Систематизация доктринальной и законодательных баз реализации программ технического переоснащения АПК

This paper surveys the development of the vegetable sector in China over the past 20 years. It is part of the ongoing Catch-up Project which embraces several sectoral systems of innovation in a number of developing countries under a “learning capability/knowledge-base interactions” framework for analysis and comparison. The work traces the evolutionary process of the sector development and analyzes the driving forces and source of opportunity. The paper then goes on to analyze the development of market institutions that backed up the emergence, expansion and deepening of the sector, the transformation of technological and knowledge regimes and capability building, and sorts out the roles that the government played in the development of the sector. The paper ends with major findings from the case study.

Abstract. This article examines the main areas of financing of the agro-industrial complex by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also raises the question of the degree of influence of financial development institutions in this industry. Currently, the transience of changes in politics, economics and climate around the world is extremely leading to instability in the global agricultural and food markets. As a result, government support in the small agribusiness sector in the country is an integral and important part of economic development. The country's food security is the development of agriculture. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state and features of financing the agricultural sector in Kazakhstan through financial development institutions, identify the impact on the availability of financial resources, and develop recommendations for improving financing mechanisms, taking into account current economic realities and government support programs. The article provides an analysis of the activities of financial development institutions in providing support in the agro-industrial sector by financing investment projects. The development of the agricultural sector, increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of agricultural enterprises are important economic indicators in the development of this sector of the economy. The relevance of the article lies in seeing the picture of the development of the country's agricultural sector through the prism of the activities of financial development institutions.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE is to determine promising directions for the development of the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine in the conditions of post-war recovery.RESEARCH METHODS. In the process of writing the article, general scientific and special research methods of the agro-industrial sector were used, including: induction and deduction; structural and logical analysis; extrapolations; tabular and graphic.PRESENTATION OF THE MAIN RESEARCH MATERIAL. The article determines that the agro-industrial sector is one of the key sectors of the country's economy, which made a significant contribution to the country's GDP before the war. Since the beginning of the war, the agro-industrial sector has suffered significant losses and needs to be restored and further developed. Prospective ways of development of the agro-industrial sector have been determined, which can be carried out in three key areas: activation of own reserves of agricultural enterprises; receiving donor international aid; development of the state agrarian policy of post-war recovery. It has been proven that the restoration of broken agro- food chains and the inclusion of domestic agricultural enterprises in global agro-food chains is a promising direction for the development of the country's agro-industrial sector. It was found that the agro-food chain is a set of interdependent enterprises that have united on a voluntary basis and closely cooperate in the process of agricultural production. It has been proven that the restoration of the agro-food chain will take place in the event that it includes enterprises for cultivation (fattening), processing, transportation, storage and sale of agricultural products.CONCLUSIONS FROM THE CONDUCTED RESEARCH. The restoration of broken agro-food chains and the inclusion of domestic agricultural enterprises in global agro-food chains will contribute to their accelerated recovery, reducing the level of costs for production, transportation, storage, processing and sale of agricultural products; accelerating the recovery of agricultural enterprises due to the joint interaction of participants in agro-food chains; increasing the level of quality of agricultural products.KEYWORDS: agro-industrial sector; agriculture; agro-food chains; global agro-food chains; post-war recovery.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to adapt the agro-industrial complex (AIC) to modern challenges, in particular environmental and economic, to ensure its sustainable development. Studying the European experience of AIC development and the introduction of green technologies opens up opportunities for modernising the industry and increasing its efficiency in the face of global change. The purpose of the study is to examine the experience of European countries in the development of the AIC, to identify the main trends and to determine the place of green technologies in the modernisation of production. The object of the study is the agro-industrial complex of European countries, as well as the processes of modernisation of this sector, which are taking place through the introduction of modern green technologies, innovative practices, as well as the adaptation of European approaches to ensuring sustainable and efficient development of the agricultural sector in the face of global challenges and environmental constraints. The research methodology is based on systemic, comparative and analytical approaches that provide a comprehensive analysis of the agro-industrial complex in the context of its modernisation. The theoretical framework includes: a systemic approach that considers the agro-industrial complex as an integral interconnected system operating in an economic, social and environmental environment; a comparative method that provides an analysis of the European experience in implementing green technologies, with an emphasis on adapting these approaches to other conditions, identifying best practices and assessing the possibilities of their application for the modernisation of the industry; an environmental approach that studies the impact of implementing green technologies to reduce the negative impact of agricultural activities on the environment. The analysis of the main characteristics of EU agriculture in 2019-2023 showed that labour productivity in the sector is growing annually, while real factor income varies by year. The growth of agricultural production along with a decrease in CO2 emissions indicates the application of environmental measures, however, the share of the industry in the total European emissions is growing, which confirms the need for its modernisation on a green basis. The authors systematise the main areas of green technologies in the AIC. The study showed that EU countries are actively implementing various effective models of green business in the agricultural sector, with the mainstream being the creation of green clusters, the development of green energy and the production of organic products. The study of the development of green energy in the European AIC has identified biogas and biomethane production as the fastest growing sectors; countries such as Denmark and Sweden have already replaced more than 25% of natural gas consumption in 2022. The analysis of the development of organic production showed an increase in the area under organic production (by 5.7% annually in 2012-2020) and an increase in the volume of organic production. Based on the study of EU programmes and initiatives related to the use of green technologies in the agricultural sector, the article summarises that they are aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, developing organic production, increasing the efficiency of natural resources use, expanding the production and use of renewable energy sources in the agricultural sector, preserving biodiversity and introducing innovations for sustainable agricultural development. The analysis of the CAP 2023-2027 showed an intensification of the environmental direction of the industry's development to comply with the European Green Deal. Thus, green technologies are becoming an integral part of the development of the AIC in European countries and their use is being stimulated through financial instruments and regulatory frameworks.

