Разработка инвестиционного кодекса в развитии конституционного принципа экономической солидарности

Community disaster resilience in Brazilian small urban centers

The article studies the influence of financial factors on the effective implementation of the conception of smart economy at different levels, reveals the influence of factors on the development of smart economy at different levels, presents a hierarchy of levels of smart economy implementation. It is defined that the key levels of smart economy implementation are national, regional, local and business levels. Accordingly, at each of these levels, the features and key aspects of financing smart economy programs are studied. It is further defined that at the national level, the key sources and areas of funding are the development of innovations, the formation of technology parks and innovation clusters, funds for which can be attracted from national, international sources and individual companies that are interested in the implementation of projects at a high level. The regional level is interested in the implementation of regional programs, funding for which, according to research, is provided from regional development funds, regional budget, bonds, national and international grants, co-financing. The study confirms that the role of finance in the development of regions or localities is quite significant, and programs to support smart cities or localities are developing quite actively. The local level is implemented through projects with an emphasis on digitalization, accordingly, these are attracted investments, grants and subsidies, public-private partnerships, city bonds, grants, and crowdfunding. At the business level, the implementation of smart projects requires attracting finance primarily through corporate investments, especially within the framework of corporate social responsibility programs, green investment development, venture financing, green or social bonds, etc. All these sources of funding are often combined with international grants and loans from organizations. The key levels of financing of the smart economy and the forms of its implementation have been identified, taking into account the limitations and opportunities for the development of national economic systems in the globalized world. This became possible due to the analysis of key prerequisites and examples of practical implementation of the smart economy at different levels, the peculiarities of the possibility of attracting financial resources for development at the national, regional, local and business levels.

The article substantiates diversification as a tool to ensure sustainable development of rural areas in decentralization, which contributes to increasing incomes of the rural population, increasing gross agricultural and non-agricultural products, ensuring the competitiveness of rural areas, achieving economic, food and environmental safety, rational use, protection and reproduction of natural resources. In the process of researching the level of sustainable development of rural areas, monographic and graphic methods and scientific generalization were used. The study identified internal factors that affect the sustainable development of rural areas. Social factors include living conditions, the situation on the labor market, the state of social infrastructure. Economic factors should include the provision of agricultural land, the state of diversification of agricultural and non-agricultural activities, the amount of investment in economic development, the level and structure of household income in rural areas. Environmental factors include the level of air pollution, the situation with waste, the use of freshwater, the application of fertilizers to soils, the production and restoration of forests, the level of investment in environmental protection. External factors influencing the sustainable development of rural areas include the political situation in the country and the world; decentralization process; state programs to support rural development and agriculture; the level of supply and demand for goods and services produced in a particular area, etc. It is substantiated that diversification is a tool to ensure sustainable development and strengthen the competitive advantages of rural areas. It is stipulated that attracting investments in rural development and diversification of economic activity will contribute to job creation; income growth of rural residents; the revival of local crafts, customs and crafts, improvement of villages and change of consciousness of villagers. Further research should be carried out in the direction of calculating the integrated index of sustainable development of rural areas in Ukraine to identify regional disparities in the social, economic and environmental spheres of the functioning of these areas in the context of decentralization.

Despite populism being a fast-growing field of inquiry, populist discourse in an African setting is understudied. This paper expands our knowledge of populist communication and foreign policy in a competitive authoritarian context, proposing an analysis of two Ugandan politicians—Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni—and their communication on Twitter before the January 2021 election. Counter to expectations, I find that thick ideology has a limited effect on the electoral discourses of both candidates in a competitive autocracy such as Uganda, and this applies also to their communication about foreign policy. When it comes to their position on foreign policy, strategic electoral communication is focused on positioning themselves in relation to the West, signaling a commitment to a strong future linkage with the West and democratization in the event of electoral victory. The content analysis of Twitter-based communication finds that the long-standing incumbent, Museveni, uses tried-and-tested populist tropes to reinforce his regime, emphasizing his government's allegedly strong capacity to maintain a linkage to Western donors and to conduct a successful foreign policy focused on receiving foreign aid and advancing its investment in economic development. In his turn, counter-candidate Wine is a contemporary populist who contests the long-standing regime and promises a truthful commitment to democratization and an authentic and corruption-free linkage with the West if successfully elected. This paper aims to broaden our understanding of how political leaders in competitive autocratic countries of the Global South make strategic use of populist communication about foreign policy to advance their political agendas.

