Использование кремнийсодержащих удобрений как биостимуляторов при возделывании сахарной свеклы

ВПЛИВ БУР’ЯНІВ НА РІВЕНЬ ВОДНОГО ЖИВЛЕННЯ ПОСІВІВ БУРЯКІВ ЦУКРОВИХ

In this study, several physiological parameters of inoculated sugar beet plants, with the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, were evaluated in the presence of an antagonistic sterile fungus StFCh1-1 in the rhizosphere condition. The sugar beet plant used in this bioassay was a multigerm cultivar, 7233, which is sensitive to the beet cyst nematode and has been adapted to cultivate in temperate and cool regions of the sugar beet production areas of Iran. In this regard a potent bioassay was conducted in the sterile glass tubes (20 x 3 cm phi ) containing 30 g autoclaved soil and planted with a sterile germinated seed of sugar beet, totally in 24 tubes. The seedling of sugar beet plant at four leaves stages in two treatments (nematode and nematode + fungus) was inoculated with 50 disinfected beet cyst nematodes. As a standard procedure the bioassay composed of four treatments including: fungus, nematode, nematode + fungus and untreated control. Two months after nematodes' inoculation some physiological parameters of plants were measured including: total chlorophyll, potassium and biomass. The two treated plants with nematode and nematode plus fungus showed significant decrease in biomass and chlorophyll contents but treatment with fungus alone showed no significant differences in the biomass and chlorophyll content of plants in comparison with the control. The potassium content of shoots in the invaded sugar beet plants was lowest, but it was highest in the roots. These changes might be indication of adaptive osmoregulation or acclimation responses in plants due to the nematodes as bio-stressors through the increase of metabolites and solutes. Also, these results confirmed that in plants inoculated with nematode plus fungus, a few number of female of nematodes were developed due to the antagonistic effects of sterile fungus StFCh1-1. Meanwhile, the fungus didn't have any detrimental effect on biomass, chlorophyll content and potassium in leaves of sugar beet cv. 2733 and it is safe to use as a biocontrol agent against Heterodera schachtii.

Drought tolerance is a complex trait controlled by many metabolic pathways and genes and identifying a solution to increase the resilience of plants to drought stress is one of the grand challenges in plant biology. This study provided compelling evidence of increased drought stress tolerance in two sugar beet genotypes when treated with exogenous putrescine (Put) at the seedling stage. Morpho-physiological and biochemical traits and gene expression were assessed in thirty-day-old sugar beet seedlings subjected to drought stress with or without Put (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM) application. Sugar beet plants exposed to drought stress exhibited a significant decline in growth and development as evidenced by root and shoot growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gene expression. Drought stress resulted in a sharp increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (89.4 and 118% in SBT-010 and BSRI Sugar beet 2, respectively) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (35.6 and 27.1% in SBT-010 and BSRI Sugar beet 2, respectively). These changes were strongly linked to growth retardation as evidenced by principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap clustering. Importantly, Put-sprayed plants suffered from less oxidative stress as indicated by lower H2O2 and MDA accumulation. They better regulated the physiological processes supporting growth, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigmentation and gas exchange, relative water content; modulated biochemical changes including proline, total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble sugar, and ascorbic acid; and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression. PCA results strongly suggested that Put conferred drought tolerance mostly by enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities that regulated homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. These findings collectively provide an important illustration of the use of Put in modulating drought tolerance in sugar beet plants.

