formal law and the local social norms in the land-law reforms in Vietnam and Myanmar, each representing different legal families, while sharing commonness in that both have attempted law-making in the post-colonial independence period in order to restore the basis of the livelihoods of the local population. Both of the legal concepts of “land-use right” (quyen su dung dat) in Vietnam and “land-use right for cultivation” (loat paing kwint) in Myanmar have been the product of law-makers’ restorative attempts at farmland security, while intentionally avoiding usage of the term “ownership” that would result in the capitalist transaction of land as a commodity. However, the contemporary land-law reforms led by donor-oriented “legal transplant” in these countries have resulted in the plunder of such policy, by reintroducing the same mechanisms of land exploitation as existed in the colonial days. Roaring protests of the local agricultural population seem to be a rising-up of the social norm descended from the immemorial past as an unwritten Constitution to bring an end to the centuries-long movement of “legal transplant” of the modern capitalist law.

The scientific article is based on the statement that Russian criminal legislation has a repressive character, which is expressed in the possibility of bringing to criminal responsibility for the commission of certain illegal acts that do not have a sufficient degree of public danger. The discussion regarding the partial decriminalization of the above-mentioned acts is also present in the scientific circles of foreign countries. For example, in the United States, some legal scholars propose decriminalizing nonviolent criminal offenses. According to the analysis of law enforcement practice, this circumstance will have a positive impact on crime prevention. For the Russian legal reality, the issue of abolishing punishment for minor crimes is not relevant, since there is legislation on administrative offenses that performs protective functions. In our opinion, minor crimes of corruption are among the acts that can be partially decriminalized by extending administrative prejudice to them. Russian law enforcement practice is predisposed to these humanistic innovations. An analysis of the regulation of the institute of administrative prejudice in foreign countries makes it possible to understand the essence of this institution and the specifics of its practical application for research purposes. According to the legislation of the Western countries of the Romano-German legal family, the institute of administrative prejudice was created in contrast to the increased number of criminal offenses during the period of active economic development, by simplifying the procedure for bringing to justice. At the same time, in the Western countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal family, prejudice refers to circumstances established by the courts in previously considered criminal and civil cases, which, under certain conditions, can be used as evidence that does not require additional verification. In neighboring countries, each State assigns different degrees of public danger to the most classic corruption-related crimes (bribery, bribery, commercial bribery). Thus, in the Republic of Belarus, the application of administrative prejudice to the above-mentioned acts is impossible due to the high degree of public danger. The criminal legislation of Georgia explicitly establishes in the anti-corruption legislation the possibility of applying administrative prejudice to acts related to the false declaration of income by public officials. There is no institution of administrative prejudice in Kazakhstan. However, the notes to individual articles of corruption-related crimes actually allow the use of this institution if the amount of funds does not exceed the amount established by criminal law. Thus, the institution of administrative prejudice can be used as a tool for the partial decriminalization of certain corruption-related crimes. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

One: Introduction. Two: Regulation and Context. Three: Exploring Death at Work. Four: Operationalizing Virtue: The Responses to Death. Five: Preliminary Responses, Coping or Denial. Six: Business Cultures: Consensus and Conflict. Seven: What Constrains Virtue? The Role of Size and Position in the Contracting Hierarchy. Eight: How is Virtue Produced? The Role of Law and Law Enforcement. Nine: The Broad Context of Response: Competing Demand and Prospects for the Future. Ten: Conclusion. Index

The phenomenon of vigilantism has become a significant social issue in Indonesia, where individuals or groups take unilateral legal actions against offenders without following formal legal procedures. This phenomenon is often driven by public dissatisfaction with the legal system, which is perceived as slow or inadequate in delivering justice. Key factors contributing to this behavior include a lack of trust in law enforcement, especially in remote areas, as well as cultural norms that tend to support direct resolution to maintain community order. Vigilantism has serious consequences, such as undermining legal authority, creating uncertainty in the enforcement of justice, and generating social insecurity that threatens community stability. To explain this phenomenon, Social Control Theory and the Theory of Distrust in the Legal System suggest that weak social bonds and low trust in legal institutions can trigger such behavior. The implications include social insecurity, damage to the credibility of the legal system, and potential economic disruption due to declining investment and tourism in areas prone to violence. Addressing this issue requires legal system reforms to expedite legal processes, enhance the quality of law enforcement, and strengthen oversight and transparency. Legal education for the public is also crucial to raise awareness of the importance of rule of law and reduce the tendency toward vigilantism. Keywords:Social, Vigilantism, Legal System, Violence Abstrak Fenomena main hakim sendiri telah menjadi isu sosial yang signifikan di Indonesia, di mana individu atau kelompok mengambil tindakan hukum secara sepihak terhadap pelanggar hukum tanpa mengikuti prosedur hukum formal. Fenomena ini sering kali didorong oleh ketidakpuasan masyarakat terhadap sistem hukum yang dianggap lambat atau tidak memadai dalam memberikan keadilan. Faktor-faktor utama yang berkontribusi terhadap perilaku ini termasuk kurangnya kepercayaan terhadap penegakan hukum, terutama di daerah terpencil, serta norma-norma budaya yang cenderung mendukung penyelesaian secara langsung untuk menjaga ketertiban masyarakat. Tindakan main hakim sendiri memiliki konsekuensi yang serius, seperti merongrong kewibawaan hukum, menimbulkan ketidakpastian dalam penegakan keadilan, dan menimbulkan kerawanan sosial yang mengancam stabilitas masyarakat. Untuk menjelaskan fenomena ini, Teori Kontrol Sosial dan Teori Ketidakpercayaan pada Sistem Hukum menyatakan bahwa lemahnya ikatan sosial dan rendahnya kepercayaan terhadap institusi hukum dapat memicu perilaku tersebut. Implikasinya antara lain kerawanan sosial, rusaknya kredibilitas sistem hukum, dan potensi gangguan ekonomi akibat menurunnya investasi dan pariwisata di daerah-daerah yang rawan kekerasan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, diperlukan reformasi sistem hukum untuk mempercepat proses hukum, meningkatkan kualitas penegakan hukum, serta memperkuat pengawasan dan transparansi. Pendidikan hukum bagi masyarakat juga sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kesadaran akan pentingnya supremasi hukum dan mengurangi kecenderungan main hakim sendiri. Kata kunci: Sosial, Main Hakim Sendiri, Sistem Hukum, Kekerasan.

Is Sin Always a Sin? The Interaction Effect of Social Norms and Financial Incentives on Market Participants’ Behavior

У статті розглядається правова модель застосування запобіжних заходів за законодавством зарубіжних держав, що відносяться до романо-германської та англосаксонської правових сімей. Особливу увагу приділено затриманню та триманню під вартою, як найбільш суворому запобіжному заходу, пов’язаному з суттєвим обмеженням конституційного права на свободу та особисту недоторканність.

The problems of delegated lawmaking are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that if the domestic legal doctrine has a negative attitude to the problem of delegated legislation and there are very few examples of it, then in the countries of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal families, legal science pays increased attention to this problem, and the role and importance, specific the weight of the right delegated in the system of sources of law is constantly increasing.