КУСТАРНЫЙ МУЗЕЙ КАК АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА МУЗЕЙНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – ПЕРВОЙ ТРЕТИ ХХ В. (НА ПРИМЕРЕ МОСКОВСКОГО КУСТАРНОГО МУЗЕЯ)

One of the main issues in the course of industrialization is the provision of dynamically developing industrial production with energy sources. Despite the rapid spread of new types of engines in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries, water as an energy source continued to be actively used in industrial production. The research, the results of which are presented in the article, based on the published materials of the first (1900) and second (1908) industrial censuses showed that at the beginning of the twentieth century the share of water engines in the structure of the total power in industry as a whole not only did not decrease, but, on the contrary, increased. Groups of industries and provinces distinguished by the active use of water energy in industry have been identified. Analysis of statistical sources allows us to conclude that industrial enterprises are moving from water wheels to water turbines that exceed them in power. On the basis of industry data, the interrelations between the specific values of the use of water engines in the overall structure of the energy capacity of enterprises and their main production indicators (net profit, cost structure, etc.) are revealed. On the basis of correlation analysis, the hypothesis of a higher level of labor concentration at enterprises and in industries that have retained a significant proportion of water engines in the structure of their energy base has been confirmed.

The article reveals the role of theatrical-critical thought in the process of constituting the Ukrainian music and drama theatre in the multicultural time space of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires in the late XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. The research methodology consists in the application of historical-cultural, analytical, systematic, art-scientific methods, which provide an opportunity to analyze the ideological and aesthetic content of theatrical-critical activity, to explore the genre specifics of its formation in the context of nation-building. The scientific novelty of the work is to reveal the social-communicative, artistic-aesthetic, educational role of national theatrical-critical thought in the process of constituting national and artistic-aesthetic features of Ukrainian music and drama theatre in the sociosphere of the time. Conclusions. The theatrical-critical activity of outstanding theatrical artists, leading theatrical critics was aimed at creating a single national theatrical space, popularization of the cultural and historical heritage of Ukraine. National theatrical-critical thought performing socio-communicative, artistic and aesthetic, educational role formed the ideological and spiritual priorities of the Ukrainian community, promoted ethnocultural authenticity, cultural and historical traditions and had an influence on the process of constituting national and artistic features of Ukrainian music and drama theatre in the sociosphere of the time. Keywords: Ukrainian music and drama theatre, nation-building, sociosphere, traditions, theatrical-critical thought, repertoire.

During the empire, the main purpose of surveillance was to find out what the majority thinks, supports, and keep the people under control. In other words, to influence the people and completely own their minds. Therefore, whether in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union or in the Russian Empire the main goal of surveillance and collection of information about public opinion was the transformation of the masses. Censorship considered surveillance mechanisms in the Russian Empire, were carried out with the help of employees of postal and telegraph institutions. There were no perlustration centers in the Semirechensk region. At the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries, the Semirechensk region received correspondence and parcels from all territories of the Russian Empire and from abroad. Employees of the local administration, special institutions and postal and telegraph institutions controlled correspondence according to the established mechanism. The purpose of this article is to determine the activities and features of postal and telegraph institutions (late XIX - early XX centuries) for the implementation of censorship in the Semirechensk region. The history of perlustration in the Russian Empire, the introduction of perlustration in the Semirechensk region, as well as the problems of monitoring individuals in the empire during the period under review are comprehensively examined.

