تقدير الطلب الفعال وتوقعات الفجوة السوقية لمنتجات الدواجن فى مصر

As is well known, the Japanese economy as a whole experienced rapid growth from around the mid-1950s through to the early-1970s, with the annual compound growth rate for this period averaging more than 10 per cent. However, after this period of dramatic growth, it entered upon a stage of moderate growth with a much lower average annual compound growth rate of around 4 per cent. How did the agricultural sector fare through such a drastic change in the overall economic environment? What was the connection between agricultural production and the Japanese economy as a whole during the periods of rapid and slow or steady growth? In particular, it is of great interest and critical importance to analyze changes in TFP, since it is a major contributing factor to growth in agricultural production. Accordingly, the objective of this chapter is to measure and analyze TFP in agricultural production during the period 1957–97.KeywordsSize ClassisTotal OutputTechnological ChangeTotal Factor ProductivityScale EconomyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Introduction In Kazakhstan, cervical cancer (CC) takes 2nd place among woman cancer and 7th place in general cancer mortality. Cytological screening in country have started in 2008. Kazakhstan plans to join the program for the global elimination of cervical cancer by introducing vaccination, improving screening and treatment. Methods The analysis was carried out using the National Cancer Register (2020). The incidence and mortality in the period before the introduction of screening (2004–2007) were studied. The screening period is conditionally divided into the first stage (2008–2014) and the second stage (2015–2018). Results In 2004–2007, the average annual incidence was 15.1 per 100,000 women. Indicators varied from 14.5 to 15.8 with an average annual growth ratio +1.9%. The average annual mortality rate was 7.4 per 100,000 female population fluctuating within 7.0–7.6%. After the introduction of screening, an increase in the incidence was noted with the ratio of 19.9–20.1 per 100,000 of women. The average annual incidence in the first stage of screening was 17.4% with an average annual growth rate +3.9%, whereas, the second stage showed a decrease in incidence with the average growth rate T=-1.4%, and the average annual incidence at 18.9%. Mortality in the first stage had an annual growth rate of T=+1.9%, in the second – T=-5.4%. Screening increased stage I from 41.7% to 62.5%, and pre-cancer – from 0.06% to 0.51%. Conclusion In the first eight years of screening, an increase of incidence and mortality was noted. Further, the growth of the initial stage and pre-cancer diseases was pointed out.

Ground‐based in situ measurements of 1,1‐difluoroethane (HFC‐152a, CH3CHF2) which is regulated under the Kyoto Protocol are reported under the auspices of the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) and SOGE (System of Observation of halogenated Greenhouse gases in Europe) programs. Observations of HFC‐152a at five locations (four European and one Australian) over a 10 year period were recorded. The annual average growth rate of HFC‐152a in the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere has risen from 0.11 ppt/yr to 0.6 ppt/yr from 1994 to 2004. The Southern Hemisphere annual average growth rate has risen from 0.09 ppt/yr to 0.4 ppt/yr from 1998 to 2004. The 2004 average mixing ratio for HFC‐152a was 5.0 ppt and 1.8 ppt in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, respectively. The annual cycle observed for this species in both hemispheres is approximately consistent with measured annual cycles at the same locations in other gases which are destroyed by OH. Yearly global emissions of HFC‐152a from 1994 to 2004 are derived using the global mean HFC‐152a observations and a 12‐box 2‐D model. The global emission of HFC‐152a has risen from 7 Kt/yr to 28 Kt/yr from 1995 to 2004. On the basis of observations of above‐baseline elevations in the HFC‐152a record and a consumption model, regional emission estimates for Europe and Australia are calculated, indicating accelerating emissions from Europe since 2000. The overall European emission in 2004 ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 Kt/year, 5–15% of global emissions for 1,1‐difluoroethane, while the Australian contribution is negligible at 5–10 tonnes/year, <0.05% of global emissions.