A field experiment was conducted at El-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Egypt during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons to reduce mineral N inputs of sugar beet with increased land use efficiency and profitability under intercropping conditions. Seven treatments included five treatments (90 kg nitrogen “N” + 30 m3 farm yard manure “FYM”/fad, 80 kg N +30 m3 FYM/fad, 70 kg N +30 m3 FYM/fad and 400 g of Cerealine + 30 m3 FYM/fad for intercropping faba bean cultivar Spanish with sugar beet cultivar Gloria) and two treatments (90 and 20 kg N/fad for solid culture of sugar beet and faba bean, respectively, as recommended mineral N fertilizer rate) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Solid culture of sugar beet with the application of recommended rate (90 kg N/fad) gave the highest top, root and sugar yields/fad, as well as the percentage of purity compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Intercropping faba bean with sugar beet plants with application of 90 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad gave the highest number of leaves/plant, leaf area/plant, root length, root diameter and root weight/plant followed by intercropped sugar beet plants that fertilized with 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. On the other hand, intercropped sugar beet that received 400 g of Cerealine + 30 m3 FYM/fad had the highest percentages of T.S.S. and sucrose followed by 70 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Solid culture of faba bean with the application of 20 kg N/fad gave the highest plant height, number of seeds/pod and seed yield/fad, meanwhile the highest number of branches/plant and pod length were achieved by intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with application of 90 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad followed by intercropped faba bean plants that fertilized with 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. However, intercropped faba bean plants that fertilized with 70 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad gave the highest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed index and seed yield per plant compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Land equivalent ratio (LER), land equivalent coefficient (LEC) and relative crowding coefficient (RCC) were high by intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad indicating yield advantage was achieved. The value of aggressivity (Agg) of sugar beet was negative for all combinations indicating that sugar beet is dominated component in the present study. Intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad achieved higher total income and monetary advantage index (MAI) than the other treatments. Growing sugar beet plants in both sides of beds (1.2 m width) with one faba bean row in middle of sugar beet beds with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad decreased mineral N fertilizer rate by 10.00% of the recommended sugar beet mineral N fertilizer rate, as well as increased land usage and profitability for Egyptian farmers compared with sugar beet solid culture.

The authors studied with changes in sugar content in sugar beet plant sown in summer and in content impurities which interfere with the recovery of crystal sugar from sugar beet. The experimental results are summerized as follows: 1. In the sugar beet plant, sugar substance are translated most effectively from October to September and sucrose are accumulated in root rapidly. Then, content are increased a little in blade, reducing sugar and sucrose are increased in petiole, and sucrose content are increased gradually in crown and root of sugar beet. In winter, there are almost no changes in sugar content in plant except petiole. In the next spring, the sugar beet plant are grown again. In this period, reducing sugar and blue number are increased in early spring in root and crown of sugar beet and the sucrose are decreased rapidly. 2. Harmful nitrogen content are increased in winter and decreased in spring. There are no correlation between the content of harmful nitrogen and blue number from winter to spring. Soluble ash content in root of sugar beet are decreased in autumn and in late spring.

ABSTRACTThe effects of field dodder on physiological and anatomical processes in untreated sugar beet plants and the effects of propyzamide on field dodder were examined under controlled conditions. The experiment included the following variants: N—noninfested sugar beet plants (control); I - infested sugar beet plants (untreated), and infested plants treated with propyzamide (1500 g a.i. ha−1 (T1) and 2000 g a.i. ha−1(T2)). The following parameters were checked: physiological—pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); anatomical -leaf parameters: thickness of epidermis, parenchyma and spongy tissue, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells; petiole parameters: diameter of tracheid, petiole hydraulic conductance, xylem surface, phloem cell diameter and phloem area in sugar beet plants. A conventional paraffin wax method was used to prepare the samples for microscopy. Pigment contents were measured spectrophotometrically after methanol extraction. All parameters were measured: prior to herbicide application (0 assessment), then 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA). Field dodder was found to affect the pigment contents in untreated sugar beet plants, causing significant reductions. Conversely, reduction in the treated plants decreased 27% to 4% for chlorophyll a, from 21% to 5% for chlorophyll b, and from 28% to 5% for carotenoids (T1). Also, in treatment T2, reduction decreased in infested and treated plants from 19% to 2% for chlorophyll a, from 21% to 2% for chlorophyll b, from 23% to 3% for carotenoids and stimulation of 1% and 2% was observed 28 and 35 DAA, respectively. Plants infested (untreated) by field dodder had lower values of most anatomical parameters, compared to noninfested plants. The measured anatomical parameters of sugar beet leaves and petiole had significantly higher values in noninfested plants and plants treated with propyzamide than in untreated plants. Also, the results showed that propyzamide is an adequate herbicide for control of field dodder at the stage of early infestation.

The thermostable enzyme systems produced by the thermophilic ascomycete fungus Talaromyces emersonii cultivated on various carbon sources were investigated for the production of high value products from sugar beet. A broad range of enzymatic activities relevant to cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin hydrolysis were identified in T. emersonii culture filtrates. In hydrolysis experiments conducted at 71ºC, the enzyme cocktails generated sugar-rich syrups from untreated sugar beet plants. Maximal levels of sugar beet hydrolysis were obtained with T. emersonii enzyme cocktails induced with sorghum/ beet pulp (68%) and sugar beet plant (56%). The principle monosaccharides released were glucose, xylose, and arabinose with minor amounts of galactose and galacturonic acid. Northern analysis of RNA isolated from T. emersonii when sugar beet plants were used as the sole carbon inducing source showed that genes required for polysaccharide hydrolysis and five carbon monosaccharide metabolism were co-ordinately expressed.

