Оцінювання ефективності диверсифікування географічної структури зовнішньоекономічної діяльності в умовах євроінтеграції

The status, dynamic, structure of sources of financing of leasing operations and tendencies of the development of the leasing services market in Ukraine in 2014-2018 have been considered. Today, financial leasing services are predominantly provided by financial companies, unlike in 2014, its share in the leasing market is 77.03%. The dynamics of the value and quantity of financial leasing agreements concluded by legal entities and financial companies have been considered. During the period under review, the largest value and number of financial leasing contracts were concluded by the legal entities and their value has increased in three times. The structure of the cost of financial leasing agreements by industry has been analyzed. The transport, agriculture, construction and services sectors are found to be the largest users of financial leasing services. The distribution of the value of the financial leasing contracts by its terms has been characterized and the agreements with the term of validity from 2 to 5 years are established. The structure of sources of financing of leasing operations has been investigated. It is established that their structure is dominated by equity of companies. The perspective directions of use of leasing in Ukraine have been considered. Industries such as healthcare, real estate, tourism and IT have been found to be the most promising for the leasing market. The problems that hinder the effective functioning of the leasing market in Ukraine and hinder its further development have been identified. The measures that should be taken to overcome existing problems and ensure the further development of leasing activities in Ukraine have been suggested.

Introduction. It is emphasized that the sustainable development of national economy is possible as long as the financial services market functions effectively. The market is formed by the entities providing insurance, banking and investment services.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the current challenges which hinder the development of Ukraine’s financial services market.Methods. The methodological framework of the study includes the following general research methods: induction, analysis, and generalization.Results. The main indicators reflecting the performance of the domestic insurance services market are analysed. Based on gross insurance premiums and insurance payments, it is found out that the most common type of insurance is vehicle insurance. The research paper claims that nowadays various types of insurance are being developed progressively in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to life insurance, because this type of insurance is viewed as socially essential. However, the development of life insurance market in Ukraine is rated as low.The presence of domestic banks on the financial services market is determined through the following indicators: the amount of funds received by business entities and individuals; the amount of gross loans granted to them. Under the current conditions, the domestic banks are providing financial services with innovative solutions.The main performance indicators of the domestic market of investment services with the participation of joint investment institutions are analysed. The development of this segment of the investment services market is evidenced by the increasing volume of assets owned by investment funds. The author also notes that there is a lack of people’s involvement in joint investment institutions.Discussion. The research findings are applicable and can be used in implementing strategies for the growth of Ukraine’s financial services market.

The goals of the article are a definition of patterns of change in demand and supply of milk and dairy in the market of Ukraine and revealing the regularities of establishing of partial equilibrium state. The scientific methods which used in the process of the research: simulation was used for defining trends of supply and demand changing and their balancing in the dairy market; economic and statistical method was used for estimation of tendencies of production and consumption of dairy products in Ukraine; analysis and synthesis were used to find out the reasons that determine the trends of supply and demand changes; tabular and graphical methods were used for clearness of the image of the obtained research results; abstract-logical method was used for the formulation of conclusions. Results of the researching: Trends of demand and supply changes in the dairy market in the 2016 year was estimated. Specifics of establishing the state of partial equilibrium in that market were characterized relative to the main groups of its participants as producers and consumers. Development of methodological and practical aspects of features of establishing the state of market equilibrium in the dairy market, unlike existing, is based on a model basis is still actual. The practical significance of those results consists in working out of the tool of justification of managerial decisions for assessing the state and creating regulatory measures for sectoral development.

