Комментарий Александра к «Метафизике» и некоторые схоластические представления об автоматах

This article argues for an emendation in Aristotle's Metaphysics A 10, 993a13–15. The emendation is based on a hitherto overlooked reading preserved in Alexander of Aphrodisias’ commentary on A 7. First, the article problematizes the reading of the Metaphysics manuscripts in terms of syntax, diction and content. Second, it shows that Alexander's reading is free of all three problems. Third, it argues for the originality of Alexander's reading according to the principle utrum in alterum abiturum erat? and based on the fact that the new reading reveals a subtle didactic link between A 7 and A 10 that sheds new light on the argumentative architecture of Metaphysics Book A.

Preface. List of Abbreviations and a Note on the Quotation and Translation. Introduction. Rene Descartes and Modern European Mathematics. 1: The Formation of Descartes's Mathematical Thought. 1. Descartes and Jesuit Mathematical Education. 1. Descartes and the Jesuit College of La Fleche. 2. The Curriculum at La Fleche. 3. Mathematical Studies in the Ratio Studiorum 4. Motives for the Teaching of Mathematics in the Jesuit Colleges. 2: The Mathematical Thought of Christoph Clavius. 1. Descartes and Clavius. 2. The Philosophy of Mathematics of Clavius. 3. Pappus in the Works of Clavius. 4. Diophantus in the Works of Clavius. 5. Descartes's Mathematical Background before the Encounter with Beeckman. 3: The First Attempt at Reforming Mathematics. 1. 'An Entirely New Science': The Idea for the Unification of Arithmetic and Geometry. 2. The Mathematics in the Cogitationes privatae. 3. The De Solidorum Elementis. 4. Descartes's Mathematical and Philosophical Dream of 1619. 4: The Mathematical Background of the Regulae Ad Directionem Ingenii. 1. The Old Algebra: The First Fruit of 'An Entirely New Science'. 2. The Mathematics in the Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii. 3. Mathesis Universalis. 5. The Geometrieof 1637. 1. The Pappus Problem. 2. The Composition of the Geometrie. 3. Descartes's Place in the Formative Period of the Modern Analytic Tradition. 4. Beyond Cartesian Mathematics. Interim Consideration. Descartes and the Beginnings ofMathematicism in Modern Thought. II: The Concept of 'Mathesis Universalis' in Historical Perspective. 6. 'Universal Mathematics' In Aristotle. 1. Aristotle's Metaphysics and Posterior Analytics. 2. Greek Commentators: Alexander of Aphrodisias and Asclepius of Tralles. 3. Medieval Commentators: Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, and the Scotist Antonius Andreae. 4. Renaissance Commentators: Agostino Nifo and Pedro da Fonseca. 5. The Status of Mathematics in the Aristotelian Scheme of Learning. 7: 'Mathesis Universalis' in the Sixteenth Century. 1. Proclus Diadochus and Francesco Barozzi. 2. Adriaan van Roomen. 8: 'Mathesis Universalis' in the Seventeenth Century. 1. Reviewing Descartes's Concept of 'Mathesis Universalis' from His Philosophy of Mathematics. 2. The Leibnizian Synthesis. Conclusion: Descartes and the Modern Scheme of Learning. Bibliography. Indices. Name Index. Subject Index. Treatise Index.

This volume deals with the rapports among the extant Greek commentaries on Aristotle's Metaphysics: Alexander of Aphrodisias, Syrianus, Asclepius, Ps. Alexander. It traces the precise map of these texts and provides a starting point for any future research in the field.

This volume deals with the rapports among the extant Greek commentaries on Aristotle's Metaphysics: Alexander of Aphrodisias, Syrianus, Asclepius, Ps. Alexander. It traces the precise map of these texts and provides a starting point for any future research in the field.

