Внедоговорные обязательства в международном частном праве: сравнительно-правовой анализ

Основоположники сравнительного системного подхода к изучению права (среди первых были американец Р. Шлезингер, французы Р. Давид и М. Ансель, итальянец Р. Сакко, канадец П. Гленн, позже немцы Х. Кётц и К. Цвaйгерт и др.) на рубеже 1960-1970-х гг. совершили прорыв в правовой науке. Они завершили создание основ нового направления сравнительно-правовых исследований, выделили и проанализировали различные правовые общности прошлых веков и современности, назвав последние семьями или системами (англо-саксонская, романо-германская, социалистическая, мусульманская и др.). Им следуют многие российские авторы. Термины «правовая система» и «правовая семья» часто используются как одинаковые, понятия системы и семьи, как правило, не даются, социальная суть основных (глобальных) правовых систем игнорируется. Англо-саксонская семья права и тоталитарная социалистическая правовая система находятся в одной и той же классификационной единице. В статье предлагаются новые подходы и иной синтез правовых систем. Автор использует методы исторического, логического, дедуктивного, индуктивного и сравнительного исследования, формационно-цивилизационный подход и на этой основе выделяет три основные правовые системы современного мира: мусульманскую систему (мусульман более 1,7 млрд. человек), либерально-полусоциальную капиталистическую систему (распространяется на 4,5 млрд. человек, включая многие развивающиеся страны) и тоталитарно-социалистическую систему (1,5 млрд. человек). При выделении правовых семей используется традиционный подход сравнительного правоведения, но с учетом социальных и культурологических правовых особенностей. На этой основе в рамках каждой из глобальных систем выделены правовые семьи. В системе мусульманского права есть фундаменталистская (радикалистская) и модернизированная (продвинутая) правовые семьи, а по другому основанию деления — суннитская и шиитская правовые семьи; в либерально-полусоциальной капиталистической системе — англо-саксонская, романо-германская и другие семьи (современные исследователи называют латино-американскую, скандинавскую и др.); в тоталитарной социалистической системе — ортодоксальная и частично модернизированная семьи.

The paper investigates the issue of the peculiarities of the corporate regulatory system in the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal family. The structure of social regulation is described, which is represented by such elements as corporate-regulatory, legal, traditional, religious, moral and ethical subsystems. It is noted that at the heart of each subsystem there is a social norm, which is a system-forming element of the subsystem. The definition of the corporate regulatory system has been formulated, according to which this definition is understood as a set of internally coordinated and interrelated phenomena operating in society and having a regulatory, organizing and stabilizing effect on corporate social relations, the behavior of participants in corporate relations, as well as the activities of corporate organizations. It is indicated that the influence of the legal family on the corporate regulatory system is manifested, firstly, in the peculiarities of corporate regulation, and secondly, in the peculiarities of corporate organizations, at the stages of establishment and functioning. The concept of a legal family is analyzed, a set of national legal systems united by a common historical formation, structure, sources, leading branches and legal institutions, law enforcement, conceptual and categorical apparatus of legal science. It has been established that for countries belonging to the Romano-Germanic legal family, in the corporate-regulatory subsystem, the influence of the legal family is expressed in the primacy of legal regulation over corporate regulation, a high degree of state interference in internal corporate regulation issues, as by consolidating peremptory norms, the inclusion of which in corporate bylaws are mandatory and model bylaws. It was revealed that in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal family, there is a high degree of autonomy of corporate organizations, while the leading role in corporate regulation is played by contractual mechanisms, historically the corporation was considered as a pooling of capital.

The growth of the cryptoassets market inevitably leads to an increase in their popularity and use in everyday life. While earlier it was mainly connected with trading of crypto assets on specialised platforms, today individuals and legal entities are increasingly using them for various purposes. For example, for gaining access to a certain service provided by a project in connection, with which a certain crypto asset was created. Additionally, the crypto asset can be exchanged for a certain physical commodity. In general, users can structure a variety of cryptoasset use cases. Nevertheless, the regulatory framework of most countries still does not define the place of cryptoassets in civil law, which makes it unclear in many cases, which regime should apply to cryptoassets. Moreover, a separate issue is the definition of ownership of a crypto asset and the conditions for its acquisition. Given the special technological nature of cryptoassets, they may differ significantly from the general rules for the emergence of such a right under general provisions of civil law. In this regard, we assume that it is extremely important to determine the place of cryptoassets in civil law, as well as to determine the moment, when their ownership right arises for further circulation. In the article it is examined the approaches of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal families in the context of recognition of intangible things as objects of property rights in connection with cryptoassets. It is also identified by the author the progressive approach of the Ukrainian legislation to the application of the provisions on things under the Civil Code of Ukraine to cryptoassets in the form of a digital thing. In addition, it is established by the author that the Anglo-Saxon legal family has more flexible rules that allow for the recognition of cryptoassets as intangible property through a case law system that can quickly adapt to dynamically developing industries. Finally, it is proposed in the article the provisions to determine the moment, when the ownership of cryptoassets arises for the purpose of their further civil circulation.