The war created extraordinary challenges and threats to the human potential of Ukraine’s regions. The most significant is the deepening of the disproportionality and imbalance of the labor market due to the loss of a significant number of qualified personnel (due to migration and mobilization) and changes in the employment structure. This was particularly acutely reflected in the structure of labor resources, particularly its gender-age and professional (educational and qualification) elements. One of the most important factors influencing this structure was foreign migration and the illegal deportation of Ukrainian citizens to the Russian Federation. Effective mechanisms and tools from the regional governing bodies are necessary to ensure compliance between all social and labor sphere links, considering the regional and qualification imbalances in the labor market. Also, to further minimize the risks of the development of the labor market in Ukraine and to preserve the labor resource potential, it is advisable to determine the main socio-economic levers and drivers of regional policy, which will contribute to reducing regional and qualification imbalances, increasing marginal labor productivity and, as a result, increasing the productive capacity of regions. The article evaluates the tools that influence the productive capacity of the economy of the regions of Ukraine in the context of preserving their labor resource potential in the conditions of war and post-war recovery. The main challenges and threats to the human potential of the regions of Ukraine in the conditions of the war and subsequent post-war reconstruction are identified, the most significant of which is the deepening of disproportionality and imbalance of the labor market due to the loss of a significant part of qualified personnel (due to migration and mobilization), as well as changes in the employment structure. Based on the threat analysis, the factors currently fundamental for ensuring the functioning of regional labor markets in Ukraine have been determined. The instruments that influence the economy’s productive capacity were studied with the help of a survey of state authorities in the regions. Based on the research, the main socio-economic levers and drivers of increasing the regional economy’s productive capacity in preserving Ukraine’s labor potential in the conditions of the war and post-war recovery are substantiated. Keywords: labor resource potential, productive capacity, labor market, region, structural disparities, human potential, employment, war, post-war economic recovery.

The article deals with the current state of the information technology market in Ukraine, the role of human capital and peculiarities of its influence on the country's foreign economic activity. The basic processes and tendencies of Ukrainian IT market functioning, the main prospects of IT sector development were analyzed as well as the main problems of the information technology market and directions of their solution. At present, the internal IT service market in Ukraine meets the following characteristics: minimization of IT service costs; infringement of intellectual property law; satisfactory demand for IT services; shortage supply of qualified IT specialists due to imbalances in the training of technical specialists in higher education institutions; imperfection of IT management in companies leads to the inability to implement the growth strategy. There are two main factors that stimulate the development of the internal IT sector: first, is a human capital situation; second, is a public policy and its priorities in supporting competitive industries. The key success factor of a rapid development of foreign economic activity in Ukraine is to establish balance between the external and internal IT service markets. In order to improve the foreign economic activity of Ukraine, it is necessary for the state and the owners of IT companies to force on the development of the internal IT service market as the low level of the internal market hinders the development of the external IT relationships. The internal sector is not attractive to IT companies usually because of low pay and poor management quality. Therefore, in our work we considered in details the problems related to human capital in the search of any opportunities for the development of foreign economic activity of our country. It was concluded that IT market will remain one of the most prospective sectors of Ukraine that develops its foreign economic activity.