The agrarian sector as a system-forming sphere of the rural economy becomes decisive for rural development based on inclusiveness. The influence of the state on the development of the sector by means of financial support should not only contribute to strengthening the production capacity and competitive advantages of commodity producers, but also have a positive impact on the development of rural areas and increase the opportunities for attracting the population to public life. These tasks are being updated in the context of a long-term budget deficit, in particular, aggravated by the conduct of military operations and the need to direct public funds in areas with the greatest multiplicative effect. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of state financial support for the agricultural sector on rural development from the standpoint of compliance with the principles of sustainability and ensuring the inclusivity of socio-economic development. To achieve this goal, the study used: general logical methods of analysis and synthesis in the development of laws regulating the system of state support in Ukraine; statistical and economic methods for grouping recipients of state support by different statuses, programmes, areas; methods of mathematical analysis to assess the dynamics of indicators and identify patterns of distribution of support funds, calculating the dependence of budgets of territorial communities on agricultural production. Tabular and graphical methods were used to visualise the results of the study. The abstract and logical method was used to generalise conclusions and formulate proposals. Based on the study results, including the analysis of the agricultural companies that received the most financial support from the state in three years, the public irrationality of the existing distribution of state support is substantiated, which leads to an increase in the gap between the production capacities of farmers, strengthening the uneven development of the agricultural sector and rural areas as a whole. The implemented improvement of legislative norms is not reflected in the practical plane, so the trend of asymmetric distribution of funds in favour of large businesses remains. The study argues for the need to introduce a number of changes in the system of distribution and use of state financial support for the agricultural sector, concerning regulatory support and control over its implementation, strengthening requirements for recipients of funds in terms of economic and social responsibility to promote rural development based on the principles of inclusivity. One of the conditions for all programmes funded by the state should be the prioritisation of achieving a social effect and maintaining sustainable development. Taking into account the proposed changes would help to preserve the multi-complexity of agriculture and the sustainability of food systems, expand the circle of recipients of support and strengthen the financial stability of small producers, increase revenues to local budgets, and increase the efficiency of using public finances in terms of their public function, achievement of a synergistic effect from the use of budget funds in the economic, social, and environmental spheres, establishment of sustainable foundations of rural development on an inclusive basis.

