Лингвистический ландшафт и социальный медиадискурс русскоязычных школ Висагинаса (Литва)<b></b>

Introduction. The paper analyzes the linguistic landscape of the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar in an interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological context: at the junction of social semiotics, ethnography, and linguistic landscape studies as a subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. The aim of the study is to analyze the linguistic landscape signs and social meanings attributed to them by the inhabitants of Ulaanbaatar, as well as linguistic ideologies underlying social indexicality. The method used include photographing linguistic landscape units in the center of Ulaanbaatar and surveying representatives of small businesses and ordinary urban dwellers. In total, 576 units of the linguistic landscape and 100 questionnaires collected in March 2024 served as material for analysis. Results. A synchronous ‘crosscut’ of the linguistic landscape of Ulaanbaatar showed that the key ‘players’ in the linguistic ‘field’ of Mongolia — both in the capital’s linguistic landscape and in the collective consciousness are the official Mongolian language, English, followed by Chinese, Russian and Korean; vertical Mongolian writing has a special symbolic meaning. Behind the predominantly Mongolian linguistic landscape with a tendency towards Westernization other trends and ideologies have been revealed. On the one hand, it is the openness of the country and its orientation towards international cooperation, on the other hand, people’s concern about the future of the Mongolian language and its ‘purity’. The analysis also showed an ambivalent attitude towards English and Chinese in and outside the linguistic landscape, which is due to both historical memory and potential threats to the ‘small country’ from powerful neighbors and globalization, which jeopardizes national identity. As a certain ‘reconciliation’ of ambivalent language ideologies a hybrid naming strategy is interpreted, i.e. the combination of Mongolian and English on both official and unofficial signs of the linguistic landscape. This naming strategy has a multiple indexical value: this is both a representation of the Mongolian national identity and a manifestation of internationalization strategy and commodification of languages. The linguistic landscape in Ulaanbaatar creates a deceptive impression of a large presence of the Russian language, which is created due to the Cyrillic alphabet as a graphic system of the modern Mongolian language and a large number of Russian borrowings. The attitude towards Chinese is characterized by the greatest ambivalence when anti-Chinese sentiments exist along with awareness of its commodification value. In general, the linguistic landscape of Ulaanbaatar is in a state of dynamic transformation, and the increase in the symbolic weight of some languages (English, Chinese and Korean) and the decrease of others (Russian) metonymically reflects the vector of the country’s development and its value orientations.

This article delves into the concept of "linguistic landscape" as a methodological framework for examining the visual presence of languages in public spaces, highlighting its potential to explore socio-cultural dynamics and the ethno-linguistic vitality of communities. The author underscores the incorporation of linguistic landscapes into educational settings, advocating for it as a tool for natural language immersion through engagement with linguistic elements in daily life. This method allows students to interact with the language in its genuine context, thereby refining their phonetic and semantic abilities and enhancing their understanding of linguistic and cultural dynamics. The article also considers potential drawbacks of this approach, such as the limited focus on non-visual language components and the requirement for frequent data updates. The author suggests enhancing the method through interdisciplinary collaboration and the application of technology for data acquisition. The study of linguistic landscapes has been centered on specific cases that shed light on the execution of language policy and the conservation of diverse cultures. The examination of urban linguistic landscapes has attracted the attention of numerous scholars and experts, particularly those in the fields of comparative language studies and translation. The study conducts a comparative analysis texts within a multilingual urban landscape, aiming to identify translation errors that impede the navigation of foreigners in different speaking areas, as well as the origins of these errors and potential solutions.

Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery Elana Shohamy and Durk Gorter eds. Introduction Elana Shohamy and Durk Gorter Part I: Theoretical Perspectives Linguistic Landscaping and the Seed of the Public Sphere Florian Coulmas, Prolegomena to a Sociolinguistic Theory of Public Signage Bernard Spolsky A Sociological Approach to the Study of Linguistic Landscapes Eliezer Ben-Rafael Language Economy and Linguistic Landscape Jasone Cenoz and Durk Gorter Framework for the Linguistic Analysis of Linguistic Landscapes Thom Huebner Language Ecology and Linguistic Landscape Analysis Francis M. Hult Part II: Methodological Issues Authorship in the Linguistic Landscape: A Multimodal-Performative View David Malinowski A Mapping Technique and the Linguistic Landscape Monica Barni and Carla Bagna What's in a Name? Classification of Proper Names by Language Loulou Edelman Part III: Language Policy Issues Rules and Regulations in Linguistic Landscaping: a Comparative Perspective Peter Backhaus State Ideology and Linguistic Landscape: a Comparative Analysis of (Post)communist Belarus, Czech Republic and Slovakia Marian Sloboda Language Ideology and Linguistic Landscape: Language Policy and Globalization in a Regional Capital of Ethiopia Elizabeth Lanza and Hint Woldemariam Local Policy Modeling the Linguistic Landscape Silvia Dal Negro Part IV: Identity and Awareness Languages on Display: Indexical Signs, Identities and the Linguistic Landscape of Taipei Melissa L. Curtin Constructing National Identity in Mixed Cities in Israel: Arabic on Signs in the Public Space of Upper Nazareth Nira Trumper-Hecht Linguistic Landscape and Language Awareness Diane Dagenais, Daniele Moore, Cecile Sabatier, Patricia Lamarre and Francoise Armand Tourism and Representation in the Irish Linguistic Landscape Jeffrey Kallen Part V: Extensions and the Way Forward Science and the Linguistic Landscape: A Genre Analysis of Representational Wall Space In a Microbiology Laboratory David I. Hanauer Linguistic Landscapes and the Transgressive Semiotics of Graffiti Alastair Pennycook Linguistic Landscape as an Ecological Arena: Modalities, Meaning, Negotiation, Education Elana Shohamy and Shoshi Waksman

Linguistic landscape (LL) studies have primarily been undertaken by linguists not landscape scholars. By reviewing two works in LL, this review article questions several assumptions of LL and claims the field can be considered a logical extension of any holistic consideration of elements of analysis warranted to be carried out under the banner of traditional sociolinguistics. By questioning what the sub-field of LL offers studies of language in and of landscape, this polemic queries how landscape focused LL actually is and identifies how further LL studies may arise with a more directed landscape emphasis.

This study aims to analyze the signs associated with social issues in school spaces by using the Linguistic Landscape approach. Data were obtained from 10 public and private schools in Great Malang, Indonesia through photography. The study reports several findings, namely (1) Indonesian schools are monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual with the dominant use of Bahasa, English, Arabic and Javanese, (2) phrases and clauses dominate the appearance of data in linguistic aspects, compared to words. Therefore, they are very effective in mediating messages conveyed in signs, (3) it comprises of eight themes, namely environment, juvenile delinquency, health, discipline, motivation, attitude and behavior, religion, and nationalism, (4) there are 9 out of 18 values of character education, namely hard work, creative, discipline, national spirit, religious, honest, environmental care, reading hobby, and love for peace. In conclusion, Bahasa Indonesia is associated with the symbol of nationalism and language policy, where English, Arabic and Javanese symbolize modernization, Islam, and the local culture, respectively. Furthermore, the themes and values of character education that emerge represent the conditions of the problems faced by students. This finding suggest education through signs, evoke perceptions and attitudes which is used to strengthen character education in schools to solve social problems.