Goal. To establish the optimally high efficiency of weed control in soybean crops with a two-time application of the herbicide Harmony 75, VG to relieve stress in crop plants.
 Methods. Field, laboratory, quantitative-weighing, visual, calculation-comparative, mathematical-statistical.
 Results. It was established that a one-time spraying of crops with the herbicide Harmony 75, VG with the maximum consumption rate from the recommended (8.0 g/ ha) could be one of the factors that induced stress in soybean plants, delaying the intensity of photosynthesis and partially inhibiting other physiological processes (chlorophyll content a and b 5 days after spraying decreased (0.8 g/ dm2) compared to the data obtained before spraying (0.9 g/ dm2)). Research has established that two-time spraying of crops with the herbicide Harmony 75, VG at a rate of 5.0 g/ ha, the first — during the phase of the first triple leaf in soybean plants, the second — on the 4th day after the first, with observance of the time interval, ensured seedling control weeds and restrained the formation of vegetative mass, the average indicator of which was significantly lower compared to the average indicator established in the plots of the control version of the experiment, and was 15.7% of it. According to the results of the research, the average seed yield was the closest in value to the average yield of soybean seeds, which was obtained in the control plots of crops, where 4 consecutive manual weeding of crops was carried out during the growing season and the segetal vegetation was completely destroyed (3.31 t/ ha or 91.2%), recorded on the plots of crops with a two-time treatment of Harmony 75, VG with a rate of consumption of 5.0 g/ ha + 200 ml/ ha of PAR Trend 90 (the first treatment during the phase of the first triple leaf in soybean plants, the second treatment at 4 — that day after one).
 Conclusions. Two-time spraying with the herbicide Harmony 75, VG, with a rate of consumption of 5.0 g/ ha + 200 ml/ ha of surfactant Trend 90 (the first time — during the phase of the first triple leaf in soybean plants and the second time — on the 4th day after the first) makes it possible to control the emergence of weeds, restrain the formation of vegetative mass, causes reduced stress in crop plants compared to a one-time introduction of the recommended rate, and ensures a higher yield of soybean seeds.

Zinc amendment increases the yield and industrial quality of Beta vulgaris L. cultivated in Northeast China

During June and September of 2018, bacterial necrosis and root rot disease surveys were conducted in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) fields in Yozgat province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. From 33 fields surveyed, 19 sugar beet plants exhibiting vascular necrosis with blackened petioles, root rotting varying from wet to dry and wilting symptoms were collected for bacterial isolation. Sap from the margins of affected root tissue and petioles was streaked on crystal violet pectate (CVP) media and incubated at 28°C for 48 hours. Ten individual cavity-forming bacterial colonies were obtained on CVP media from petiole and roots of infected plants and transferred to nutrient agar for bacterial identification and pathogenicity tests. All bacterial isolates were gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobe, non-fluorescent on King's B medium, utilising gelatine, capable of eliciting hypersensitive response on tobacco plants (Nicotiana bentamiana) and caused soft rot symptoms on potato tuber slices. They were able to grow at 37°C and in Luria broth containing 5% NaCl, but not at 39°C. Bacterial DNA was extracted from a representative isolate (P12) pathogenic to sugar beet. The isolate did not produce a specific PCR amplicon with taxon-specific primers such as Y1/Y2 for Pectobacterium spp., EXPCCF/EXPCCR for P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Br1f/L1r for P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Dees et al., 2; Ozturk et al., 6). Isolate P12 was further characterised by sequence analysis using gapA and mdh housekeeping genes with gapA-7-F/gapA-938-R and mdh86F/mdh628R primers, respectively (Ma et al., 4; Cigna et al., 1). Partial 701 and 452 bp nucleotide sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. MK689857 and MK689856) were subjected to BLAST analysis and had 96.0% sequence identity with the gapA gene of P. atrosepticum (SCRI1043; CP009125) and 100% identity with mdh gene of P. betavasculorum (CFBP2122T; JN600343) isolated from sugar beet (Gardan et al., 3). A phylogenetic tree based on the mdh gene was constructed using maximum likelihood method, and clustered isolate P12 with P. betavasculorum CFBP2122T and Ecb1 strains (Fig. 1). A pathogenicity experiment was performed on 40-day-old sugar beet plants (cv. Turbata) at the eight-leaf stage by puncturing a hole (diameter 3-5 mm) in three petioles per plant using a sterile pipette tip containing fresh single colonies grown on nutrient agar for 24 hours. After four days, vascular blackening of petioles including frothing occurred at the inoculation point. The leaves of infected petioles was half chlorotic seven days after inoculation (Fig. 2). Control petioles treated with sterile water remained symptomless. Re-isolated pectolytic bacterial colonies on CVP formed cavities and the isolates had the same biochemical and physiological features as the original culture. To the best our knowledge, this is the first report of P. betavasculorum causing bacterial vascular necrosis and root rot disease on sugar beet in Turkey. Disease on sugar beet caused by P. betavasculorum is widespread in Iran (Nedaienia & Fassihiani, 5) and control measures to prevent further spread of pathogen should be taken in the region. This study was supported by financial grant of Yozgat Bozok University, project no. 6602c-ZF/18-190.