In almost all the models of growth and development, capital accumulation is pivotal because it raises the productive capacity of the sector in which it takes place. The capital accumulation depends on the rate of investment, which in turn depends on the rate of savings. The financial institutions play a dominant role in mobilising savings and then channelising those savings for investments into productive economic activities. Therefore, the role of financial institutions is crucial in the development of any sector and agriculture is no exception to it. Rather the development of agriculture sector is more dependent on banking sector because 80 per cent of the farmers are small and marginal farmers, who are unable to save and invest due to their low levels of income. Further, about 70 per cent of the population in India lives in rural areas contributing about 24.2 per cent to gross domestic product (GDP) and forms the largest consuming market leading to income and employment generation through multiplier effects. Banking sector helps in the monetisation of the rural economy, which is useful in achieving the multiplier effect to the maximum benefit. Agriculture sector is the most crucial sector of the Indian economy because the main objectives of economic policy of output growth, price stability and poverty alleviation are best sub-served in this sector. There is thus a need to increase the credit flow to agriculture, raise productive capacity of land and enhance the potential of water resources as well its use efficiency for agricultural development.

The paper presents four main megatrends of global economic development: 1) changes in value chains, 2) development of a new food system model, 3) redistribution of value chains in the agribusiness sector, 4) growing influence of large companies and individual countries on the global agrifood system. The aim of the paper is to investigate the macroeconomic global and national challenges of agro-industrial development that affect the sustainable development of the sector. Based on these megatrends and using a dialectical method, the authors have considered the main global and national challenges in agricultural development. They highlighted the following: demographic growth and hunger; resource scarcity and the crisis of the AIS 3.0 model; ethical risks and limitations; natural and climatic changes; recycling, recycling and valorisation of waste; political instability; challenges of innovative development. It is shown that identification of the main challenges facing the development of domestic agribusiness sector is the primary basis for the formulation of strategic development objectives of the agrarian sector. The global challenges identified in the paper represent the basis for the development of economic policy in the agribusiness sector, including the Russian agrifood policy, the development of quality formal and informal rules and institutions that support the economic growth of the agribusiness sector, and also allow risk-oriented approaching to agricultural development in different territories.

Science and technology is a pair of the most prominent words to day. To understand the natural systems is Science and technology is the way to control or to implement it for ourselves. Scientists set a goal to attain something, which ordinary people could hardly imagine, and then work to reach there in a very rational and methodical approach. Thus in combination of science and technology we get upgraded systems for the welfare of humanity. In present days, technology is the key indicator for development. While cooperation or collaboration, among the societies, is an essential mean for development. Scientific and technical journal articles are one of the most important science and technology indicators. This paper discusses to major aspects of development; cooperation and contribution. Firstly, the present condition of science and technology and the cooperation in these fields among the members of IOC is discussed here. Where it is found that the most of the members are lagging behind the developed world and more alarming problem is there is a very little cooperative effort among the OIC members themselves. Due to not having adequate knowledge, technology, and support sometimes, they are bound to collaborate more with non-OIC countries than the members do. In spite of that, there is still a huge opportunity to overcome these problems as the OIC members have been blessed by the natural resources and thus have the financial support to overcome any obstacle. To do so, the members need to be more cooperative to each other in all sectors of research and development. They need to remain united as a single body to uphold the brotherhood. Secondly, good contribution to the field of science and technology indicates the smart society of the present time. The advancement in these sectors is an indication of living standard of the people. Here, the roles of two countries, Bangladesh and Iraq, in the field of science and technology, have been discussed. Both the countries have a long history, in different names under different era of kingship. Bangladesh has a large population, near about 146.6 million, of which almost 89% is Muslim (BBS, 2011), so as a member of OIC she holds of great importance in South Asia. It is remarked that the ancient Bengal was neither developed nor focused as a future technological base by any of the rulers. However, in last two decades she is been showing a consistently rising pattern in these fields especially in agriculture and IT sectors. However, Bangladesh is still far away to have a standard infrastructure for R&D in science and technology. On the other hand, the land of Iraq has been the mother of world’s first civilization and as a Muslim country; Iraq has a glorious history of about thousand years in almost all sectors of development. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, the consecutive involvement in war, killed hundreds of scientist, and destroyed many research facilities, institutions, universities, which eventually destroyed the knowledge base and led Iraq almost to a blind alley. Now it is inevitable for her to reconcile and fight back. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p401