The article is devoted to the study of trends in the economic development of the IT services market in Ukraine and the determination of guidelines for the future. It was established that in the context of the integration processes that Ukraine is undergoing, its national economy is affected by a significant number of external and internal factors. And, it is obvious that the identified factors have had an impact on global and local markets in different periods. The market of IT services requires special attention, as it is a strategically important direction for our country - the stability of foreign currency inflows and the activity of attracting investments for development. In the current long period of transformational processes burdened by the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the market of IT services means stable jobs, taxes paid on time and filling the State Budget of Ukraine. The article determines that the field of IT services is the most sensitive, first of all, to economic factors. These are: the volume of the IT market, the exchange rate of the US dollar, the cost of IT services, wages in the market of IT services, etc. An equally important role is played by the geopolitical position of the world's leading countries, which determine (dictate) the "rules of the game" in the IT services market and determine general globalization trends, etc. In the course of the research, we established that during 2017-2021, the number of registered IT service companies in Ukraine doubled. in the world ranking, Ukraine still has advantages in the IT market compared to the nearest competing countries. At the moment, compared to its nearest neighbors, Ukraine ranks 3rd in the world ranking, behind Belarus and Serbia, but ahead of Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia. Based on the results of the analysis of the data array, the dynamics of the export of computer services from Ukraine during 2017-2021 were studied, which demonstrates rapid annual growth. The trend of growth in the total volume of exports of IT services from Ukraine can be explained by the growth of demand on the world market. And although the IT services market in Ukraine is still being formed, it is important that it further develop in the direction of transparency, openness and competitiveness. And external factors, such as currency fluctuations, globalization processes, etc., did not hold back its development. In order to preserve the growing trends in the development of the IT services industry, it is important to make decisions about its further development based on world experience.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the domestic market of leasing services and the determination of the factors affecting it. The modern tendencies of the interaction of the subjects of the financial services market in Ukraine have been identified and the impact of the transformation of financial relations on the volume of leasing operations has been determined. It has been revealed that in today's realities for the purpose of improving the efficiency of business entities it is necessary to use both traditional and non-traditional methods of updating the material and technical base and fixed assets of enterprises. It is determined that it is leasing that acts as such lease relations, which allows to increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets by combining all elements of credit, investment, and foreign trade operations. The main indicators of the distribution of the value of valid financial leasing agreements by the types of economic activity during 2010-2018 are formalized. The branches with the most attractive forecast of leasing services development in Ukraine are distinguished. The risks inherent in the leasing services market in Ukraine are investigated and the prospects for its development are identified in case of minimization of these risks.

The purpose of the article is to research and critically evaluate the features of functioning and development the stock market in Ukraine. The main point is to substantiate modern tendencies and to find ways of more efficient development of the Ukrainian stock market. Methodology. The research is based on the analysis of the important aspects which characterize stock market development. They are the volume of trading activity that was done on stock exchanges, level of market capitalization, economic concentration, price policy on market services, and control over the insider information use and manipulation identification. Results. On the basis of volume of trading activity that was done on stock exchanges, features of stock market structure are determined. Comparative analysis between the stock market capitalization level of Ukraine and average world index of stock market capitalization is done. The level and dynamic of economic concentration is defined. Features of competition between Ukrainian stock exchanges are analyzed. Great attention in research is paid to problems of control over the insider information use and principles of manipulation identification by stock exchanges. Value/originality. The research showed that main amount of trading operations was done in “shadow” stock market, capitalization level decreased and stock market in Ukraine does not meet international standards of transparency. Further research should be focused on problems of ensuring the effective implementation of the basic principles of competition between market participants. Main point is to provide law mechanisms to increase transparency level of the national stock market and to increase share of organized stock market in Ukraine.

The aim to conduct a comparative analysis of the population's consumption of antiepileptic drugs in the retail pharmaceutical markets of developing countries, including Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus in the period 2016-2020. Materials and methods. The objects of the research were the data of marketing agencies that monitor the domestic pharmaceutical market in the countries under study. In particular, the range of AED in Ukraine was determined using the market research system «Pharmstandard» of the company «Morion». Analytical-comparative, systematic, graphical, logical, mathematical-statistical research methods were used. Results. The results of the study show that the market of antiepileptic drugs in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus mainly depends on foreign manufacturers, in particular by 60 %, 92 % and 46 % respectively in 2020, and does not meet the needs of the population in accordance with WHO recommendations. It is established that in the market of Ukraine, Kazakhstan during 2016-2019 there is a general trend of increasing retail sales of antiepileptic drugs, which are not included in the WHO Basic List of Essential Medicines, both in natural and in monetary terms. The results of the analysis of retail sales of drugs in the Belarusian market in quantitative and monetary terms indicate an increase in sales of drugs for the treatment of epilepsy, which are included in the WHO Basic List of Essential Medicines. Conclusions. The presence in Ukraine of a difficult situation with the consumption of antiepileptic drugs in comparison with other countries of the reference group indicates the need to implement comprehensive programs to combat the spread of epilepsy and the introduction of models for the rational use of limited health resources