The globalization of higher education has reshaped language use and practice on campus. As increasing numbers of international students change the campus into a more multilingual space, a variety of multilingual signs posted on bulletin boards and streets on campus become commonplace. Against such a backdrop of sociolinguistic changes on the globalizing campus in higher education, this study explores the ways in which multiple languages are chosen and used in South Korean higher education. Drawing on the framework of linguistic landscape, the present project analyzes multilingual signs displayed in public spaces of Konkuk University Glocal Campus, a local university that has pursued internationalization policies over the past decade. For this purpose, 208 public signs were collected from thirteen locations and analyzed in terms of language, producers, and communicative functions. The analysis reveals that a typical multilingual sign is in English and Korean and is created by the university authorities for referential functions. The most multilingual spaces are the library, a building for international education, and the dormitory, as these locations display various languages and language combinations. English is the most dominant foreign language in multilingual signage. Chinese and Vietnamese signs have begun to be increasingly present at KU, but their communicative functions are relatively limited. Based on such findings, implications for the university’s language and internationalization policies are also discussed.

This chapter explores the use of Moroccan Arabic (MA) in linguistic landscapes situated in urban spaces in Morocco, using urban sociolinguistic and linguistic landscape studies. These new language practices are linked to processes of social, political, economic and demographic transformation in which MA is considered, capitalized and marketed as an apt vehicle to reflect societal changes and modernity. To this aim, this chapter asks i) in what social, political and economic context is the increasing use of MA as a language resource in the linguistic landscape (LL) taking place? ii) How do the recent political, socio-economic and demographic transformations in Morocco create new spaces of communication in which MA is reconfigured as a local language resource? iii) How does the use of MA in the public space and in the LL create ipso-facto language policies that transform the sociolinguistic regime, the language ideologies and identities in contemporary Morocco? The data analyzed in this chapter are part of a multimodal corpus (text and image) of linguistic practices in MA, which includes a broad repertoire of the LL from several Moroccan cities. The results point out that the use of MA in the LL reveals a transformation in attitudes and ideologies toward this variety. This use is more than a process of sociolinguistic configuration of the public space, but it is also a process of interaction and negotiation of local identities and new forms of belonging in contemporary Morocco.

Linguistic landscape becomes a symbol of the presence of language in public spaces, depicting the representation of written language seen in public areas such as roads, tourist attractions, buildings, and food business complexes. The choice of language and function is necessary in response to the linguistic landscape of an area with a strong culinary business reputation for young people. This article aims to explain the choice and function of language as the primary source of reasons for language use in the linguistic landscape of the food business (LL). Data collection techniques used are (1) Observation, (2) in-depth observations, and (3) drawing conclusions against the examination of previous articles published in publications related to investigations in this particular study. Data dominated by bottom-up signage, such as shop names, advertisements, and signs of street food stalls, were collected from signboards in areas where many young people gather to shop, stroll, look, and eat. The results of this study show that bilingual Indonesian-English dominate language contestation in the area. In addition, slang is also found in commercial areas. This research reveals a variety of languages in the culinary business that is dominated by young people. It reports that English is most widely used in signs compared to Indonesian, Javanese, or the mother tongue of the local people. AbstrakLanskap linguistik menjadi simbol kehadiran bahasa di ruang publik yang menggambarkan representasi bahasa tertulis yang terlihat di area umum, seperti jalan, tempat wisata, bangunan, dan kompleks bisnis makanan. Pilihan dan fungsi bahasa diperlukan sebagai tanggapan terhadap lanskap linguistik suatu daerah dengan reputasi bisnis kuliner yang kuat. Artikel ini bertujuan menjelaskan pilihan dan fungsi bahasa sebagai sumber utama penggunaan bahasa dalam lanskap linguistik bisnis makanan (LL). Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah (1) observasi, (2) pengamatan mendalam, dan (3) penarikan kesimpulan terhadap pemeriksaan artikel sebelumnya yang diterbitkan dalam publikasi yang berkaitan dengan investigasi dalam studi khusus ini. Data yang didominasi oleh papan nama bottom-up, seperti nama toko, iklan, dan tanda warung makan jalanan, dikumpulkan dari papan nama di daerah-daerah tempat banyak anak muda berkumpul untuk berbelanja, berjalan-jalan, melihat-lihat, dan makan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bilingual bahasa Indonesia-Inggris mendominasi kontestasi bahasa di daerah tersebut. Selain itu, bahasa gaul juga ditemukan di area komersial. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan ragam bahasa dalam bisnis kuliner yang didominasi oleh anak muda. Bahasa Inggris paling banyak digunakan dibandingkan dengan bahasa Indonesia, Jawa, atau bahasa ibu masyarakat setempat.