The article analyzes the influence of the economic theory of property in the Anglo-Saxon legal family on the content of property rights and other property rights in the United States of America. The article examines the essence of Anglo- Saxon property law and the doctrine of American and Russian legal scholars and economists. Based on the results of the study, the author identifies three factors that influenced the economic theory of ownership on property rights and other property rights in the United States, namely: economic, historical and ideological. These factors, according to the author, determined the degree of influence of the economic theory of property in the Anglo-Saxon legal family on the content of property rights and other property rights in the United States of America.

Objective. Comparative analysis of the dynamics of mammary gland cancer incidence in the Russian Federation and European countries over the last 10 years. Materials and methods. In accordance with the study objective, a comparative analysis of statistical data was performed, based on official data from statistical reports of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and data from available literature on the research problem obtained from open statistical and informational databases such as PUBMED. Results. The conducted study revealed a number of important trends and patterns in the dynamics of mammary gland cancer prevalence in the Russian Federation and European countries. Based on the obtained data, it can be stated that mammary gland cancer is a widespread disease, and the dynamics of its prevalence are relentlessly increasing. Conclusions. The obtained results can be used to develop more effective measures for the prevention and early diagnosis of mammary gland cancer. To timely detect possible changes and develop effective measures for prevention and treatment, it is necessary to continue monitoring the incidence of mammary gland cancer throughout the Russian Federation and European countries.

Goal. The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the main problems and features of the influence of religion on the formation of modern legal families, including in the context of modern globalization processes. Method. The methodology of the study involves the integrated use of a number of general and special methods of cognition, in particular: terminological analysis, synthesis, structural-functional and comparative law. Results. In the course of the research it was proved that in the modern conditions of society development the religious legal family plays an important role due to the large number of citizens of the states that make it up. The factor that reinforces this role is the migration processes caused by globalization and integration phenomena. Today, despite its conservatism, the religious legal family under the pressure of external circumstances is forced to abandon some of its dogmas, mainly in terms of ensuring the development of the individual and the realization of his rights. The religious legal family is a separate type of legal system with its own peculiarities. It is important to distinguish between religious law and the national legal system of the state that makes up the religious legal family. Scientific novelty. The study found that in the legal families of traditional law, religion is decisive. This is manifested in the fact that, on the one hand, it serves as a regulatory mechanism for traditional, customary and other social norms. On the other hand, religion within the legal families of traditional law plays an independent role mainly in cases when it comes to regulating the activities of public law institutions. Practical significance. The results of the study can be useful in the process of developing a general theoretical and comparative religious model of formation and development of legal families of today, in particular in the context of globalization.

У статті розглядається правова модель застосування запобіжних заходів за законодавством зарубіжних держав, що відносяться до романо-германської та англосаксонської правових сімей. Особливу увагу приділено затриманню та триманню під вартою, як найбільш суворому запобіжному заходу, пов’язаному з суттєвим обмеженням конституційного права на свободу та особисту недоторканність.

The problems of delegated lawmaking are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that if the domestic legal doctrine has a negative attitude to the problem of delegated legislation and there are very few examples of it, then in the countries of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal families, legal science pays increased attention to this problem, and the role and importance, specific the weight of the right delegated in the system of sources of law is constantly increasing.