e22534 Background: Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, contributing to 4.6% of all cancer deaths in the United States in 2022. Despite advancements in hepatitis treatment and early detection of liver cancer, its mortality has risen. This study evaluates mortality trends from 2010 to 2021 in the US, analyzing etiological contributions to identify intervention targets. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database, a retrospective cohort analysis was conducted to examine annual liver cancer deaths by specific causes from 2010-2021. Joinpoint regression analysis identified shifts in mortality trends, with statistical significance of P<0.05. Results: From 2010–2021, liver cancer mortality in the U.S. increased at an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 3.9%, with the highest rise of 7.1% recorded in 2015–2016. Hepatitis C and alcohol use were the leading contributors, accounting for 39.7% and 29.9% of liver cancer deaths in 2021, respectively. Liver cancer deaths rose by 32.14% (4.7% AAGR) from 2010–2016 but slowed to 15.81% (2.98% AAGR) from 2016–2021 (P=0.0082). Mortality from hepatitis C followed a similar trajectory, increasing by 32.77% (4.84% AAGR) from 2010–2016 but slowing to 15.15% (2.86% AAGR) from 2016–2021 (P=0.0195). Hepatitis B-related mortality declined significantly, from 24.72% (3.75% AAGR) in 2010–2016 to 7.12% (1.38% AAGR) in 2016–2021 (P=0.0001). Alcohol-related deaths rose by 34.52% (5.07% AAGR) from 2010–2016, tapering to 20.01% (3.72% AAGR) from 2016–2021 (P=0.0122). Deaths attributed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increased by 26.64% (8.19% AAGR) from 2010–2013, followed by slower growth of 24.80% (2.81% AAGR) from 2013–2021 (P=0.1178). Although statistically insignificant, this slowing trend may reflect rising obesity and metabolic syndrome rates. Mortality from other causes rose by 25.16% (3.81% AAGR) in 2010–2016 and by 19.03% (3.55% AAGR) in 2016–2021 (P=0.0059). Conclusions: While the slowing of hepatitis-related mortality highlights the success of targeted interventions for hepatitis in the US, persistently high alcohol and NASH-related liver cancer deaths underscore the urgent need for focused prevention strategies in addressing modifiable risk factors like alcohol consumption, obesity and metabolic disorders. Liver cancer mortality trends by cause (2010-2021). Cause Trend Segments Average Annual Growth Rate P-value Liver cancer 2010-162016-21 32.14% (4.7%)15.81% (2.98%) 0.0082 Hepatitis C-related 2010-162016-21 32.77% (4.84%)15.15% (2.86%) 0.0195 Hepatitis B-related 2010-162016-21 24.72% (3.75%)7.12% (1.38%) 0.0001 Alcohol-related 2010-162016-21 34.52% (5.07%)20.01% (3.72%) 0.0122 NASH-related 2010-132013-21 26.64% (8.19%)24.80% (2.81%) 0.1178 Other causes 2010-162016-21 25.16% (3.81%), 19.03% (3.55%) 0.0059

The third and fourth industrial revolutions are developing on the basis of information technology. The main technologies within the fourth industrial revolution, which began at the turn of the 21st century, are cyberphysical systems, the Internet of things and cloud computing. Any industrial revolution implies a rapid increase in labor productivity. However, in most countries, the average annual growth rate of gross value added per person employed in industry, including energy, has been steadily declining over the past 30 years, and in a number of countries in the 2010s, they were negative. Those states that in the 2000s, accelerated the growth rate of gross value added per employed person compared to the 1990s, in the 2010s they reduced them to a level less than in the 1990s. The average annual GDP growth rate at PPP per hour worked also showed a slowdown in the 21st century. The fourth industrial revolution has as its main consequence increased digital control over citizens and enterprises. In industry and agriculture, a decrease in production volumes and a reduction in employment is predicted. The discourse of the fourth industrial revolution seems to have as its goal the formation of a positive perception of digitalization technologies and total control by humanity.

Objective:Study the sensitive age of the physical fitness of Chinese Han and minority students, and the development characteristics of the sensitive period. Provide data support for optimizing the physical education curriculum of Chinese children and adolescents, provide scientific basis for improving the physical fitness of young people, and provide theoretical basis for the selection of young athletes. Methods: Using the calculation method of Deng Huayuan and Deng Shuzhen, this method is: the average annual growth rate plus half the standard deviation of the annual growth rate. Use this method to calculate the critical value of the sensitive period of the physical fitness of male and female students of various nationalities, and the age of the sensitive period. Then the ethnic differences in various indicators are studied to understand the development characteristics of the physical fitness of male and female students between the Han and six ethnic minorities in the 7-18 age group in China. Results:The sensitive period of male strength quality of the three ethnic groups of China, Han, Mongolian and Korean are all 12-15 years old. The sensitive period of Korean girls' strength began at the earliest (8 years old). The sensitive ages of speed quality of male and female students of various nationalities are scattered, and they all start from 8 or 9 years old. The sensitive age for speed quality of Uyghur girls is 9-10 years old, with the shortest duration. Hui, Uygur, and Tibetan boys have the longest sensitive period of explosive quality. The sensitive period of the overall endurance quality of all ethnic students starts from 8-9 years old. The sensitive ages of male muscular endurance of various ethnic groups are concentrated in 15 and 16 years old. The sensitive ages of muscular endurance for girls of various nationalities are mainly 9, 11 and 13 years old. The sensitive period of pliability of Han, Mongolian, Hui and Zhuang boys all began at the age of 13. The sensitive period of flexibility for Mongolian and Hui girls starts at the age of 11.Conclusion:The sensitive periods of various physical fitness have ethnic and gender differences, and show the characteristics of both continuous age groups and scattered age points.

