К содержанию понятия «органы внутренних дел» в историческом контексте

The stages of formation and evolution of organizational and legal structures that provided material and technical support for the activities of the Russian internal affairs bodies from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st century are examined. The study covers key historical periods – from the pre-revolutionary institutionalization of the Expedition for State Economy and the Department of State Economy, the formation of the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, to the reorganizations of the Soviet and post-Soviet times, culminating in the creation of the Department for Material, Technical and Medical Support of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Special attention is given to the legal consolidation of the functions of the relevant units, the normative basis for their activities, and institutional continuity within the framework of various models of public administration. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts, organizational structures, and functional powers, the stages of centralization, decentralization, and the subsequent restoration of a unified supply system within the Ministry of Internal Affairs have been identified. It has been established that modern approaches to material and economic support in internal affairs bodies are based on historically established principles of legal regulation, which allows for ensuring the stability and effectiveness of the law enforcement system’s functioning in modern conditions.

The paper discusses the features of socialisation of cadets – graduates of educational institutions of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia in the conditions of their service in police units. The author comes to the conclusion that for successful socialisation of a cadet who graduated from the school of the MIA of Russia, he must pass certain stages of formation as a practical police officer in Internal Affairs agencies, namely: to acquire experience in performing professional tasks in the police force; to become aware of their belonging to Internal Affairs bodies; adapt to the performance of official duties of an employee of the Internal Affairs bodies, taking into account personal needs. The rapid transformation of a cadet into a practical police officer during the above-mentioned stages of formation is facilitated by the impact on him of both mandatory norms in force in the Internal Affairs bodies, which provide for strict compliance with orders of higher management, and social norms aimed at meeting personal needs in civil society, provided that the police observe the legitimacy of their implementation.

Modern police training system in Russia is carried out within the framework of a coherent multi-element and multi-level system of training and education of citizens preparing to serve in the internal affairs bodies or current employees (federal state civil servants, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). The subject of this study is the system of personnel training for the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, the analysis of modern trends, which allows us to identify certain regularities. The purpose of the work is to identify modern trends in this system and determine the place of digital technologies. The empirical base of the study is the results of the integration of innovative pedagogical methods and technologies into the activities of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In total, the study is based on the experience of all educational organizations of higher education of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and their branches, implementing educational programs of higher education during 2019 - 2023. The methodology of the study of modern pedagogical techniques and technologies presented by educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia every year during the five-year period is based on a set of scientific approaches, principles and methods. Novelty of the work - for the first time these materials were subjected to system analysis to determine the regularities of pedagogical technology development. The results of the study can be used in the further organization of the educational process. According to the results the author's scheme of multilevel training of personnel for internal affairs bodies is formulated, the most popular trends of implementation of innovative educational technologies are revealed, the place of digitalization in the general structure of trends of innovative technologies is determined.

Background. The importance of studying personal meta-resources in modern conditions of an unstable world is highlighted. Meta-resources streamline the system of personal resources and help a person solve life problems using their own strengths. It is noted that developing the resource approach in the psychology of work and service activity enables to increase the success of professional activity through the formation of certain resources. The concept of a meta-resource of life success is described as an important predictor for the professional activity of employees of internal affairs bodies. The development of training for life and professional success of employees of internal affairs bodies is proposed. Its justification as an effective technology for the development of this meta-resource is given. Objective. The aim is to study the dynamics of components in the meta-resource of life success with targeted influence on them in the process of training work. Sample. The study involved 115 people, including 44 cadets, 44 students, 12 adjuncts, and 15 novice teachers at the educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, who were divided into four experimental and two control groups. The experimental groups were formed taking into account the specifics of the professionalization process in the experimental groups. Methods. A quasi-experimental research design was implemented. The impact occurred in the process through training technology during the implementation of “Training for the life and professional success of employees of internal affairs bodies.” Before and after the training, diagnostic sessions were taken. Results. The effectiveness of the training has been theoretically and empirically proven. In all experimental groups, positive dynamics of certain components of life success were revealed. Positive changes in the reflexive mechanisms of success occurred in all experimental groups, with the exception of the group of adjuncts. Positive dynamics of practical, moral, and existential emotional experiences was noted. In samples of students and teachers, an increase in the life disposition indicator was recorded, which is one of the important predictors of professional success. Conclusion. The results obtained made it possible to draw a generalized picture of the possibilities for purposeful formation of a meta-resource for the life success of employees at internal affairs bodies through training. The effectiveness of life and professional success training has been theoretically and empirically proven, which makes it advisable to include it in psychological support programmes for internal affairs officers.