The article considers the documents related to the work of the Gzhel Ceramic School in the first half of the 1920s. This period became one of the defining stages of the development of art and industrial education on the territory of the distribution of the oldest folk art craft in the Moscow province. The Gzhel Ceramic School of the People’s Commissariat of Education, which began its activity in the autumn of 1918, was the successor of the drawing classes opened here in 1899 by the Imperial Stroganov Central Art and Industrial School. The analysis of the School’s work allows us to ascertain the leading role of the state in the formation of art and industrial education, a characteristic feature of the development of which in those years was the search for optimal organizational forms of training, aimed at mass training of master ceramists in combination with their general secondary education. In the first post-revolutionary years, the development of handicraft production in the places of the traditional existence of folk arts and crafts was an important area of activity for the Soviet republic. In the 1920s the products of folk crafts were one of the few goods produced in the RSFSR that were in demand abroad, which made it possible to consider it as a means of obtaining foreign currency. In addition, the development of crafts, which employed a significant number of workers in imperial Russia, seemed to be one of the ways to level the social tension associated with unemployment in the regions that had previously been distinguished by the relative prosperity of the residents. The article notes the role of the School’s management and the teaching staff in its educational, economic and awareness-raising activities.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that construction companies in a difficult period in 2020 faced risk problems and many construction companies declared themselves bankrupt during this period. The globalization of the modern world defines more and more severe challenges for national economies around the world. Taking into account the modern patterns of development of the world economy, it is important for the national economy of each state to have a competitive advantage, thanks to which it will develop. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state of the construction industry both in Russia and throughout the world, analyze existing problems, and develop measures aimed at solving them. In studying the economic situation of this industry, indicators such as volume dynamics were considered. construction works and the dynamics of the number of construction organizations. In addition, the work identified factors that limit the activities of construction organizations and the prospects for the development of the construction industry both in Russia and around the world. This paper defines actions to solve the problems of the construction industry, and also determines the expected results of the implementation of these measures. The construction industry also sets the level of economic development, is a very important sector in the economy of many countries of the world. The development of construction services all over the world has been gaining momentum in the past few decades and is developing very dynamically. However, the construction industry is very sensitive to even minor fluctuations in the global market. The subject of the research was the cause-and-effect relationships of the problems and prospects for the development of the construction industry both in Russia and at the global level in the context of the economic transformation of the world economy. In this paper, using SWOT data analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of the construction industry, threats and opportunities of the external environment in the modern conditions of development of both the Russian economy and the international market are analyzed. A working hypothesis of the study was formed. This hypothesis was tested in the framework of a scientific and practical seminar with the participation of representatives of universities that are engaged in the development of the construction industry, as well as with the participation of heads of construction companies. The article describes the current state of the construction industry in modern conditions of development both in Russia and abroad. A hypothesis is put forward about the impact of the crisis on the current state of the construction industry of the world market, measures are proposed to solve the identified problems of the development of the construction industry in Russia within the framework of the coordinated work of the authorities, universities of the country and business.

Introduction. In the late XIX – early XX centuries Russian business is getting rid of a number of restrictions, due to which the business environment is becoming more and more democratic. The estate determination of entrepreneurial rights and opportunities gradually receded into the past, paving the way for business to the lowest social and legal classes. In this work, an attempt will be made to study the entrepreneurial activity of the Russian peasantry in the late XIX – early XX centuries, which gradually went to new frontiers, overcoming the level of small-scale production and integrating into large business. The main aspect of the study of the selected object of study is associated with the identification of the influence of the remaining class restrictions on the implementation of entrepreneurial aspirations of peasants in the provinces of the Middle Volga region (Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk and Penza). Methods. To solve the problems posed, elements of several techniques were used, thanks to which the object of study was studied from the perspective of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. In the work, the historical-legal method has been applied, which allowed peasant entrepreneurship to be examined through the prism of the evolution of legislation related to the determination of the socio-economic format of the life of the population in the conditions of the remaining estate system. The use of modernization theory made it possible to integrate the processes under study into the trend of industrial modernization, considering peasant entrepreneurship as its subprocess. Results. The solution of the tasks was carried out on the basis of specific forms of entrepreneurial activity of peasants in the so-called. “Qualifying” industry, which included only enterprises supervised by factory inspections and having reached a certain level of industrial “maturity”. To obtain the actual material, which became the basis for theoretical generalizations, the forms and results of entrepreneurship of peasants in the indicated industry segment in a sectoral context were studied. In addition, a brief analysis of the socio-legal foundations of the development of Russian entrepreneurship was carried out in the prospect of overcoming the class restrictions of peasants in the implementation of their commercial and business aspirations. Discussion and Conclusion. The above examples convincingly show that the peasantry almost on an equal footing with other classes participated in industrial production, which allows us to talk about the transition of the process of establishing freedom of enterprise in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century not only to the plane of legal declarations (de jure), but also to the plane their practical implementation (“de facto”). An analysis of the social composition of the Middle Volga industrialists at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, where the peasantry played a more significant role, shows that business success was already to a much lesser extent related to class privilege. Achieving very significant results in the industrial business, representatives of the rural class no longer showed such decisive aspirations in raising their social status. The process of erasing the class-legal differences in business is indirectly confirmed by the fact that industrial statistics of the beginning of the 20th century are increasingly starting to ignore the factor of class ownership of industrial enterprises.