Accurate low‐latitude sea surface temperature (SST) records that predate the instrumental era are needed to put recent warming in the context of natural climate variability and to evaluate the persistence of lower frequency climate variability prior to the instrumental era and the possible influence of anthropogenic climate change on this variability. Here we present a 235‐year‐long SST reconstruction based on annual growth rates (linear extension) of three colonies of the Atlantic coralSiderastrea sidereasampled at two sites on the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, located within the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP). AWP SSTs vary in concert the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a basin‐wide, quasiperiodic (∼60–80 years) oscillation of North Atlantic SSTs. We demonstrate that the annual linear growth rates of all three coral colonies are significantly inversely correlated with SST. We calibrate annual linear growth rates to SST between 1900 and 1960 AD. The linear correlation coefficient over the calibration period is r = −0.77 and −0.66 over the instrumental record (1860–2008 AD). We apply our calibration to annual linear growth rates to extend the SST record to 1775 AD and show that multidecadal SST variability has been a persistent feature of the AWP, and likely, of the North Atlantic over this time period. Our results imply that tropical Atlantic SSTs remained within 1°C of modern values during the past 225 years, consistent with a previous reconstruction based on coral growth rates and with most estimates based on the Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera from marine sediments.

Prologue: National expenditures for physicians' services have been rising over the last twenty years at increasing rates, from 83 percent annually in the 1960-65 period to a 14.9 percent annual rate in 1980-82, despite a recession. Medicare program spending has reflected these trends. During the period 1978 to 1983, expenditures for physicians' services increased at an annual average rate of growth of 20.5 percent. Between 1983 and 1984, the rate of increase for Medicare Part B outlays fell to 11.4 percent. In this essay, the authors, all of whom work for the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), set out these physician spending trends, Medicares payment methods, existing problems with this system, and generic approaches to reform. The authors declare that “inefficiencies in the existing payment system, coupled with their impact on the federal budget deficit, make changes in Medicare a top priority for the administration and Congress.” The authors work for HCFA's Office of Legislation and Policy. Ira Burney is a senior policy analyst who is steeped in the details of the complicated world of Medicare physician payment. Hickman has spent four years working as a budget and legislative analyst at the agency. Paradise is a presidential management intern, and George Schieber, who holds a Ph.D. in economics from Syracuse University, is a recognized specialist in physician payment. Schieber formerly taught at the University of Pittsburgh and conducted research at The Urban Institute. For the last decade, Schieber has specialized in physician payment issues at the Department of Health and Human Services. During this period, the department has been plagued with the lack of a consistent national physician data base and a dearth of information on how physicians would respond to payment reform proposals. These problems still dog the department's policymakers. In January, Schieber took leave from HCFA for a time to conduct comparative international health policy studies at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于GEE平台的黄河流域森林植被净初级生产力时空变化特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202104271113 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(31960330);宁夏自然科学基金(2020AAC03112) Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of forest net primary productivity in the Yellow River Basin based on Google Earth Engine cloud platform Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: National Natural Science Foundation of China (31960330)；Ningxia Natural Science Foundation (2020AAC03112) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:黄河流域是我国重要的生态屏障,研究黄河流域森林植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)的时空变化特征及驱动机制,对解释黄河流域森林碳汇/源变化具有重要意义。