The fundamental goal of this scientific article is to study not only the historical processes of the emergence and use of tactical medicine in the internal affairs bodies, but also to analyze the current regulatory framework that regulates tactical medicine in the internal affairs bodies, to assess the current level of its development. It will also be important to touch upon the problems of the development of tactical medicine both at earlier stages of its development and at the present time, methods for improving the tactical and special training of police officers in the field of tactical medicine using the example of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The content of the article reflects the discussion of the survey results obtained on a sample of 70 employees of the internal affairs bodies of different age categories who served in the Department of Internal Affairs from 1 year to 25 years. The author notes that the ideas about the professional career of employees of the internal affairs bodies of different ages have distinctive features. Thus, employees under the age of 25 are more likely to relate the concept of "career" to such positions as career growth, a sense of confidence and stability, and self-improvement. Employees from 25 to 35 years of age represent a career as a means of self-development and self-realization, an indicator of success. Employees from 35 to 45 years of age positively evaluate their career, regard it as a source of income and self-development, as an indicator of success and a source of profitable acquaintances. Employees aged 45 and older are characterized by a decrease in the importance of their career, with the priority given to the upcoming retirement and the search for themselves in other areas of activity. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study of the success factors and components of the ideas about the career of employees of different age groups can become the basis for preventing the outflow of professional personnel from the internal affairs bodies, as well as contribute to the formation of optimal relationships in service teams, which is undoubtedly one of the most important tasks of the heads of departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia at all levels. The scientific novelty of the study consists in expanding, supplementing and clarifying scientific views on the ideas about the professional career of employees of the internal affairs bodies of different age categories.

The textbook discusses the main aspects of management in the internal affairs bodies: the organization of the management system in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation; the process and technologies of law enforcement management; functions, forms and methods of management; organization of work with personnel in the internal affairs bodies and socio-psychological aspects of management; information and analytical work and management decisions, as well as a number of provisions of the scientific organization of labor in the internal affairs bodies. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education programs, which include the discipline "Fundamentals of management in internal affairs bodies", as well as for teachers.

The author addresses the problem of the quantitative and qualitative shortage of personnel that currently exists in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The position is expressed that the constitutional and legal aspect of an effective solution to this problem requires bringing federal legislation and the departmental regulatory legal framework in this area in line with the legal ideas and principles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. One of the steps towards the constitutionalization of the organizational and legal mechanism for the selection of candidates for service in the internal affairs bodies should be the introduction into the text of the Federal Law of 11/30/2011. No. 342-FZ “On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” rules prohibiting the recruitment to the internal affairs bodies of citizens who are under the influence of persons who allow non-medical drug use, previously convicted of crimes, holding extremist views ideas related to encroachment on the foundations of the constitutional order.

At the present stage of development of our society, corruption has penetrated into all its spheres. The internal affairs bodies are at the forefront of the fight against crime, daily facing various corruption manifestations. It is obvious that the employees of the internal affairs bodies themselves are subject to corrupt influences. In this regard, we consider it a necessary reality to form anti-corruption behavior in every employee of the internal affairs bodies. The purpose of the work is the analysis of the scientific literature, to give integrative definitions of the main concepts used in the process of studying the problem of forming anti-corruption behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies «conduct», «corruption», «motivation», «legal literacy», «the staff of bodies of internal affairs», «corrupt conduct», «anti-corruption behavior, «fighting», «the formation of anti-corruption behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies».

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main topical problems of educational work in the internal Affairs bodies as one of the types of moral and psychological support for the activities of the internal Affairs bodies. In the article, the authors analyze the current legal norms in this area, explore the main directions of educational work in the internal Affairs bodies, methods of training personnel, and formulate and justify a number of proposals to improve the effectiveness of educational work in the internal Affairs bodies