Based on archival sources and published materials, the process of formation and development of forest education in the Russian Empire is shown, the reasons for creating primary forest schools in the Baikal region in the late XIX — early XX centuries are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the progressive experience of the activities of primary forest schools.

The development of the art of the domra playing in Ukraine in the context of the revival of folk musical-instrumental culture at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries

The study, scientific research and objective assessment of the history of the cities of the colonial period of Tsarist Russia play an important role in the socio-political and cultural development of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan.In this regard, the study of the history of Uzbekistan in the late XIX - early XX centuries has become part of public policy. The study of the history of cities is an important historical category in the science of history, in the emergence, formation and development of which is a whole socio-economic, economic life. However, cities have always played an important role in the history of society.The article scientifically examines the occupation of Kokand by the Russian Empire and the establishment of a colonial system of government in Kokand.

Introduction. In the XIX century the processes of agrarization of the Jews were a characteristichistorical phenomenon only for the countries of Eastern Europe, in particular for the Russian Empire, which isa certain phenomenon in the history of the Jewish people of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, the policyof autocracy in general. The modern historiography of the problem, which is presented in the researches of M.M. Shytiuk, V. V. Shchukin, D. Z. Feldman, D. A. Panov, O. Pachkovskaya, Yu. M. Goncharov, L. V. Kalmina, Ya.O. Pasyk and D. Meshkov, is analyzed. Despite the general study of the processes of agrarization of the Jewishpopulation in the Russian Empire, in modern, in particular Ukrainian, historiography, the political aspects ofthese processes require further study.Purpose. To cover the policy of agrarization of the Jews of the Russian Empire; to identify the factors thatinfl uenced the Russian government’s attempts to convert a certain part of the country’s Jewish population intofarmers and analyze their consequences in case of Novorossia, Siberia and the western Russian provinces.Results. The policy of agrarization of the Jewish population in the Russian Empire, carried out by theautocracy with some breaks during 1804-1866, aimed to encourage the Jews to engage in agricultural activities,to turn them into farmers (“free grain farmers”) in a way of colonizing the virgin state and landlord lands of theRussian Empire. If in the fi rst stage (1804-1835) the policy of agrarization of the Jews was characterized by itsuncertainty and some contradictions in solving the problems of the Jewish colonists, in the second one (1835–1866)the Russian offi cials’ position was pragmatic and partly cynical. The local offi cials were skeptical of the policyof agrarization of the Jews, did not believe in its success, but due to the efforts of the Minister of State PropertyCount P. D. Kiselyov and Novorossiysk Governor-General Count M. V. Vorontsov, the processes of the Jewishcolonization covered a large part of Southwestern Russia until the mid-XIX century. However, after the defeatin the Crimean War, the public policy priorities changed. There was taken a course to modernize the country.The processes of agrarization of the Jewish population against the background of the aggravation of the Jewishquestion, especially during the reign of Alexander III, became irrelevant. However, even after the offi cial cessationof the above policy on May 30, 1866, the government made some attempts to resume its long-standing projectand even found understanding among the educated Russian Jews, who believed that a successful experiment toturn Jews into farmers would contribute to the emancipation of the entire Jewish people in the Russian empire.In general, in the late XIX century, in the Russian Empire there were no more than 150,000 Jewish colonists whowere directly engaged in various spheres of the agricultural activity. Although more than 160 thousand Jews wereformally recognized as farmers in the Russian Empire.Conclusion. The policy of agrarization of the Russian Jews proved to be generally successful, although itwas not deprived of certain contradictions, which, for example, were refl ected in the failed project of the Jewishcolonization of Siberia. However, the Russian government’s strategy was clear: to resolve the Jewish question ina way that would gradually assimilate the Jews, which was associated with long-standing religious prejudicesand perceptions of the Jews as a self-isolated ethnocultural group within the state. The Jews did not show aspecial desire to become farmers, even with the persistence of such well-known Russian reformers as Count P.D. Kiselyov. A lack of experience in agricultural activities, uncertainty of conditions, and most importantly, theprospects of living in a non-Jewish environment of the colonies deterred many Jews from participating in thisgovernmental experiment. However, at the time of the cessation of the agrarian policy in 1866 about one hundredthousand Jewish colonists (3% of the total Jewish population of the Russian Empire) became farmers, mastered anunusual practice of the socio-economic life, which can certainly be considered a successful government policy. Itis obvious that this result did not satisfy all the ambitions of the Russian reformers. The Jewish colonists preservedtheir national and cultural identity. However, in the general context, the policy of agrarization of the Jewishpopulation of the Russian Empire, and especially its results, proved that the autocracy tried to integrate Jews intothe socio-cultural space of the empire in its domestic policy. And it succeeded, because despite the fact that inthe second half of the XIX century the Russian government pursued a course of modernization that acceleratedthe country’s industrialization, the Jewish agricultural colonies in Novorossiysk fl ourished, and the notion of theJewish agrarianism became a political argument in the Jewish people’s struggle for their national rights.

