체제 전환 이후 폴란드 학계에서 논의된 중유럽 지역 명칭 연구

Cultural and social cooperation among nations lived in East and Central Europe has been sprung up over many centuries. In the 20th century, the nations of the part of Europe were subjected to an attempt to standardize their national cultures by means of introducing the socialist realistic culture. At present the message of cultural cooperation is social and cultural integration. Relations between Poland and Lithuania can be an example for development of cooperation among the other countries of Central and Eastern Europe on the state and regional levels, as well as example for educational institutions and economic associations, the connected relations may become germs of cooperation and good-neighbourly relationship as well as in the perspective of social development of the region among the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea.

Migrants are prone to poor working conditions in high-risk industries, yet little is known about their mortality risk compared to local-born workers. This study compares all-cause and cause-specific mortality between foreign-born and local-born workers, and identifies at-risk foreign-born workers. A nationwide register-based cohort study was performed using data on migrant workers obtaining residence permits in Denmark during 2015–22. Comparison group comprised Danish-born workers matched by age and sex. Survival analysis using extended Cox model was used to estimate all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Subgroup analysis was conducted by region of birth, economic sector, and occupation. Male migrant workers from Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia had higher risk of all-cause mortality than Danish-born workers (HR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.09–1.54]), attributed to accident deaths (HR = 1.64 [1.06–2.53]), whereas migrants from other regions had lower risk. Migrant workers from these regions were more likely to work in high-risk economic sectors and occupations, such as agriculture and construction. When stratified by economic sector and by occupation, among the elementary occupations, migrant workers from these regions still had a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.70 [1.10–2.64]) and accident mortality (HR = 1.51 [1.22–1.85]) than Danish-born workers. Migrant workers from Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia are more likely to die from accidents than Danish-born workers. This increased risk was partially explained by their higher representation in at-risk sectors and occupations. There is a need to better understand the structural determinants of health faced by these migrants, particularly in elementary occupations, to prevent avoidable deaths.