The article examines the trends in the movement of global foreign direct investment that have developed over the past decade. It is noted that FDI flows are characterized by high volatility, as well as a decrease in the relative contribution to the growth of world GDP and investment in fixed assets compared to previous periods. The reasons are the decrease in the role of tangible assets in external flows, the change in the forms of doing business in the context of digitalization, the strengthening of protectionist trends against the background of the crisis caused by the epidemic and the unfolding geopolitical conflicts. These processes lead to fragmentation of investment flows and their regionalization. They have a negative impact on international investment in economic development and on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially in developing countries.

In recent years, the trend of decreasing the overall share of the EAEU states in the global and Eurasian economy has continued. The adoption of the guidelines for economic development up to 2030 has not reversed this trend, due to the current position of the EAEU in the global division of labor and the continuation of economic reproduction according to the inertial scenario. By exporting mainly raw materials, the EAEU states pay the intellectual rent contained in imported high-tech goods and thus finance scientific and technological progress in other countries. The EAEU’s positive trade balance is not being transformed into investment due to large-scale outflow of capital. In this non-equivalent foreign economic exchange, the EAEU loses more than 100 billion US dollars per year, which could be used for investment in economic development. The total internal R&D expenditures of all EAEU member states are comparable to that of a small European country like the Netherlands or a large corporation like Samsung. As a result, the weight of the EAEU states in the global scientific and technological potential is decreasing, and the gap with the USA, the EU, China and Japan is growing. As the world experience shows, in order to bring the economies of the states to the wave of growth of a new technological order, a powerful initiating impulse for the renewal of fixed capital is needed. The experience of countries that have achieved economic miracles shows the need for a forced increase in investment up to 35–45 per cent of GDP. As will be shown in the article, the main source of financing such an increase in investment activity is the multiple expansion of credit, organized by the state through controlled multi-channel monetary emission under the obligations of the country and enterprises for the purpose of financing investments in the modernization, development and expansion of promising production and technological systems. This implies the crucial importance of reorienting monetary policy towards development goals, including the creation of mechanisms for refinancing investment and innovation activities.

Introduction. The article explores the development of the institution of public-private partnership in Russia, the United States, France and Japan, emphasizing the key features of the legal systems of these countries and their impact on the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects. The study highlights the essential role of harmonization of the legal and regulatory framework for the successful development of public-private partnership, which requires taking into account the interests of both the public and private sectors.Materials and methods. The study is based on the following general scientific and special methods: classification, analysis, synthesis, comparative-legal method, system-structural method, technical-legal method, OSINT analysis and study of casual law applied in public-private partnership regulation.Research results. The paper identifies the main characteristics and differences in the public-private partnership legal systems of Russia, the USA, France and Japan. The Russian regulatory framework governing public-private partnerships is based on the Federal Law No. 225-FZ «On Production Sharing Agreements» dated 30 December 1995, the Federal Law No. 115-FZ «On Concession Agreements» dated 21 July 2005 and the Federal Law No. 224-FZ «On Public-Private Partnership, Municipal-Private Partnership in the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation» dated 13 July 2015. These federal laws establish the legal framework for the implementation of PPP projects, determine the forms of interaction between public and private partners, as well as regulate the procedure for the conclusion, execution and termination of the relevant agreements. However, despite the development of the existing legal framework, there are certain shortcomings in the Russian practice of PPP project implementation. Primarily, the following should be attributed to them:- The presence of inconsistencies between regional PPP legal regulation and federal regulation: along with federal laws, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have their own regulations governing PPPs, which may lead to legal fragmentation and complicate the unification of legal approaches to this institution;- High transaction costs: complexity and duration of PPP project approval and implementation procedures increase costs for the participants;- Lack of a single coordinating structure at the federal level: currently, infrastructure projects implemented on the basis of PPPs are subject to approval by the federal or regional executive body in charge of the infrastructure project, which may create different practices of implementation of similar/ contiguous infrastructure projects.The above deficiencies are compounded by frequent changes in legislation, which creates uncertainty and reduces the attractiveness of the public-private partnership model. in Russian infrastructure projects for private investors. Against this background, the Japanese public-private partnership model stands out for its long-term strategic orientation and effective use of the build-transfer-ownown model. This model minimises the tax burden on private partners while ensuring state ownership of infrastructure facilities, which makes projects both economically efficient and socially significant. In France, on its part, despite the diversity of publicprivate partnership models, the legal regulation of different forms of public-private partnerships is harmonised and there is a clear distinction between concessions and public-private partnership contracts.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the analysis, recommendations for improving the legal regulation of public-private partnerships in Russia have been proposed. These include harmonisation of regional and federal legislation, reduction of transaction costs and development of special economic regimes providing for the legislative enshrinement of preferences, benefits and guarantees for private (including foreign) investors involved in the implementation of large infrastructure projects on the basis of public-private partnership. In addition, special attention should be paid to the development of a unified institutional structure for the management of public-private partnership participants' projects. The implementation of the above measures will create conditions for attracting private investment, increasing the efficiency of infrastructure projects implemented on the basis of public-private partnership