基于Google Earth Engine (GEE)云平台,利用MOD17A3H V6 NPP数据、MCD12Q1 V6土地覆盖类型数据、ECMWF/ERA5气象数据和USGS/SRTMGL1_003高程数据,采用岭回归分析、Hurst指数和冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)对黄河流域2001-2019年森林NPP的时空变化特征及影响因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)2001-2019年,黄河流域森林平均总面积为3.66万km2,其中阔叶林、针叶林、混交林平均面积分别为:2.64万km2、0.01万km2和1.01万km2,森林NPP年总量呈线性增加趋势,其均值为8.99Tg C,年均增速为0.36Tg C/a,19a增长率为173.60%;不同森林类型的NPP年总量均值分别为:4.79Tg C (阔叶林)、6.04×10-5Tg C (针叶林)和0.64Tg C (混交林),年均增速为:阔叶林(0.16Tg C/a)>混交林(0.04Tg C/a)>针叶林(6.98×10-6Tg C/a)。(2)2001-2019年,黄河流域森林年均NPP呈线性增加趋势,其均值为241.58g C m-2 a-1,年均增速为7.18g C m-2 a-1,19a增长率为108.63%;不同森林类型的年均NPP均值分别为:178.48g C m-2 a-1(阔叶林)、0.60g C m-2 a-1(针叶林)和62.49g C m-2 a-1(混交林),年均增速为:阔叶林(4.75g C m-2 a-1)>混交林(2.39g C m-2 a-1)>针叶林(0.04g C m-2 a-1)。(3)黄河流域森林NPP呈增加趋势的面积占94.50%,其中显著增加的面积占73.29%;呈减少趋势的面积占5.50%,其中显著减少的面积占1.57%。阔叶林NPP显著增加的面积最高(76.78%),其次为混交林(60.84%),针叶林最少(56.76%)。(4)黄河流域森林NPP的Hurst指数(H)介于0.38-1.00之间,平均值为0.87,其中H≥0.5的像元数约占99.34%,黄河流域森林NPP在未来一段时间内仍保持持续增加趋势。(5)归因分析表明环境因子对黄河流域森林NPP时空变化的总解释率为55.80%,显著影响的环境因子为经度(35.50%)、降水(8.00%)、气温(6.50%)和纬度(5.40%)。2001-2019年黄河流域森林NPP呈增加趋势,且呈现较强的可持续性;GEE云平台结合冗余分析可及时、高效获取黄河流域森林NPP的时空变化并对其进行归因分析。 Abstract:The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological barrier in China. To study the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and driving mechanisms of the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of forest is of great significance to explain the change of forest carbon sink and source in the Yellow River Basin. Based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, MOD17A3H V6 NPP data, MCD12Q1 V6 land cover data, ECMWF/ERA5 weather data, USGS/SRTMGL1_003 elevation data, and ridge regression analysis, Hurst index, redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of the forest NPP in the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2019. The results showed that (1) from 2001 to 2019, the average total area of forest in the Yellow River Basin was 36600 km2, of which the average area of broadleaf forest, coniferous forest and mixed forest was 26400 km2, 100 km2 and 10100 km2. The annual total forest NPP showed a linear increasing trend, with an average value of 8.99 Tg C, an average annual growth rate of 0.36 Tg C/a, and a 19-year growth rate of 173.60%. The averagely annual total NPP of different forest types were:4.79 Tg C (broadleaf forest), 6.04×10-5 Tg C (coniferous forest) and 0.64 Tg C (mixed forest), and the averagely annual growth rate were:broadleaf forest (0.16 Tg C/a) > mixed forest (0.04 Tg C/a) > coniferous forest (6.98×10-6 Tg C/a). (2) From 2001 to 2019, the annual average NPP of the forest in the Yellow River Basin increased linearly, with an average value of 241.58 g C m-2 a-1, an average annual growth rate of 7.18 g C m-2 a-1, and a 19-year growth rate of 108.63%. The mean annual average NPP of different forest types were 178.48 g C m-2 a-1 (broadleaf forest), 0.60 g C m-2 a-1 (coniferous forest) and 62.49 g C m-2 a-1(mixed forest), and the averagely annual growth rate were:broadleaf forest (4.75 g C m-2 a-1) > mixed forest (2.39 g C m-2 a-1) > coniferous forest (0.04 g C m-2 a-1). (3) The area of forest NPP showed an increasing trend in the Yellow River Basin accounting for 94.50%, of which 73.29% was significantly increased; the area showed a decreasing trend accounting for 5.50%, of which the area with a significant decrease accounted for 1.57%. The area of the significantly increased of the broadleaf forest NPP was the highest (76.78%), followed by mixed forest (60.84%) and coniferous forest (56.76%). (4) The Hurst index (H) of the forest NPP in the Yellow River Basin was between 0.38-1.00, with an average value of 0.87. Among them, the amount of H ≥ 0.5 accounted for about 99.34%, and the forest NPP in the Yellow River Basin would continue to increase in the future. (5) Attribution analysis showed that the total interpretation rate of the environmental factors on the spatio-temporal variation of the forest NPP in the Yellow River Basin was 55.80%, and the environmental factors that had significant effects were longitude (35.50%), precipitation (8.00%), temperature (6.50%) and latitude (5.40%). From 2001 to 2019, the forest NPP of the Yellow River Basin increased and showed strong sustainability. The GEE cloud platform combined with redundant analysis can timely and efficiently obtain the spatio-temporal variation of the forest NPP of the Yellow River Basin and perform an attribution analysis. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ObjectiveTo investigate the development in the number of applications for authorisation of clinical trials of medicines (CTAs) submitted annually to national competent authorities in 10 Western European member states of...