222 Nabokov Studies enterprise would have been totally acceptable, considering his perceptive reading of many passages, if he had not tried to bring in this question of the death of the author the way he did, with this probably superfluous distinction between signature and style. His refusal to deal with Look at the Harlequins !, a novel which compels the reader to raise the question of the author's desire, is perhaps an indication of his own doubts. Wood has allowed himself to be hypnotized by the great magician; it is a great pity considering his otherwise great intelligence, sensitivity and culture. Michael Eskin. Nabokovs Version von PuSkins "Evgenij Onegin. " Zwischen Version und Fiktion: Eine übersetzungs- und fiktionstheoretische Untersuchung. Slavistische Beiträge, vol. 313. Munich: Otto Sagner, 1994. 151pp; DM38.00. Review by Sven Spieker, University of California, Santa Barbara. In three main parts that neatly integrate practical analysis and theoretical formalization ("Nabokov's Concept of Poetic Translation"; "Nabokov's Practice of Translation"; "The Fictionalization of [Nabokov's] Version"), Eskin examines the second edition of Nabokov's annotated translation of Puskin's Evgenij Onegin (1975). The author takes his theoretical cue from Peircian semiotics, Michel Riffaterre's semiological theory of translation, and narratology. The study represents an original and stimulating (réévaluation of Nabokov's translation and an astute rebuttal of the often harsh criticisms it has drawn over the last decades. Virtually all these criticisms have one thing in common—the charge that Nabokov transferred the loftiest creation of 19th-century Russian literature into what is essentially bad English. With Walter Benjamin, one might respond that Nabokov's critics by and large committed the most serious error a translator can commit—they displayed far greater reverence for their own language than for that of the original. Nabokov's translation—while being "literal" to an almost obsessive degree—is not primarily concerned with the communication of what Benjamin calls inessential "Information," or the semantic content of Puskin's work. Instead, he offers a structural Nachvollzug or simulation of the original that does not reduce it to its semantic content. For example, Nabokov frequently contaminates his English with lexical, morphological, syntactical, etymological, and metrical elements that evoke or recreate the context of the Russian original. This technique results in some of the most infamous examples of Nabokov's alleged pedantry ("mollitude"; "habitude"; Reviews 223 "familial"). While the author's absolute priority for the original context renders his English unusual or archaic, it does allow for great transparency —the original literally remains "visible" through its own translation. Eskin points out that Nabokov's theory of translation preempts much more recent developments in translation theory, developments that have reshaped our understanding of the relationship between translation and original. However, Eskin's efforts in this regard are limited to Michel Riffaterre and the occasional (more or less ornamental) gloss on deconstruction. One might have wished for a more comprehensive contextualisation of Nabokov's theory in the context of contemporary translation philosophy. In the study's first part, Eskin gives a systematic description of Nabokov's concept of poetic translation, with his notion of "literalism" at its center. In practical terms, what Nabokov means by "literal" is bis consistent translation of a single Russian word by one (or several) English terms, terms that may thus not be used to refer to any other Russian word throughout the translation. These English words acquire a marking or "signaling" function vis-à -vis their Russian target words. Especially in the revised second version of his translation, Nabokov's rigorous practice of "signaling" leads to blatant violations of what generally passes for faithful translation. To give but one example, he consistently translates the Russian verb smuScat' as "to trouble," even though this translation is far from being semantically accurate. As Eskin points out, Nabokov's translation is far less concerned with mimesis than with semiosis. To be sure, bis use of "signal words" does give an idea of the semantic value of the original Russian term. More importantly, however, the English signal words indicate the location and recurrence of that term, its structural position in the context of the Russian original. Especially where more than one English word signals a single...

There is a long history of research in selection and recruitment, but less research has focused on the specific issues relating to the healthcare professions. In this opening chapter, we first explore the context of healthcare roles and the implications for how to approach the design of selection methods and processes. Key principles in designing selection processes are introduced and various evaluation criteria used to judge the quality of selection methods and recruitment practices are offered. The core topics addressed in this book are briefly reviewed, which are categorised into three main parts including (i) the effectiveness of different selection methods, (ii) designing selection systems and (iii) broader issues in recruitment. To demonstrate some of these topics in practice, two international case studies are presented.

In the work indicated are, firstly, three main reasons for revision of prevailing ideas about physical reality: inadequacy of the classical space-time in microworld physics, unsuccessful attempts to combine the principles of quantum theory and general relativity and, above all, the presence of the third physical paradigm - relational one. Secondly, shown are the constituents of the latter requiring the use of key metaphysical principles, and thirdly, they have been formulated. Fourthly, the mathematical formalism reflecting the unity of three metaphysical principles has now been proposed. Its foundations were laid in the theories of physical structures by Yu.I. Kulakov et al. Finally, fifthly, shown are basic results of applying the theory of binary systems of complex relations to solve the problems of microworld physics.

The Person as the Key Metaphysical Principle

Spinoza's philosophy is often celebrated for its strong anti-normative current. Spinoza argues, for instance, that good and bad do not indicate anything positive in things, and that affects are always particular to the situation in which they arise. And yet Spinoza argues that melancholy is “always evil,” and cheerfulness “always good,” thus problematizing a key metaphysical principle of his system. Turning to select sections in the Ethics and Theological-Political Treatise, this article offers a reading of these two problematic affects before connecting Spinoza to recent work on early modern melancholy that conceptualizes it as an ‘assemblage.’

The coastal zone is one of the most dynamic environments on our planet and is much affected by global change, especially sea-level rise. Coastal environments harbour valuable ecosystems, but they are also hugely important from a societal point of view. This book, which draws on the expertise of 21 leading international coastal scientists, represents an up-to-date account of coastal environments and past, present and future impacts of global change. The first chapter of the book outlines key principles that underpin coastal systems and their behaviour. This is followed by a discussion of key processes, including sea level change, sedimentation, storms, waves and tides, that drive coastal change. The main part of the book consists of a discussion of the main coastal environments (beaches, dunes, barriers, salt marshes, tidal flats, estuaries, coral reefs, deltas, rocky and glaciated coasts and coastal groundwater), and how these are affected by global change. The final chapter highlights strategies for coping with coastal change. This chapter focusses on how to cope with coastal change and its implications. There are two major types of response: (1) Mitigation represents source control of drivers, such as greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater withdrawal (leading to artificial subsidence). (2) Adaptation refers to behavioural changes that range from individual actions through to collective coastal management policy, such as upgraded defence systems, warning systems and land management approaches. Thus, mitigation addresses the causes of coastal change, whereas adaptation deals with the consequences. This chapter is structured as follows. First, the different drivers of coastal change are briefly reviewed.Then the impacts of coastal change are briefly considered from a physical and a socio-economic perspective, including drawing on experience from locations of rapid change, such as deltas and subsiding cities, and considering direct and indirect impacts. This is followed by a discussion of the responses to the challenges of coastal change, with an emphasis on adaptation, including its implications for coastal zone management. This includes consideration of valuation methods and decision analysis approaches.