The incoming European Programming Period 2014-2020 addresses to the New Cohesion Policy the role of effective promotion of regional development. The principle of concentration on few strategic issues appears to be reached a mature approach through local Managing Authorities. This concentration affects several dimension of cohesion policy: economic development, social inclusion, labour market, place based instances, infrastructures, private investments. The spatial dimension of EU Regional Policies, since the first European programming cycle 1989s-1993, has not been analysed in deep due to the lack of data concerning programs implementation at regional level. During last years new tools have become available under the umbrella phenomena of open-data, VGI etc. In particular we refer to the project ‘opencoesione’ by Italian Ministry for Territorial Cohesion providing open data on Operative Programs funded by EU Structural funds. The service, with the general objective of improving Citizen Engagement on investments policies, offers a data set with specific information concerning each project (operative program, beneficiary, budget, funds etc.). The paper, after a general position of the actual issues of improving effectiveness of public investments in regional developing programs, describes the spatial data analysis process for the evaluation of spatial concentration of investments in the 2007-2013 programming period. The results are interesting for the opportunity to evaluate ‘ex-post’ aggregation of public and private investments. Conclusion regards possible application in developing incoming New Cohesion Policies at national and regional level.

The ability of regions to the competition in the international market to use of modern approaches to social and economic development, defines a vector of intensive advance of the Russian economy. Existence of worthy infrastructure and its full functioning become a guarantee of successful development of economy and social sphere of the country and particular regions. Therefore, for its updating and full functioning implementation of infrastructure projects is necessary. The specificity of implementation of infrastructure projects has been designated: excessive capital intensity, long payback periods, increased complexity and large scales (including territorial scales). Conditions of limited budgetary financing of infrastructure predetermine the need of attracting private investments. So, the mechanism of public-private partnership in the concept of long-term social and economic development of the Russian Federation up to 2020 is designated as one of priority tools, which emphasizes the importance of a problem. The potential of expansion of opportunities for implementation of infrastructure projects at the expense of mechanisms of public-private partnership has been studied. Special attention is paid to the practice of implementing infrastructure projects in the territory of the Astrakhan region. There have been presented practices of such projects, mainly in the form of concessions, strategic priorities of development of public-private partnership on the territory of the Astrakhan region for implementation of infrastructure projects. The Astrakhan shipbuilding production association is taken as an example of successful realization of public-private partnership mechanism. The leading shipbuilding and ship repairing plants of the region make its basis. There has been given the rating of the Russian regions in terms of the development of public-private partnership during 2017. Since 2015 there has been stated positive dynamics of development parameters of public-private partnership in the region. As of 2017, in the region there are realized eighteen projects, among which one project is of a regional level, and seventeen projects are the municipal events.

The aim of the article is to identify the main tendencies in the dynamics of interregional disparities in the level of socio-economic development in Russia during periods of economic growth and crisis. These trends have been identified on the basis of an analysis of the regional coefficient of asymmetry of key per-capita indicators (GDP, investment in fixed capital etc.) as well as indicators of spatial concentration in Russia and deviations from the average (for GDP, per capita GDP and investments) at the federal district and regional levels. The main factors driving the dynamics of these disparities were the economic crisis, government anti-crisis measures and measures of social support. Comparison of the level of interregional disproportions in Russia and abroad indicated that the differences between levels of socio-economic development at the federal level are comparable with differences in EU countries, but at the level of regions - with countries of the world.