Drought stress (DS) is a major concern in the agricultural sector and, in particular, for sugar beet production and sugar content. As such several agricultural practices have been used to minimize yield losses from DS, and foliar application of proline is considered one such approach to improve drought tolerance in growing plants. Hence, the current study examined the proline-related improvements to induce drought tolerance in sugar beet plants. A field experiment was conducted at two locations (Shahrekord and Shalamzar) in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari province, Iran. Experimental treatments comprised of three DS levels (well water: 100%; mild stress: 75%; severe stress: 50% water requirement of plant), and three proline applications (control: 0; low: 5 mM; high: 10 mM). DS caused a significant up-regulation in leaf proline content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase enzymatic activities. This increase was more pronounced under proline application with concomitant down-regulation of MDA and H2O2 contents. DS also caused a decrease in leaf photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water contents, membrane stability index and sugar beet root production; however, proline application mitigated these adverse DS effects. The study results suggest beneficial effects of proline applications, which is crucial to mitigation of the detrimental effects of DS in sugar beet by enhancing antioxidant enzymatic activities with concomitant reduction in MDA and H2O2 contents.

In October of 2005, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants exhibiting symptoms of rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) (3) were observed in a production field near Greeley, CO. The roots of seven plants exhibiting moderate to severe symptoms characteristic of this disease were tested using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with anti-BNYVV antiserum from rabbits. Of these, only two roots exhibiting the mildest symptoms tested positive for BNYVV (all roots tested negative for the presence of the related Beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV). 'Hairy' lateral roots characteristic of the disease were combined from the remaining five roots, ground in phosphate buffer, and the supernatant from the suspension was mechanically applied to leaves of Chenopodium quinoa in an effort to isolate an infectious agent. Five days postinoculation (dpi), yellow lesions with necrotic centers were visible on inoculated leaves, well in advance of those typically observed for BNYVV or BSBMV. Lesions exhibiting a similar rate of development on C. quinoa subsequently were induced from extracts of root vascular tissue prepared from four of seven additional beet roots tested from this location. Transfer of the infection from the C. quinoa lesions to 32 healthy C. quinoa and 10 sugar beet plants (hybrid ACH9369; American Crystal Sugar Co., Moorhead MN) resulted in 100% infection. Inoculated leaves of C. quinoa exhibited a high density of necrotic local lesions within 3 dpi, whereas inoculated leaves of sugar beet exhibited pinpoint, necrotic to diffuse, chlorotic local lesions evident by 5 dpi. Electron microscopic examination of fixed, ultra-thin sections of symptomatic C. quinoa leaf tissue revealed aggregates of virus-like particles of icosahedral symmetry within the cell cytoplasm. Following a virus minipreparation procedure, nucleic acid extracted from the partially purified virus was found to be single-stranded RNA by ribonuclease digestion and alone was infectious when inoculated to C. quinoa leaves. The apparently monopartite RNA genome was 3.5 kb long and a candidate for the single coat protein (CP) had a mass of ˜25 kDa. The sole reference set found in the literature for a virus naturally occurring on sugar beet with similar characteristics was that for Beet black scorch virus (BBSV), a virus recently accepted by the ICTV into the genus Necrovirus within the family Tombusviridae (2). Prior to this communication, BBSV has only been reported in China where it was first documented affecting sugar beet in the late 1980s (1). Using the published sequence of BBSV (Genbank Accession No. AY626780), DNA primers directed to the 3' half of the BBSV genome were used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to produce an amplicon from the unknown virus. Sequencing the amplicon revealed 88.8% nucleotide sequence identity to the BBSV CP gene and 97% amino acid sequence identity to the predicted CP gene product. Combined, the nucleotide sequence and physical characteristics confirm the presence of BBSV in a U.S. sugarbeet field for the first time. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of BBSV outside of China.