The scientific article has proved the importance of personnel evaluation process automation in Ukrainian enterprises. The approaches of personnel evaluation by business entities (selection of new employees; assessment of the professional development of the company's employees) have been re-vealed. The research has also provided the comparative characteristics of methods and tools for per-sonnel evaluation at the enterprise. The advantages and disadvantages of automation (digitalization) of enterprise personnel evaluation have been identified. There are two types of software products presented on the Ukrainian market that allow personnel evaluation by the enterprise (complex software products and digital personnel management systems (DHMS), where personnel evaluation blocks are one of the components; specialized software products that allow personnel evaluation). The author also provides the advantages and disadvantages of implementing each type. A comparative description of software for personnel evaluation presented on the Ukrainian market has been provided. The procedure for selecting personnel evaluation software for business entities from Ukraine has been developed.The comparative characteristic of the methods of personnel assessment at an enterprise allows us to note: significant variability in their use; the presence of large differences between the methods, which requires appropriate training of HR specialists; the presence of advantages and disadvantages for each assessment method, which requires their consideration when conducting personnel assessment when re-cruiting or hiring employees of an enterprise; the need to use acombination of assessment methods to obtain objective, reliable and sufficient management information; the need for In these conditions, it is necessary to automate (digitalise) the processes of assessing the company's personnel, both within the search and attraction of new employees (specialists) and in relation to the company's employees.

Oceans, particularly coastal areas, are getting busier and within this increasingly human-dominated seascape, marine biodiversity continues to decline. Attempts to maintain and restore marine biodiversity are becoming more spatial, principally through the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs compete for space with other uses, and the emergence of new industries, such as marine renewable energy generation, will increase competition for space. Decision makers require guidance on how to zone the ocean to conserve biodiversity, mitigate conflict and accommodate multiple uses. Here we used empirical data and freely available planning software to identified priority areas for multiple ocean zones, which incorporate goals for biodiversity conservation, two types of renewable energy, and three types of fishing. We developed an approached to evaluate trade-offs between industries and we investigated the impacts of co-locating some fishing activities within renewable energy sites. We observed non-linear trade-offs between industries. We also found that different subsectors within those industries experienced very different trade-off curves. Incorporating co-location resulted in significant reductions in cost to the fishing industry, including fisheries that were not co-located. Co-location also altered the optimal location of renewable energy zones with planning solutions. Our findings have broad implications for ocean zoning and marine spatial planning. In particular, they highlight the need to include industry subsectors when assessing trade-offs and they stress the importance of considering co-location opportunities from the outset. Our research reinforces the need for multi-industry ocean-zoning and demonstrates how it can be undertaken within the framework of strategic conservation planning.

The article takes a theoretically informed look at why policies favoring renewables (here wind power) are implemented in some countries rather than others, with empirical data from Norway and Denmark. The theory combines Joseph Schumpeter and Mancur Olson, emphasizing structural economic change as all-important to long-term economic growth, but that vested interests may easily hamper the growth of new industries, like renewables. Typically, vested interests tied in with the old industrial paradigm seek to preserve their advantage, securing for themselves favorable regulations and institutions. These regulations and institutions do however not necessarily fit new and upcoming industries. The article juxtaposes the experiences of Norway and Denmark. Norway, with its powerful petroleum industry has fed vested interests and built institutions to support the already existing industry, to the detriment of renewables. Denmark, lacking a fixed industrial energy structure, used the 1970s oil crises to build a new structure, based around renewables. Both cases support the theory, suggesting that vested interest structures serve as powerful influences on energy policy.