In late 2025, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington–Seattle released the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 (GBD 2023). We now report the time trends in myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) burden from 1990 to 2023, across GBD Super Regions, GBD Regions, and countries stratified by the Socio-Demographic index (SDI), according to the 2016 revision to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia [1]. The GBD framework classifies all countries into seven Super Regions—High-Income; Latin America and Caribbean; Sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa and Middle East; South Asia; Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania; and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia—based on epidemiological similarity, cause-of-death patterns, and geographic proximity. These Super Regions are further subdivided into 21 GBD Regions [2]. The SDI is a composite measure of national development status, calculated as the geometric mean of scaled values for total fertility rate among females under 25, average years of education for individuals aged 15 and older, and lag-distributed income per capita [3]. Countries are grouped into five SDI quintiles: Low, Low-middle, Middle, High-middle, and High. These classifications capture heterogeneity in population structures, governance, and healthcare systems. For reference, other international organizations use different regional classifications—for example, the six WHO regions, the seven World Bank regions, and the World Bank income-based groupings [4, 5]. The burden of MDS/MPN was assessed using age-standardized rates for incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (ASDR) in 1990 and 2023, along with their annual percent changes (APCs). DALYs are defined as the sum of years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs). Rates were reported per 100 000 person-years and standardized using the GBD global reference population, accounting for changes in population size and age structure. All estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and differences were considered statistically significant when the 95% UIs did not overlap. MDS/MPN-related survival was approximated using the age-standardized mortality-to-incidence ratio (ASMIR), derived from point estimates of ASIR and ASMR for 1990 and 2023. The methodology underlying GBD estimates has been detailed elsewhere [6-9]. Across the seven GBD Super Regions, none of them recorded a decline in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR (Table 1). In particular, ASIR and ASMR significantly increased everywhere, except for Sub-Saharan Africa, where both were stable over time; similarly, ASDR worsened in five Super Regions, except for Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with unchanged estimates. Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia recorded the most severe boost in the three metrics; on the other side, MDS/MPN occurred very rarely among Sub-Saharan Africa countries. ASMIR markedly worsened across all GBD Super Regions, including High-Income countries too: its value widely ranged from 6.3 to 36.8 in 1990, from 9.5 to 60.7 in 2023. The worst performance for ASMIR in 2023 occurred in South Asia: being almost stable the incidence rate, that for mortality doubled along the study period. Among SDI quintiles, none of them showed improvements in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR. As for incidence, its age-standardized rate over time increased in three quintiles (except the Low and Low-middle SDI), while those for mortality and DALYs among four ones, except only the Low SDI quintile (Table 2). Of note, a linear relationship linked the SDI quintiles to the increase of the three age-standardized rates, as already discovered for the other oncohematological neoplasms. As happened among Super Regions, ASMIR considerably rose, doubling across the first four SDI quintiles, except the High one; it ranged from 10.3 to 23.1 in 1990, from 17.0 to 40.7 in 2023. Disaggregating the 7 Super Regions into the 21 GBD Regions, ASIR significantly rose in fifteen Regions (across all Super Regions, with the most severe trajectory in the High-Income Asia Pacific Region), was stable in other five, and improved only in Western Sub-Saharan Africa (Table 3). ASMR and ASDR trends mirrored each other: both metrics significantly worsened in thirteen Regions (with the best/worst performances in Oceania/Andean Latin America GBD Regions for mortality rate, and High-Income North America/Andean Latin America for DALYs rate, respectively). These thirteen Regions belong to five Super Regions (except South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa). As for ASMR and ASDR, both were stable in the remaining eight GBD Regions; none experienced more favorable mortality and DALYs rates over time. The author has nothing to report. Roberto Passera acknowledges unpaid participation on the Data Safety Monitoring Board of the clinical trial “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patient”; unpaid membership in the EBMT Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation; previous membership of the IRB/IEC Comitato Etico AO SS. Antonio e Biagio Alessandria-ASL AL-VC; all outside the submitted work. All data regarding the GBD Study 2023 are available at https://ghdx.healthdata.org.

The present article analyses the concept of Central and Eastern Europe. The term Central and Eastern Europe is defined, the evolution stages of concept and transformation of the term are described as well as the role and significance of Central and Eastern Europe in contemporary international relations are characterized. The author submits that the term Central and Eastern Europe is the most viable and efficient in comparison with the terms Central Europe, Eastern Europe, South-Eastern Europe, East-Central Europe. This definition has mainly political interpretation. Central and Eastern Europe does not contain as much myths, stereotypes and emotions as another equivalent terms. It means the determined geographical, economic, cultural space and political landscape which was included into Soviet bloc during the Cold War. The region of Central and Eastern Europe has specific features and reflects the trends which give us the opportunity to confirm its significant role in international relations. This space is at the core of the European project and the regional security.

Changes in dynamics of excess mortality rates and net survival after diagnosis of follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: comparison between European population-based data (EUROCARE-5)

Hydatidosis (also known as echinococcosis or hydatid disease) is one of Europe’s neglected infections of poverty. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in Southwestern and Eastern parts of Europe. Although alveolar echinococcosis was considered a rare disease in Central Europe, recent studies have shown its emerging nature and demonstrated that the endemic areas for this parasite are broader than previously thought. This chapter aims not only to review but also to bring to light new epidemiological and clinical data regarding hydatidosis of the central nervous system (CNS) in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe where information was available. At the same time, we intend to shed light on particular or interesting cases reported in the literature. Special emphasis will be given to the casuistic from Romania, listed in 1995 among the countries with the highest prevalence of CE worldwide and where, in the past, at least one person from 45.5 % of its localities underwent surgery for CE. Although rare in Central and Eastern Europe, hydatidosis of the CNS should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with seizures, focal neurological deficits, and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, especially when that person comes from regions with high disease prevalence.