The subject of the research is the methodological problem of identification of some world regions as a legal systems and legal families. In recent years, in practical comparative legal studies (calculation of indices of the rule of law, human rights and freedom of the press), as well as in theoretical comparative legal literature, there has been a problem of incorrect universalization of legal system identification criteria based on the Western legal tradition alone. This problem is also particularly clearly manifested in the uncertainty of European legal space regions in the context of their attribution to a separate legal family. A striking example of such an uncertain region is Eastern Europe.The purpose of the research is to substantiate the directions for improving legal comparative legal research in the context of postclassical methodology, namely the approach from the point of view of legal values and in the aspect of legitimacy of legal institutions in the investigated legal system.Methodology. The interdisciplinary approach serves as the methodological basis of this research. It provides a synthesis of methodological tools of classical jurisprudence and methodological techniques and achievements of related socio-humanitarian fields of knowledge and post-classical jurisprudence. In our research we use sociological studies, especially legal sociology, political science and legal axiology, which allows a comprehensive study of the legal systems and legal families on a real case of investigated countries.Results and conclusions. The authors revised the existing criteria for classifying legal families, considered the criteria for the separation of legal families, as well as the classifications of legal families themselves, proposed by R. Leger, K. Zweigert and H. Ketz, V.A. Lafitsky. From the standpoint of non-classical science, authors propose a mechanism for verifying the legal system from the legal axiology point of view. This axiological approach can be applicated through an assessment of the legitimacy of norms, according to its value basis. In a dependence of affiliation of these values as a western or eastern (liberal or conservative etc.) it is correct to conclude that one legal system belongs to a particular legal family.The main results. The authors conclude that the prospects for the development of contemporary comparative law also lie in strengthening an interdisciplinary approach that allows combining the achievements of jurisprudence with sociology, philosophy, economics and cultural studies. The conducted integrative study of legal traditions opens up new possibilities for the analysis of legal systems. For example, it allows us to solve a specific research problem on the relevance of the legal systems of Eastern Europe to the Slavic legal family. The prerequisites for substantiating this conclusion were a shift in focus from the analysis of a not entirely universal criteria of legal ideology to the more basic criterion of legal axiology. It also allowed us to offer tools that opened up opportunities for a more differentiated definition of values relevant to the corresponding legal system through an analysis of the legitimacy of institutions and norms.

Introduction. In modern conditions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, physical culture and sport are the key to the formation of a healthy lifestyle of the population and are important indicators of the success of the Russians participating in various sports events at various levels. At the same time, the number of people involved in physical education and sports in Russia is insignificant, due to the insufficient level of citizens' legal awareness, the inaccessibility of receiving high-quality services in this area, the underdeveloped infrastructure, and the presence of gaps and conflicts in the legal regulation of this block of public relations. One of the ways to solve these problems is to develop a system of sources of legal regulation of sports relations. Purpose. Based on the studied sources of legal impact on sports relations in Russia and foreign countries, theoretical developments and materials of judicial practice, the authors attempted to form a model of legal regulation of sports relations. Methodology. The authors in the process of writing the article used formal legal, logical, systemic and comparative legal methods. Results. A study of existing sources of Russian and foreign law governing sports relations suggests the presence of a complex multi-level system of legal regulation. The state level of legal impact is represented by a set of regulatory legal acts, which are formal sources of regulation of sports relations. The non-state level includes customs, unified rules, other recommendatory acts, as well as local and contractual norms created by the participants in sports relations themselves, taking into account the specifics of the relations established between them. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of various sources regulating relations in the field of physical culture and sports in Russia and foreign countries, the authors propose a model of legal regulation of sports relations in the Russian Federation, which is a multi-level system of sources of state and non-state influence on the behavior of participants in these relations. It is concluded that it is necessary to expand the dispositive principles in the system of legal regulation of sports relations through the active use of such regulators as local and contractual rulemaking, as well as other forms of non-state influence on the behavior of participants in these relations.

This chapter discusses legal families, legal culture, and context. A legal family is structured genealogically, with a parent legal order and its historical offspring or siblings. There are many classification systems for legal families. Classifications of legal systems do not necessarily have to be one-dimensional, they can just as well be hierarchical. Meanwhile, the idea of legal culture has long played an important role in comparative law. However, it is heavily burdened by its origin in legal sociology. Context thus becomes the core concept not only of individual comparison, but also of overall type comparison. In an individual comparison, working with context requires taking into account the entire legal and non-legal environment in which every legal rule exists. In a type comparison, the elements of this environment are aggregated.