Chapter 16 - Challenges in the nanoscale delivery systems development in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets

In this paper, we seek to advance understandings of the contemporary global ‘sport for development and peace’ (SDP) sector, with respect to volunteers and volunteering in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Volunteers play a critical role in organizing and delivering SDP social intervention programmes across the world; most SDP volunteer work is undertaken by local young people who are often presented as a current peer or future community leaders. Specifically, we utilize a unique combination of the concepts of antinomy and liminality to examine systematically the ‘in-between’ positions, roles, and experiences of SDP volunteers. Our analysis spotlights three sets of antinomy. First, categorical antinomies relate to the liminal or in-between positioning of volunteers in terms of their socio-demography (e.g. between adolescence and adulthood), status within NGOs (as neither paid employees nor programme user groups), and their standing between NGOs and communities. Second, the structural antinomies of volunteers relate to the empowering/disempowering aspects of development, positioning between the international development and national public sectors, and their standing between civil society and the private sector. Third, the social antinomies of volunteering centre on their relations with the development NGO, links to donors, and volunteer positions in regard to programme sustainability. The paper draws on an extensive interview- and fieldwork-based research into SDP in three diverse locations (Kosovo, Rwanda, and Sri Lanka) as part of a wider cross-cultural research project on the global SDP sector. The findings may be used as an analytical framework for future research into volunteering, in other SDP locations, in other fields of sport, or on wider social and development sectors, such as in education, community and youth work, leisure and recreation.

Customs system and customs activity is an important economic mechanism for the county, which has to follow current modern global and integrative processes in the world. Customs politics based on the reasonable and scientific principles will give the chance to a government to develop priority fields, deepen political and economic relation with the foreign countries, and help social-economic development of the country. Lack of development of real sector in economic Georgia made as import-dependent country. In the whole unit of commercial circulation amount of import exceeds amount of export almost three time. Local market is full with imported products, which is the result that country depends on the import, but, it is possible to create safe economic conditions for the local producers. For that the country should actively use instruments of customs politics While working on above mentioned topic, studying the problem was implemented by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Research of inner information about the topic was fulfilled in the scope of qualitative research. During quantitative research was processed statistic data. Finally, based on the analysis of result corresponding reports were made. Tasks and forms of implementing customs politics, in many cases, harshly oppose each other. That is why, one of the main task is to balance the opposing principles, for this action it is important that customs politics should be flexible, changeable and compatible with current economic occurrence and processes. On modern stage main direction of Georgian customs politics are characterized as having low import tariffs, by being free from customs tax, having less amount of export and import licenses and by not having other quantitative restrictions. But it described as having important gaps in solving modern economic problems and resisting modern challenges. Unfortunately, real sector of economics in Georgia is not developed. According the existed tendencies main priority for the county’s development is tourism. The result is that absolute majority of the product what the population of the country uses, is imported. Given tendency of correlation between import and export results gives us a chance to say that during past years, Political measurements from the state can not reach the aim. Within other factors, given problem is mainly outlined by the level of technological development and innovation problems. Non-existence of subsidiary infrastructure for development export, causes lack of information about potential export markets and not-enough popularity is Georgian products. Except measures taken for stimulating export, state customs politics should be aimed to broaden country’s exporting markets, to diversify exporting countries and export products main part of the export products for today is raw materials, which has low supplemented cost, its export does not need to activate manufacturing processes and local workmen do not take part in this process. Hence it follows that all these positive economic effects which might follow product export from the country, in this case is on low level or does not exist at all. That is why, main factor of the customs politics should be to encourage export ready production and not raw materials. There is cause-effect relation between quality of development of real sector between export and import correlation. Lack of development of real economic sector significantly defines the quality of country’s import-dependence. In order to achieve desired correlation results between import and export for the country, it is important to reduce import index, as well as export index. For the development of real sector of economics it is crucially important to protect economic activities of local manufacturers from the competition with foreign production. The government has got its regulation mechanisms, by using these mechanisms it can achieve above mentioned aim. While implementing customs politics, the government has authority, foreseeing the given situation in the country, use different instruments of customs-tariff regulations, in order to get concrete desired results. For this result it is necessary to fulfill the obligations which the country has towards world trade organization. In order to be recognized Georgia as an equal partner, from the members of the partner countries of World Trade Organization, it is necessary to be legislative basis which will regulate and administrate customs rules and other similar business spheres. Such kind of specific obligations from Georgia were outlined while signing the treaty of partnership with World Trade Organization. It was mentioned not to implement the cases of protection, anti-dumping measures and compensation duties, before other corresponding regulations and legislative acts would be received in the country. One of the main challenge of customs politics for Georgia is to resist with the problems of local manufacturers and protecting domestic market. Finally, we can say that effectiveness of customs politics significantly defines stability of country’s economic development, mainly, stimulating to develop export and protecting domestic market. Accordingly, in this thesis there are reports and recommendations, which represent closing sentences based on the analysis of separate parts of the given work.