The paper concerns the concept of Intermarium from a historical perspective, seen from the Polish point of view. The author presents the genesis of this concept, its historical premises, unsuccessful attempts to build a collective safety system in Central and Eastern Europe in the 20th century, and finally reflects on the chance of contemporary integration initiatives in the area between the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. In his speech, the author focuses on the title Intermarium paradox, indicating that in the twentieth century integration attempts had no chance of success, because none of the countries in this part of the continent was a sufficient centre of power - while the unification of Central and Eastern Europe was undertaken by external centres of power, on by the coercion principles.

Abstract. Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3–4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ∼45 % tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60 % and 70 % tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ∼ 60 %–65 % tree cover and steeply declined at >65 % tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ∼ 15 %–20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that long-term fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene.

Dedication List of Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors PART I: OVERVIEW Introduction: Patterns of Migration in Central Europe C.Wallace & D.Stola Conceptual Challenges from the New Migration Space C.Wallace The New Migration Space as a Buffer Zone? C.Wallace Two Kinds of Quasi-Migration in the Middle Zone: Central Europe as a Space for Transmit Migration and Mobility for Profit D.Stola Incomplete Migration: A New Form of Mobility in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Polish and Ukrainian Migrants M.Okolski Towards a Harmonized Migration and Asylum Regime in Europe A.Nygard & I.Stacher PART II: COUNTRY CHAPTERS Poland: D Stola The Czech Republic D.Drbohlav The Slovak Republic M.Lubyova Hungary E.Sik, A.Hars & J.Toth Migration from Ukraine to Central and Eastern Europe V.Bedzir Appendix 1: Methodology of Surveys Appendix 2: Glossary of Terms Bibliography Index

Climate change affects the distribution of many species, including Burgundy and Périgord truffles in central and southern Europe, respectively. The cultivation potential of these high-prized cash crops under future warming, however, remains highly uncertain. Here we perform a literature review to define the ecological requirements for the growth of both truffle species. This information is used to develop niche models, and to estimate their cultivation potential in the Czech Republic under current (2020) and future (2050) climate conditions. The Burgundy truffle is already highly suitable for cultivation on ~ 14% of agricultural land in the Czech Republic (8486 km2), whereas only ~ 8% of the warmest part of southern Moravia are currently characterised by a low suitability for Périgord truffles (6418 km2). Though rising temperatures under RCP8.5 will reduce the highly suitable cultivation areas by 7%, the 250 km2 (3%) expansion under low-emission scenarios will stimulate Burgundy truffles to benefit from future warming. Doubling the moderate and expanding the highly suitable land by 352 km2 in 2050, the overall cultivation potential for Périgord truffles will rise substantially. Our findings suggest that Burgundy and Périgord truffles could become important high-value crops for many regions in central Europe with alkaline soils. Although associated with uncertainty, long-term investments in truffle cultivation could generate a wide range of ecological and economic benefits.

The impact of solar cycles on forest stands, while important in the development of the forest environment during climate change, has not yet been sufficiently researched. This work evaluates the radial growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the mountain areas of southern Italy and central Europe (Czech Republic, Poland) in correlation to solar cycles (sunspot number), extreme climatic events, air temperatures and precipitation totals. This research is focused on the evaluation of the radial growth of beech (140 dendrochronological samples with 90–247 years of age) from 1900 to 2019. The time span was divided into the following three periods: (1) a period of regular harvesting (1900–1969), (2) a period of air pollution crisis (1970–1985) and (3) a period of forest protection (1986–2019). The results indicate that the solar cycle was significantly involved in radial growth on all research plots. With regard to the evaluated precipitation totals, seasonal temperatures and the sunspot number, the latter was the most significant. Temperatures had a positive effect and precipitation had a negative effect on the radial increment of beech in central Europe, while in southern Italy, the effect of temperature and precipitation on the increment is reversed. In general, the limiting factor for beech growth is the lack of precipitation during the vegetation season. The number of negative pointer years (NPY) with an extremely low increment rose in relation to the decreasing southward latitude and the increasing influence of climate change over time, while a higher number of NPY was found in nutrient-richer habitats compared to nutrient-poorer ones. Precipitation and temperature were also reflected in the cyclical radial growth of European beech. The relationship between solar cycles and the tree ring increment was reversed in southern Italy and central Europe in the second and third (1970–2019) time periods. In the first time period (1900–1969), there was a positive relationship of the increment to solar cycles on all research plots. In the tree rings of European beech from southern Italy and central Europe, a relationship to the 11-year solar cycle has been documented. This study will attempt to describe the differences in beech growth within Europe, and also to educate forest managers about the relevant influence of solar cycles. Solar activity can play an important role in the growth of European beech in central and southern Europe, especially during the recent years of global climate change.