The global telemedicine technology (TMT) regulatory landscape is currently evolving in a number of ways. The goal is to carry out an analytical examination of the institutional and legal frameworks for medical treatment including telemedicine consultation (TMC) in Russian Federation and foreign countries. The regulatory legal regulation of 22 international healthcare systems was included in the final version of the review. The review’s findings allow for the identification of the most important organizational and legal facets of delivering healthcare via TMC abroad: the majority of foreign nations lack comprehensive legal regulations governing the use of TMT in healthcare; the ability to establish a diagnosis within the context of TMC only follows an initial in-person consultation with a doctor; conducting TMC exclusively by licensed medical professionals and medical organizations; the option to conduct TMC via government-designed platforms and publicly accessible information platforms; requiring the patient to be informed about the benefits and drawbacks of TMT prior to consultation and to provide written or verbal informed consent; and requiring adherence to standards and recommendations during TMC, application, and in-person admission of the patient. The analysis demonstrates how commonplace TMC is abroad. However, there are currently no well-defined organizational or regulatory requirements for the use of TMC in the delivery of medical care, which calls for additional research into global experience and the identification of best practices that may be expanded throughout the Russian Federation.

Африканское направление имеет значительную важность в современной внешнеэкономической политике России. Одной из основных проблем Африки является продовольственная безопасность, решение которой с каждым годом усложняется из-за демографических, экономических, политических, логистических и медицинских проблем. Сотрудничество в области продовольственной безопасности наряду с энергетической и добывающей сферами являются ключевыми направлениями сотрудничества РФ и африканских стран. Продовольственная безопасность региона напрямую зависит от мелиорации земель, основным и самым востребованным направлением которой является орошение. Ставя целями работы оценить потенциал орошения как способа преодоления проблем голода в регионе и исследовать возможности торговли стран Африки и России в этой области, авторы провели исследование мирового рынка оросительных систем, выявили роль Африки и России на этом рынке, предложили пути сотрудничества. Россия располагает в этой области научные, образовательные компетенции и, что самое важное, производственные мощности, таким образом делается вывод о том, что существует потенциал для развития торгово-экономического сотрудничества между РФ и африканскими странами в области оросительной техники. В заключении делается вывод о том, что, хотя торгово-экономическое взаимодействие в этом направлении в настоящее время носит низкоинтенсивный характер, в перспективе наращивание поставок российских оросительных систем в Африку будет способствовать развитию отношений стран региона и России, а также достижению целей устойчивого развития ООН в регионе. The African direction has a significant importance in the modern foreign economic policy of Russia. One of the main problems in Africa is food security, the solution of this problem becomes more complicated every year due to demographic, economic, political, logistical and medical problems. Cooperation in the field of food security, along with energy and extractive industries, are key areas of cooperation between the Russian Federation and African countries. The food security of the region directly depends on land reclamation, the main and most in-demand area of which is irrigation. Aiming to assess the potential of irrigation as the way to overcome hunger problems in the region and explore the trade opportunities of African and Russian countries in this area, the authors conducted a study of the irrigation systems world market, identified the role of Africa and Russia in this market, and proposed ways of cooperation. Russia has scientific and educational competencies in this area and, most importantly, production facilities, thus it is concluded that there is potential for the development of trade and economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and African countries in the field of irrigation technology. In conclusion, it is stated although the trade and economic cooperation in this area is currently low-intensive, in the future, increasing the supply of Russian irrigation systems to Africa will contribute to the development of relations between the countries of the region and Russia, as well as the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals in the region.

The article discusses the legal problems of inheritance relations in the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The relevance of the topic under study is due to the need to form a legal environment emerging in the process of inheritance of tort obligations and the form of the will in Russian and foreign laws. A legal analysis of Russian legislation and international treaties, foreign legislation and judicial practice in the field of inheritance regulation in the Russian Federation and foreign countries is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the unification of international norms in the field of testament form. The author concludes that international law on inheritance has its drawbacks and requires further adjustments.

The affordability of housing and utility services for the population of Russian Federation and foreign countries is analyzed in the article. The authors have developed the method which gives the opportunity to bring the housing and utility costs of the population of Russian Federation and foreign countries to comparable conditions. The main result is providing reliable distribution of the costs of the housing and utility services in European countries, where Russian Federation has one of the lowest positions. So, existing substantiation of freezing tariffs for housing and utility services is ungrounded. There is a socio-economic opportunity to raise tariffs for increasing investment attractiveness of the sector. There is also a need for redistribution of the population spending between housing and utility services in favor of the former.