The relevance of the study of the evolution of the socially significant sphere of the United States of America, located at the point of bifurcation of socio-economic development, one way or another concerns the entire global community. The main aim of the study is to identify trends in the evolution of American health care in terms of ensuring the effectiveness, safety, quality and accessibility of medical services. Its achievement is based on the traditional methodological basis of statistical and economic analysis of the average annual growth of the main indicators of the development of American health care during the formation of its modern organizational-functional structure in 1951-2020. The results obtained reflect the general direction of the evolution of the USA health care as a haphazard complex mechanism functioning in direct resonance with socio-economic cyclicality. Identified trends in the evolution of healthcare in the context of the extraordinary commercialization of medicine and insurance dependence of patients on market conditions. Analysis of long-term development indicators of the USA health care dynamics reveals rather low results of permanent reforms of national health care due to the adjustment of their parameters and indicators to the existing concept of free market relations in the relevant market of medical goods and services. The limitation of the market mechanism in the use of potential resources of American health care, which is generally provided with both financial and innovative and technological potential, is revealed.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has caused many social, economic, environmental and energy problems. Most business entities faced problems at the national level that affected their financial and economic activities. The mass departure of workers abroad, rising natural gas prices, internal relocation, and constant shelling force business entities to search for new approaches to the management and development of their enterprises. The purpose of the study – substantiate and test the scientific and methodological approach to achieving energy independence of economic entities as a way to avoid their insolvency in times of war. In the course of the study, a critical analysis of the thematic literature was performed, and a set of general scientific and special research methods was used: expert assessments, observation, analogy, grouping, obtaining a consensus, deductive, inductive reasoning, systematisation, system-functional, measurement, analysis, comparison, logical generalisation, systematisation, hypothesis, a repeated combination of independent scenarios, extrapolation, elasticity estimation and graphical. The study identified the consequences of the military invasion of Ukraine and developed an algorithm for actions during the war. Four scenarios have been identified, under which the investigated business entity can solve the urgent problems. It is substantiated that the best scenario is the one in which it is required to increase its production capacity by setting up a “full cycle” production using a continuous pyrolysis system for the recycling of worn-out tires. The rationality of its use is proved. The scientific and methodological tools for interaction between business entities and the state during the war have been improved based on a systematic approach, which, unlike the existing ones, deepens the significance of shifting the centre of gravity from the macro to the micro level and is based on the proposed algorithm of actions (identifying the problem, developing possible scenarios for its immediate solution, compliance of the chosen scenario with the national interests of the state, finding a source of funding for the implementation of one of the scenarios), which determines the most optimistic scenario of the balance of interests between the state and business entities. The practical value of the proposed lies in the identification of economic, social, environmental and energy efficiency of the developed algorithm of actions in practice, on the example of financial and economic activities of the entity. Such an approach, on the one hand, allows for achieving energy independence soon and is a way to avoid the insolvency of economic entities in the conditions of war. On the other hand, it should become a reliable base for the national economy in the period of post-war reconstruction.

Land in Ukraine can be in private, communal and state ownership. The lands of Ukraine include all lands within its territory, including islands and lands occupied by water bodies, which are divided into categories according to their main purpose. Legal entities may acquire land mainly for use on the rights of lease, sublease, emphyteusis and permanent use, may have agricultural land on the right of lifelong inherited land tenure, the legal regulation of which is currently absent. In Ukraine at this stage, models of organization of relations between business partners are effectively and justifiably used through the creation of a joint holding company in a foreign jurisdiction, which further establishes the company in Ukraine. As a result of the anti-terrorist operation and the occupation of Crimea on the territory of Ukraine, the rights of thousands of people to housing, land and property, including the rights of agricultural land use, were violated. Today, land lease is the main way of doing agribusiness, lease agreements have become an important tool for absorbing weaker competitors or seizing their land. In conditions of slow growth in the cost of rent, agricultural holdings can afford a slightly higher fee, which gives them a significant advantage over farmers. However, the moratorium on land has been lifted in 2020 and the land market in Ukraine will be introduced on July 1, 2021. From this date, agricultural land will be available to individuals, ie the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land will be lifted. As for legal entities, the land market will be open for them only from January 1, 2024.