The Role of Energy Investments in Economic Development of Azerbaijan: Econometric Approach

The article examines the state and trends in the development of the deposit guarantee system for individuals in Ukraine. The challenges and needs of improving the mechanism of centralized insurance protection of depositors are identified. The authors emphasize the growing role of the Deposit Guarantee Fund of individuals in the banking market and expanding the scope of its modern mechanisms to reduce the negative effects of bank bankruptcy, which is an important factor in ensuring the stability of the banking system. Emphasis is placed on considering the disposable income of domestic households, as this indicator is an eloquent indicator of improving the country’s economic well-being. Parallels were made in the analysis of quantitative indicators of state social guarantees, namely: the expression of the living wage and the amount of the minimum wage for 2016-2020. The size of the household savings growing is estimated. The importance of converting household savings into investments for economic development is determined and the number of deposits and the value of deposits for households in 2016-2020 are analyzed. The authors also illustrate the dynamics of changes in the UIRD indicator. The deposit guarantee system is presented as an important factor in the financial stability of the state economy. The article emphasizes the successful steps of legislative regulation of the subject composition of the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Ukraine and reformation of compensation limits, which brings the domestic insurance field closer to European standards of depositor’s protection. According to the results of attracting deposits from the top-9 commercial banks of Ukraine, tables have been formed, the data in which allow making conclusions about the leaders of the deposit services market and the amount of potential reimbursement. Proposals have been formulated to improve the deposit guarantee system, aimed at optimizing insurance schemes and relations in accordance with the threats to financial security as an objective phenomenon of a market economy and the conditions of globalization.

What Should EDA Fund? Developing a Model for Pre-Assessment of Economic Development Investments

During the past twenty or so years, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increased at rates approaching the astounding, especially so during the 1990s. While much of the increase was due to unprecedented cross-border mergers and acquisitions among high-income countries, the amount of FDI flowing to developing nations also grew substantially. This volume examines the economics of this FDI to developing countries. Some chapters are theoretical in nature, others empirical, and still others are largely policy-oriented. Topics covered include whether FDI makes an autonomous contribution to growth in these nations and whether or not 'spillovers' are generated by this investments. Also covered are effects of policy intervention by governments on FDI flows and whether non-economic factors (e.g. cultural factors) might figure as determinants of location of FDI

The growing toward decentralization and democratization of development planning in Venezuela was discussed. Venezuela has a long tradition of rule by a strong centralized authority. Currently the Office of the President is vested with considerable power despite the existence of an elected legislator and an independent judiciary. The president rules by decree. State legislatures are elected but governors of the states are appointed by the president. There are also elected municipal councils. Both state and municipal governments are almost fully dependent on the federal government for both their operating and capital investment budgets. Development programs are administered through 2 systems. Specific programs are administered by almost 100 different institutes and enterprises. The activities of these various programs are coordinated by administrative bodies at the state and federal level. The 2nd administrative system operates at the regional and federal levels. The administrative body at the federal level is the Central Office for Coordination and Planning and was established by Presidential Decree in 1958. This body prepares and coordinates all national development plans. The administrative bodies at the regional level are the Regional Organizations for Development. These bodies were created in specific regions through a series of legislative acts commencing in 1969 and continuing into the present. The development of these regional bodies represented a 1st step toward decentralization. Decree 478 promulgated in 1980 further promoted the decentalization of developmental planning. The decree established a series of assemblies and councils at various levels. A National Council of Regional Development was created at the federal level and a Regional Council of Development was established at the regional level. At the state level an Assembly of Participation was organized and at the municipal level a Committee of Citizen Participation was established. Neighborhood associations were mentioned in the decree but their role was not formalized. This series of newly established bodies plays a role in both advisory and administrative processes. The advisory process begins at the lowest level and local concerns are expressed upward through the hierarchy. The administrative process flows in the opposite direction. Participation remains highly formalized and is restricted to the participation of recognized leaders and organizations. For example members of the Assembly of Participation include the state governor representatives of municipal councils and representatives of various industrial and commercial organizations. Despite the formal nature of the participation the 1980 Decree clearly exhibited the trend toward decentralization predicted by John Freeman in his analysis of Venezuelan political structure and published in a book entitled "venezuela: From doctrine to Dialogue." Increased pressure will now be exerted for broader community participation in the development process and eventually development planning will focus on the equitable distribution of development benefits rather than on the maximization of economic growth.