The purpose of the work was to study the suitability of residue obtained during the methane fermentation process of sugar beet pulp for agricultural use in sugar beet plantations. Studies were performed with the sugar beet pulp fermentation residue and sugar beets (Beta vulgaris cv. Fighter) harvested from experimental plots. It was found that the by-product of sugar beet pulp digestion may be utilized in agriculture taking into account its chemical and microbiological standards. The nutrients in digestion residue were as assimilable for sugar beet plants as the nutrients in mineral fertilizers. The evaluation of technological parameters of sugar beet harvested from experimental plots based on standard technological criteria showed that irrespective of fertilization treatment, the raw material obtained met most of the requirements and can be used as a stock material for sugar production.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC [synonym E. betae {Vanha} Weltzien]) affects several different crops of Beta vulgaris, including sugar beet, Swiss chard, and table beet. The disease has been prevalent in many sugar beet-growing areas of the United States since the first major epidemic in beet in 1974 (3). Powdery mildew in the United States was primarily associated with the asexual stage of the pathogen until the perfect stage was found, first in western states such as Idaho and Colorado (2), then in more Midwestern states such as Nebraska, and most recently in North Dakota (1). Similar to North Dakota, powdery mildew has not been a major problem in the Michigan growing area. It does appear sporadically, particularly on sugar beets that have not been sprayed to control other foliar diseases. In 2010, powdery mildew infection on sugar beet was observed in late August in a field in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Plants were inspected periodically for the presence of the sexual stage. In early October, sugar beet and Swiss chard plants with heavy powdery mildew infection also were observed at the Michigan State University (MSU) Horticultural Demonstration Gardens in East Lansing and on sugar beet at the MSU Plant Pathology and Botany research farms. On both the Saginaw Valley sugar beet and Swiss chard on the MSU campus, ascomata were observed on a few leaves in mid-October. No ascomata were found on sugar beet at the other two locations. The majority of ascomata were dark brown to black when located, although a few light tan ascomata were observed on the Swiss chard. Ascomata varied from 70 to 100 μm in diameter. Asci contained one to four hyaline or golden yellow ascospores similar to those described in other growing regions on sugar beet (1,2). No ascomata had been detected on powdery mildew-infected sugar beet from either the Saginaw Valley or the MSU research farms the previous two years. These results appear to indicate a spread of the ability to form the perfect stage eastward from the western United States. This may be due to movement of one mating type because E. polygoni has been reported to be heterothallic on some crops (4). The presence of the perfect stage indicates that sexual recombination could occur in E. polygoni on Beta species in Michigan, creating the potential for more rapid development of new strains that might vary in fungicide sensitivity and response to host resistance.

Two field trial were fulfillment at Kalabsho Experimental Farm (sandy soil) located at the longitude of 31.22 0 E and latitude of 31.14 0 N and 15 m above sea level in seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to find out the influence levels of sulphur and boron fertilizers on sugar beet cv.Gloria yields and quality traits.A strip-plot by way of three replicates was done through together seasons.Sulphur fertilizer levels (50 , 100 and 150 kg S/fed) were added to the soil in the vertical-plots.While, levels of boron fertilizer (without, 5 and 10 %) as foliar application were devoted in the horizontalplots.The obtained results showed that, in both seasons, fertilizing with 150 kg S/fed for sugar beet plants produced the greatest yields and its components and quality traits, followed by fertilizing with 100 kg S/fed and lastly fertilizing with 50 kg S/fed.Spraying sugar beet plants with solution of 10 % boron resulted in the maximum yields and its components and quality traits.Spraying sugar beet plants twice with boron (5 %) ranked secondly after boron (10 %) and followed by control treatment (without spraying plants with boron) through together seasons.It might be accomplished that fertilizing sugar beet plants through 150 kg S/fed and sprayed twice (after 50 and 70 days after sowing) with solution of 10% boron to maximizing yields and juice quality under the environmental conditions of sandy soil in Kalabsho region, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.