The article is devoted to the foundation and development of agricultural education and agrarian knowledge among peasants who lived in the Baikal region at the beginning of the XX century. The Baikal region included the territories of Irkutsk province and Transbaikalian region. In the late XIX – early XX century some professional educational institutions as well as agricultural ones opened in Russian periphery. The archives play an important role in researching such an issue as an agricultural education in Baikal region. Archive documents including documents of management and record keeping, circular letters, requests, resolutions of central and local government allow one to form the historiography data base for this problem. Valuable sources of information include, among others, the agronomy organization report of Irkutsk province, volumes of Transbaikalian district agronomy councils, such periodicals as the Zabaikal’sky khozyain magazine and the Zabaikal’sky rabochy and the Irkutskie gubernskye vedomosty newspapers. Based on this historiography data, the article shows the district councils’ activity concerning the organization of the first basic agricultural schools in the Baikal region. The article features some difficulties the local government faced while organizing those establishments. The article also provides information about the wide spread propaganda of agrarian knowledge through the courses and lectures. First agricultural schools that were opened in the late XIX century and on the verge of the revolution of 1917 faced such problems as skilled labor shortage, lack of finance and pecuniary burdens. It was necessary to reorganize them into vocational educational schools. The article features a brief historiography review on the history of agricultural education in the late XIX – early XX centuries in Russia and in Baikal region specifically.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the banking system of the Russian Empire in the period of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries in the conditions of reforms in the era of Emperor Alexander II, in the period of "counterreforms" of Emperor Alexander II, as well as in the era of active development of the capitalist system in the reign of Emperor Nicholas II. Materials and Methods. The sources include the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. A number of volumes of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire include charters of banks - the State Bank of the Russian Empire, the Peasant Land Bank, as well as charters of joint-stock banks opened at the end of the XIX century. In the process of preparing the article the historical and chronological method was used. Due to this method it was possible to establish the main stages of the banking system formation. The historical-problem method allowed to reveal the relationship between the ongoing processes in the state and the formation of a new banking system. The source method proved to be necessary in determining historical sources for the preparation of the materials of the article. Results. The authors note that the banking system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. developed in the conditions of strengthening capitalist relations. Due to the undertaken research it was possible to trace the main stages of formation of the banking system in the Russian Empire. On the basis of the attracted material from historiography and sources the understanding of the relationship between the formation of the banking system in the conditions of budget deficit of the Empire in the middle of the XIX century was formed. It was possible to establish that in order to carry out a series of reforms under Alexander II was first attempted to strengthen the budget system through the formation of a new banking system. It was established that in the late XIX - early XX cc. The State Bank of the Russian Empire in the framework of its activities was aimed at strengthening industrial production, as well as agriculture. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was possible to establish the stages of the banking system formation. The interrelation of the socio-economic situation with the state of the financial system was noted. On the basis of the conducted research it is possible to further consider, for example, changes in the functioning of the banking system during the reforms of S.Y. Witte. It is possible to conduct a study of the process of development of the banking system during the Agrarian Reform of P.A. Stolypin.