In the context of the modern economy, the importance of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) in the national and regional spheres is at a high level, which necessitates the continuous improvement of methods for analyzing and evaluating its development. The theoretical and practical need for the development of more accurate and adapted approaches is driven by the specific features of regional conditions and the dynamics of the agricultural sector. The Krasnodar Territory, as a key agricultural region in Russia, has a unique potential and characteristics that require the consideration of regional factors when assessing the development of the AIC. Therefore, the task of analyzing and adapting existing theoretical approaches to regional specifics becomes relevant. Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze and substantiate the theoretical aspects of assessing the development of the agricultural sector in the Krasnodar Territory. As part of the work, modern theoretical approaches were systematized, the existing methods of assessing the region's effectiveness were analyzed, and the main factors determining the development of the agricultural sector in the Krasnodar Territory were identified. As a result, the work substantiated systems for comprehensive analysis and assessment of the region's agricultural sector development, taking into account current trends, indicators of economic efficiency, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability.

The application of the principles of sustainable development is one of the basic requirements of the modern economy. Fulfilment of the given principles is especially important in the branches of economy which are the biggest polluters of the environment, such as the energy sector. This paper discusses the challenges that arise in the sustainable development of the energy sector, considering its specificity and importance for the overall economic and social development. In studying this subject matter, we start from the consideration of the role and importance of sustainable development in the joint economy; then, we focus on the problems of the application of sustainable development in the energy sector, while in the final part of the paper, we conduct a comparative analysis of certain indicators of the energy sector in the EU countries and Serbia which concern its sustainability, such as energy efficiency, energy security, use of renewable sources and others. We conclude that a prerequisite for the sustainable development of this sector is the adoption of an adequate energy policy, since the application of the principles and various elements of sustainable development implies appropriate investments, adequate technological solutions, as well as a certain amount of time to achieve the desired effects. That is why a green and sustainable economy implies the implementation of the reforms that would enable energy transition, which would, in turn, contribute both to an increase in energy efficiency and to greater use of renewable energy sources and clean energy technologies.

PROSPECTS AND EFFICIENCY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE FROM OILSEED CROPS

In the Russian agro-industrial sector, including in the Eastern Siberia region, economic development is slow, which is one of the fundamental reasons for the prolonged crisis and stagnation of the sector. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a scientific search for the strengths and weaknesses of the economic development of the agro-industrial sector of Eastern Siberia, which will allow developing specific economic measures and steps for its development. The purpose of the study is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the economic development of the agro-industrial complex of Eastern Siberia. The object of the study is the agro-industrial complex of Eastern Siberia. The subject of the study is economic development. To effectively solve the identified problems, it is necessary to create a comprehensive system of strategies and long-term directions for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the East Siberian region. It is important to take into account the characteristics of the natural habitat, modern conditions of the agricultural market, the social situation, available government funding resources, the current level of development of production capacities and the nature of economic ties. A special role in the economic development of the agro-industrial complex should be played by research organizations and institutes, whose main mission is to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of scientific and applied developments, the formation of an economic and investment structure, as well as attracting investment funds to the agricultural sector of Eastern Siberia.