The traditional technique of embroidery has earned a significant position among the media of activist art and creative activism (craftivism) in the past two decades. It has also become one of the popular “slow” activities shared in communities that support community building. Examples of such activities, located in the Central European region that is defined by stances and ideas in interconnected cultures rather than by mere geographic proximity, may not be numerous. Nevertheless, they prove to be relevant for an enquiry into the phenomenon. This phenomenon has been researched mainly by Western scholars so far; only recently were they joined by a few scholars who come from and focus on Central and Eastern Europe. Taking the prevalence of cultural history and feminist perspective into account, this paper suggests a shift of approach by analysing the semiotic and multimodal aspects of the issue. The focus will be on the concurrence of iconicity and symbolism of the traditional patterns and newly introduced ones, on transmediations of narrative structures into embroidered representations, and on the multimodality of communication. The multimodal approach appears necessary due to the paradoxical relation between the materiality of the original media product and the immateriality of its media of display and distribution, typically social media. The characteristics and communicational potential of embroideries will be exemplified by the individual project “Vyzhyvanka” by Rufina Bazlova, a Prague-based, Belarus-born visual artist, and by the collective creations of the Slovak craftivist group, the KundyCrew.

Abstract. Dermacentor marginatus is a vector disease of both humans and animals and transmits the causative agents of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) and the spotted fever group (Rickettsia raoultii and R. slovaca), as well as of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever. Dermacentor reticulatus can transmit various pathogens such as Francisella tularensis, Babesia spp., tick encephalitis virus, Coxiella burnetii, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, and Rickettsia spp. and can cause serious skin lesions. Herein, ecological niche modeling (ENM) is used to characterize the niches of these two ticks and describe their potential distributional patterns under both current and future climate conditions, as a means of highlighting geographic distributional shifts that may be of public health importance. We assessed distributional implications of five general circulation models (GCMs), under two shared socio-economic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) for the period 2041–2060. Predictions for D. marginatus showed broad suitable areas across western, central, and southern Europe, with potential for expansion in northern and eastern Europe. Dermacentor reticulatus has suitable areas across western, central, and northern Europe. Under future scenarios, new expansions were observed in parts of northern and eastern Europe and highland areas in central Europe. Despite broad overlap between the niches of the ticks, D. marginatus has a broader niche, which allows it to show greater stability in the face of the changing climate conditions. Areas of potential geographic distributional expansion for these species should be monitored for actual distributional shifts, which may have implications for public health in those regions.

Bank Privatisation in Central and Eastern Europe Through the View of the Western European Stock Markets

The rule of law is a juristic concept implying an image of an orderly society respecting the rights of individuals enforced by stable institutions. This image proved attractive in many parts of the world which have known little respect for individuals’ rights, notably in the Eastern and Central Europe after 1989. However, since 2010 in some of these societies, political forces have recently come to power whose actions challenge or undermine the rule of law. The crisis in Hungary and Poland is flagrant, but it is also imminent, for example, in Bulgaria and Romania. In this chapter, it is argued that Norbert Elias’s theory allows us both to theorise the rule of law as part of long-lasting social processes and to explain its crisis. The author proposes using Central and Eastern Europe as a laboratory for figurational sociology to make the case relatable for researchers studying the rule of law in other regions that have undergone systemic transformation.