In the last few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the interdisciplinary study of linguistic landscape (LL), since LL has been viewed as the junction of sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, social psychology, geography, and media studies. However, little is known about the role of non-linguistic features and the dynamism within a LL. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the multilingualism phenomena in Hong Kong revealed by LLs in Stanley using a mixed method approach. The result revealed that (1) all the official LLs were fixedly represented in Chinese and English (two official languages of Hong Kong); (2) foreign languages were found in non-official LLs for emblematic and tourism functions. Moreover, two types of relationship were found between the linguistic part and the non-linguistic part, (1) complementary and commercial relationship as well as (2) mutual translational relationship. The implications were three-fold. Theoretically, this study generated fresh insights into the interaction between linguistic and non-linguistic parts on LLs. Methodologically, mixing quantitative analysis and critical discourse analysis achieved a methodological triangulation, and further led to a comprehensive understanding. Practically, LL proves its value in English instruction due to its authenticity, dynamism, and easy accessibility.

This publication examines which languages were represented in the inscriptions of different series of banknotes issued between the First and Second World Wars (1919–1938) in the Czechoslovak Republiс. Along with portraits of historical figures, images relating to the culture and history of a particular nation, the presence (or absence) of banknotes of languages is also an element of symbolic politics and part of the manifestation of the language policy of a particular state. Banknotes are seen as an element of the linguistic landscape, and the linguistic landscape is understood as a reflection of language policy, its peculiar public expression. The main purpose of the study was to show why the Polish language appeared on the banknotes of Czechoslovakia, which were in circulation between 1919 and 1925, and to analyse why the Polish language disappeared from paper money after 1926. Placed languages on banknotes are subject to quantitative and qualitative analysis, examines the location of languages, the relationship between them. It is shown that the concept of "linguistic landscape" is not only an analysis of signs in public places, it can be interpreted and investigated in various ways. We believe that part of the increasingly interpreted linguistic landscape may also be the analysis of languages used in monetary units. It is noted that the historical approach to the analysis of the linguistic landscape helps to clarify aspects of language policy and linguistic ideologies. The authors conclude that even states that issue multilingual banknotes guarantee that the state language should be in a dominant position. The article shows why the Ukrainian, German, Polish and Hungarian languages appeared next to Czech and Slovak on the banknotes of the first issue of the Czechoslovak Republic. The Polish language was reflected on Czechoslovak banknotes that were in circulation between 1919–1925, but Prague removed the Polish language from paper money after 1926. The article analyses the reasons for the appearance and disappearance of the Polish language on the banknotes of the Czechoslovak Republic. Keywords: banknotes, language policy, linguistic landscape, polish language, Czechoslovak Republic.

19billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings combines to form the linguistic landscape of a given territory, region, or urban agglomeration" (Landry & Bourhis, 1997, p. 25).Despite the fact that it is difficult to separate the impact of LLs on language learning from the influence of other kinds of input (such as formal instruction), it is now well established that exposure to a foreign language can occur in a variety of settings outside the classroom, especially when English is used as the target language (Cenoz & Gorter, 2008).Linguistic Landscape studies are a relatively new branch of sociolinguistics that makes an effort to create thorough and precise inventories of urban multilingualism (Blommaert & Maly, 2016).Since all learning according to sociocultural theories originates from the social world, engagement in culturally structured activities, such as exposure to and learning from LLs, is crucial for learning to occur (Lantolf et al., 2015).According to sociocultural views, social interaction with other people, objects, and events leads to the development of human cognition (Wang et al., 2011).As Vygotsky explains, sociocultural contexts have a major role in the growth of higher mental activities as they help voluntary attention, intentional memory, rational thinking, making plans, and problem-solving (Fahim & Haghani, 2012), leading to the acquisition of higher order thinking skills.Since LLs provide great opportunities for learning through real-life and contextualized input, they can be useful for developing pragmatic competence, language awareness, and linguistic variety (Cenoz & Gorter, 2008), some of the skills that are often difficult to achieve through formal teaching, such as in classrooms.While self-regulated learning outside the classroom is extremely important for learners to develop their L2 competence, Yabukoshi (2020) recently pointed out that researchers have not sufficiently focused on this issue.Self-regulation is a key motivating component for increasing students' self-efficacy and success (Kang, 2022).Activating metacognition is also integral to self-regulation enhancement (Kobayashi, 2016).Through the use of metacognition, language learners are able to monitor their cognitive processes (Haque, 2019).The final goal of any language learning is autonomy (Haque, 2019) since entirely autonomous students can regulate their own education without the aid of books, educators, or classrooms (Khaerudin & Chik, 2021).As learning beyond the classroom has an enormous impact on both language learning and learners' autonomy (Chan, 2016), various educational tools such as LLs can be useful for learners to move towards self-regulated learning and promote their language proficiency autonomously.A large number of scholars believe that learners' exposure to the range of discourses in a second or foreign language classroom is constrained (Krashen, 1982).Learners may not be able to obtain advanced levels of language competence if they merely receive input from a small number of weekly classes, based solely on textbooks (Ellis, 2005), especially if these are based on a structured syllabus.Despite the fact that LLs can help students become more aware of their surroundings and play a significant role in learning L2 (Ferrarotti, 2017), they have just recently begun to be investigated from an educational standpoint and be recognized as acceptable inputs for language learning (Roos & Nicholas, 2019).According to Qi et al. (2020), a large number of research studies have been conducted to show that LLs are legitimate resources to improve language learning However, these studies were still conducted in classrooms with learners receiving systematic and structured language training.Although numerous studies attempted to demonstrate a link between LLs and language learning and the advantages that teaching can derive from the school environment, Ying (2019) reports that only a few studies have specifically concentrated on the perspectives of learners and in the broader context of outside the classroom.The present research aims thus to understand the need for extra-curricular activities such as LLs to be utilized as authentic teaching resources to supplement to formal English learning.Specifically, it explores how Iranian university students take notice of LLs in public places, their attitudes towards LLs as forms of authentic input and how they utilize these to enhance their language learning.This research intends to provide answers to the following questions:1. How do Iranian university students pay attention to LLs in public places?2. What are their attitudes towards LLs as authentic input in language learning?3. How do Iranian university students utilize LLs to improve their language proficiency?

Jakarta’s Virtual Linguistic Landscape (VLL) offers a unique lens for examining the intersection of politics, economics, and identity in a multilingual, globalized urban setting. While most linguistic landscape studies focus on physical spaces, this research maps Jakarta’s VLL by analyzing language use in street, store, and restaurant names across five culturally and economically distinct districts: Glodok, Tanah Abang, Menteng, Thamrin-Sudirman, and Condet & Cipayung. Using virtual ethnography, data were collected from Google Maps, business directories, and online images, then analyzed through Thematic Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis. Findings show that Bahasa Indonesia dominates official toponymy due to state policy, while commercial actors strategically deploy English for global prestige, Mandarin and Arabic for ethnocultural identity, and Betawi dialect for local preservation. District-level variations reveal how language functions as both a political instrument and an economic commodity. The study concludes that Jakarta’s VLL reflects broader socio-political power structures, market-driven language commodification, and community identity negotiation, underscoring the need for inclusive language policies and further exploration of digital linguistic landscapes in Southeast Asia.