The late XIX century was marked by the rise of industry in the Russian Empire. This period was characterized by shifting the core of industrial development from the Ural region to the south of the country, associated with the development of abundant coal deposits in Ukraine, and accompanied by extensive railroad construction in the central and southern parts of the Russian Empire. This aspect spurred the expansion of machine-building industries under the protectionist economic policy of the Russian Empire's government toward Russian enterprises. It was aimed at shielding them from the influence of foreign competitors. In the early 1870s, Kharkiv started growing rapidly as a major industrial hub in the south of the Russian Empire. The railroad offered an opportunity for the delivery of the most advanced equipment and technology, something that foreign companies never failed to take advantage of. In the 1890s, transport machinery gained significant development. Since 1891, the monopoly on steam locomotive construction in the Russian Empire, which had been concentrated in the 1880s at the Kolomna Locomotive Plant alone, was disrupted. In the mid-1890s, steam locomotive construction was deployed at eight major machine-building enterprises of the Russian Empire. This article is intended to provide a thorough analysis of the background of the creation, further development, and establishment of the Kharkiv Locomotive Plant. It offers an overview of different stages throughout the history of the Kharkiv Locomotive Plant. This article discusses the conditions and prerequisites for choosing the location of the plant; considers the stage of the establishment (foundation) of the plant; examines the stage of plant construction and equipping it with technological facilities in detail; analyzes the development and establishment of the plant between 1897 and 1914. A brief analysis of locomotive designs produced by the Kharkiv Locomotive Plant from 1897 to 1914 has been made. The article shows the significance of Consultative Congresses of Traction Engineers for the development of railway machinery both at Kharkiv Locomotive Plant and for the entire railway industry.

Nanyang, located in the southwest of Henan Province, is the junction of Henan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It belongs to the junction of the North-South watershed in China. It is deeply influenced by the Heluo culture, Jingchu culture and Shaanxi-Qin culture in the Central Plains, and has a unique regional cultural overlapping and glorious charm. The distribution of traditional folk arts and crafts in Nanyang is mainly in the vast rural areas of Southwest Henan, while the protection status quo is mixed. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the current situation and development trend of Wancheng folk art, explore and study the shape and aesthetic characteristics of local folk art, and make a detailed analysis and introduction from the aspects of shape change, theme performance, content difference, variety of decorative patterns, materials and processing and production.

A brief overview is given of the formation of museum collections of birds in Russia, collected as a result of academic expeditions around the world and across Russia. The imperishable value of zoological collections, concentrated in zoological museums and institutes, is underlined. The results of expeditions are described in chronology, beginning with 18th century (they were conducted under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society): the First Siberian expedition (D.G. Messershmidt), the First Kamchatka and the Great Northern expeditions (V.I. Bering, А.I. Chirikov, G.F. Müller, G.V. Stöller, I.G. Gmelin, S.P. Krasheninnikov), Great academic expeditions across Russia (P.S. Pallas, S.G. Gmelin, I.A. Güldenstädt, I.I. Lepyokhin, I.P. Falk, I.G. Georgi), round-the-world sea expeditions (I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev, F.G. Kittlitz and A.K. Mertens), as well as expeditions to Brazil (G. I. Langsdorf and E.P. Menetries) and expedition of I.G. Voznesensky in Russian America, the Commanders and Kamchatka. Reference is made to the importance of zoological expeditions of K.F. von Baer, A.F. Middendorf, G.I. Radde, N.A. Severtsov, M.N. Bogdanov, G.E. and M.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo. Particular attention is paid to the great Asian campaigns to Central Asia in the late XIX – early XX century of NM. Przevalsky, V.I. Roborovsky, P.K. Kozlov, G.N. Potanin, M.V. Pevtsov, B.L. Grombchevsky, M.A. Pyltsov and N.A. Zarudny. The contribution of the ornithologists of Russia M.N.Bogdanov, M.M. Berezovsky, M.A. Menzbir, V.L. Bianchi, F.D. Pleske, V.I. Dybowski, V.A. Godlewski, M.I. Jankowski, V.K. Taczanowski, P.P. Sushkin and S.A. Buturlin to the bird systematics at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of XX century is described. In conclusion, it is said about the unique value of zoological collections for the study of taxonomy and phylogeny, including on the basis of molecular genetic studies.