This paper gives estimates of the following demographic indicators for Eritrea: population size, annual growth rate, age and sex composition, fertility, infant, and child mortality. Brief background sections place the demographic characteristics in a broader perspective. The data used in the analysis of fertility and mortality are taken from sample surveys conducted after independence. Other figures are obtained from government and non-government reports. Indirect techniques were employed to analyze the fertility and mortality rates. Results indicate that the total population of Eritrea in 1993 was roughly 3.5 million. The average annual rate of population growth is found to be about 3% . Children fourteen years old or younger are estimated to be about 46% of the total population. Only 4% of Eritreans are 65 years of age or older. The findings also reveal that fertility rates in Eritrea are high. Women have on average about 7.0 children. The findings further indicate an infant mortality of 112 and an under-five mortality of 208 deaths per 1,000 live births. Given the poor socioeconomic situation of the country, these rates, especially the infant mortality rate, are considered to be underestimates. Further research is therefore needed to ascertain the prevailing situation of Eritrea.

Looking back over the 30 years of the Yugoslav economy under communist management, observers usually first mention growth rates. The annual average rate of growth of the GSP in the whole period was just over 6 per cent, unless the jump of 20 per cent from 1947 to 1948 is also included in the calculation, when the rate becomes 6.7 per cent. This initial jump however was possible because the economy in 1947 was still depressed following the war and was considerably below the pre-war level to which it recovered in 1948. The rate of growth per head of population was about 1 per cent lower because that was the rate of population growth over the whole period. It was about 1.3 per cent in 1948–60 and about 0.9 per cent in 1961–76. The result is respectable though not spectacular since other countries in both East and West have achieved the same. The GSP per head in 1975 was dinars 23,562, equal to $ 1385, converted at the rate $ 1 equal to dinars 17. This is 4 times more than in 1939.

30-year period of economic transformation in Georgia took place with certain difficulties; the first 10 years were especially painful, when the absolute annual decrease of the gross domestic product amounted to 1.5 billion GEL. The annual average decline of GDP was 8.91%. In the second and third decades, the situation improved to some extent, however, due to the difficulties caused in the first decade, the annual average absolute growth rate for the entire 30 years was 114 million GEL, and the average annual GDP growth rate was 0.4%. The successes achieved in the economy of Georgia in recent years  is not unnoticed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which considered Georgia to be the most successful country in the post-Soviet space in terms of economic reforms. The results could have been better in terms of successful cohabitation, which is delayed in Georgia.  According to the last time periods, the growth of the GDP of Georgia is characterized by a double-digit rate.

We estimate the impact of wildfires on the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of regional economies in Southern Europe from 2011 to 2018. To this end we match Eurostat economic data with geospatial burned area perimeters based on satellite imagery for 233 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 3 level regions in Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece. Our panel fixed effects instrumental variable estimation results suggest an average contemporary decrease in a region’s annual GDP growth rate of 0.11–0.18% conditional on having experienced at least one wildfire. For an average wildfire season this leads to a yearly production loss of 13–21 billion euros for Southern Europe. The impact on the employment growth rate is heterogeneous across economic activity types in that there is a decrease in the average annual employment growth rate for activities related to retail and tourism (e.g., transport, accommodation, food service activities) of 0.09–0.15%, offset by employment growth in insurance, real estate, administrative, and support service related activities of 0.13–0.22%.

Lichens were cultured by attaching a thallus fragment to a nylon monofilament loop with silicone sealer. Two effective methods for adjusting lichen mass to a standard moisture content were developed (the ‘reference-sample’ and ‘sacrificial’ methods). These corrections for moisture content allow detection of very small changes in dry mass without having to oven dry (and kill) all transplants. Average annual biomass growth rates for non-fragmenting species were typically between 5 and 30%. Annual biomass growth rates of healthy, vigorous individuals, as indicated by the 75th percentile, were mostly between 10 and 40%. Alectoria sarmentosa was prone to fragmentation despite the maintenance of healthy thalli. The other species can be ranked by biomass growth rates as follows: Evernia prunastri> Lobaria pulmonaria=Usnea longissima> Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis=Lobaria oregano.