This paper presents the first in-depth analysis of linguistic landscape (LL) of a migrant area in Dubai. While Arabic is the official language of the country, few foreigners learn it and English has become the lingua franca that allows migrant communities to communicate. Nonetheless, English and Arabic are mother tongues to a minority of resident population. A multitude of other languages are spoken among expatriates. Despite that variety, the visibility and salience of particular languages in LL is a reflection of, most often, their differing social standing. As such, this research shows how multilingualism, language contact, social hierarchy as well as official policies with regards to language use in UAE, have led to the minimisation of third languages use in LL. Through a multilingual analysis of signs in Souk Naif area, this research provides important insights on the meaning of linguistic landscapes in cosmopolitan cities in the Arabian Gulf, specifically, how bottom-up sign makers negotiate the public space, why English is the primary language used, and finally, why high levels of multiculturalism lead to deterritorialisation and commodification of languages in LL.

This study explores how language is used and identities are shaped in the digital space of @Tanyakanrl, a popular X (formerly Twitter) account, through the lens of the Virtual Linguistic Landscape (VLL) framework (Blommaert & Maly, 2015). Drawing on a descriptive qualitative approach, the research analyzes 100 purposively selected posts and their comment sections, gathered between January and March 2025, to ensure both linguistic and thematic relevance. The analysis distinguishes between top-down content posts authored by the account administrators and bottom-up content responses from users. It investigates how language variation, dominance, and symbolic as well as informational functions of linguistic elements operate across these two layers, following Landry and Bourhis’ (1997) typology of linguistic landscape functions. The findings suggest distinct patterns in how digital identities are performed (Page, 2012; Androutsopoulos, 2015). Admin-generated posts tend to use Indonesian in a formal or neutral register to maintain clarity and broad accessibility. However, the strategic use of slang and digital vernacular indicates a deliberate attempt to create familiarity and shared cultural reference with the audience—reflecting a negotiated identity between authority and relatability. In contrast, user-generated content frequently features informal language, code-mixing (particularly Indonesian-English), and youth slang. These linguistic choices signal an orientation toward in-group belonging and reflect the dynamics of youth digital culture (Tagg, 2015), where identity is co-constructed in interaction. Rather than serving only communicative purposes, these language practices act as discursive strategies for identity performance (Bucholtz & Hall, 2005) and alignment with peer communities. Humor, abbreviations, and evolving slang function as markers of belonging, emotional resonance, and cultural fluency within the online environment. The rapid innovation and spread of such terms on @Tanyakanrl also demonstrate how social media platforms serve as dynamic sites of language change and ideological reproduction (Blommaert, 2010), shaped by both local sensibilities and global digital trends. By mapping these patterns, this study positions @Tanyakanrl not merely as a space for entertainment or discussion, but as a sociolinguistic arena where language ideologies are enacted, social boundaries negotiated, and digital identities continually redefined. These insights contribute to the growing field of Virtual Linguistic Landscape research by showing how everyday digital interactions shape and reflect contemporary identity practices in multilingual, networked contexts.

Linguistic landscape (LL) studies explore how public spaces mediate cultural, social, and economic practices through semiotic resources. While prior research has emphasized top-down regulated heritage sites and globalized retail spaces, the LLs of everyday leisure venues, especially cafés in mid-sized Chinese cities, remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating the linguistic landscapes of independent cafés in Suzhou through an integrated framework combining discursive frames, thematic abstraction, and discourse itineraries. Drawing on municipal policy texts, news reports, ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and photographic documentation, this study identifies three overlapping discursive frames: resilient alienation, heritage commodification, and emotional self- and interpersonal care. These frames illuminate how multilingual signage, online catchphrases, poetic expressions, calligraphic scripts, and spatial design are appropriated by policymakers, café owners and consumers to critically or compliantly engage with overwork culture, aestheticize heritage, and cultivate care-oriented connection. Importantly, these discursive frames are not isolated; they intersect and are shaped by multiple agents in contingent ways at the online-offline nexus. This study contributes to LL research by extending attention to semiotic processes in everyday commercial settings and demonstrating how emotional, cultural, and socio-economic discourses become spatially and symbolically entangled. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed at the end.