The object of the study is professional stress in the activities of Russian police officers. The subject of the study is the clarification of the concept of "professional stress" in the minds of police officers through an associative experiment. The purpose of the study: a comparative analysis of the severity of the categories of analysis of the concept of "professional stress" of Russian police officers of different generations. Research methods and empirical sampling - an expert method; an associative experiment conducted on a sample of 140 Russian police officers (70 people are 3-4-year cadets and 5th-year students of an educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and 70 people are active police officers with more than 5 years of experience in the internal affairs bodies). Main conclusions: As a result of a free associative experiment on the phrase-stimulus "Professional stress", 541 associations were obtained. As a result of the expert method (expert design), 7 categories of analysis were identified that form the structure of the semantic field of the concept under study. The students revealed the predominance of the cognitive aspect (identification of the causes and consequences of occupational stress), and the older police officers revealed a focus mainly on the psychophysiological aspect (states and experiences) of occupational stress. At the same time, the older generation, unlike the youth, has a wider range of ways to manage professional stress and shows the existential aspect of professional stress (loss of meaning, awareness of the impossibility of change and unrealization). In the semantic field of the concept of "professional stress", non-organizational aspects have been identified that are not directly related to work, but affect the increase in professional stress and reduce labor efficiency.

Aim. To identify current problems and factors of the digitalization processes influence on the develop­ment of professional legal consciousness of employees of the internal affairs bodies.Methodology. The study uses a comparative legal method, sociological, formal-logical and dialectical methods.Results: General and special aspects of the impact of the processes of digitalization of public relations on the state of professional legal awareness of employees of the Department of Internal Affairs and the emergence of its deformation are scrutinized, as well as the changes in the content components of professional training of employees of the Department of Internal Affairs. The essential aspects of the impact of public life digitalization on the state and development of professional legal awareness of ATS employees are defined and proposals for the implementation of legal work and the organization of professional training in the internal affairs bodies put forward. Research implications. The results of the study contribute to the theory of law, creating the prerequi­sites for the development of the theory of legal awareness in terms of the study of types of professional legal awareness and further in-depth conceptual study of theoretical and legal categories.

The article analyses the issue of the rights of minors. Issues of interaction between internal affairs bodies, commissioners for the rights of the child and other actors are under consideration. A number of normative acts and programmes on the rights of minors are being analysed. The normative basis for the protection of the rights of the child in modern Russia is analysed, in particular, the conventions ratified by Russia in this sphere and federal legislation. Selected law enforcement issues in the area of children ‘s rights are also addressed. Recommendations are made to improve the realization of the rights of minors in the activities of internal affairs bodies in cooperation with local self-government bodies. It is noted that in Russia the legal status of a minor is characterized by instability, insufficient social and legal protection, lack of reliable guaranteeing state mechanisms. The plight of minors in modern Russia today is further exacerbated by the fact that domestic legislation has not yet adequately guaranteed them reliable legal protection against adult abuse: in the family, in educational institutions, in society. There are also insufficient legal measures to combat child prostitution, drug addiction and alcoholism. It was to be hoped that addressing the problem in the article would more effectively address those problems. The author hopes that a number of proposals made will be useful in improving the mechanism for the protection of the rights of minors in Russia.

The publication is devoted to a little–studied aspect of the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Far East during the Great Patriotic War - providing road safety. The basis of the work is unpublished sources related to the official and party documentation of the regional departments of the NKVD of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism and consistency, as well as general scientific historical and logical methods. The article describes the situation in the field of road safety in the Far East during the period under study, analyzes the causes and conditions of its deterioration, the measures taken by the internal affairs bodies to normalize the operational situation.

The article discusses stress factors that have a negative impact on National Police officers and what stress is and what its effects are. In domestic and foreign literature, the question of the impact of professional activity on a person and his condition has received quite extensive coverage. However, the role of these factors in the development of psychological (professional) stress, the mechanisms of regulation of this state, the substantiation of models for its study, assessment and prediction of stress resistance to the influence of extreme factors in the activities of a law enforcement officer, the role of personal determination were studied only in passing. Stress in a person’s life takes the first place among psychophysiological and biological processes. Stress is a life-saving mechanism that has been in operation for millions of years throughout human evolution. Stress is the body’s response to the external circumstances of the environment, which mobilizes defense forces to overcome or avoid threats. We know that the problem of experiencing stress is relevant, and the ability to overcome it is transformed into a frontal problem. Due to the lack of psycho-emotional preparation of police officers, the performance of operational tasks is low, injuries and injuries, and sometimes even deaths, occur. Taking into account modern living conditions, we can see how important it is to prepare police officers to deal with various stressful situations. We have investigated the impact of stress on the professional activities of National Police officers, as well as the main factors that can lead to stress, one of which is firing a firearm. The relevance of the study is determined by: the growing demands of the state and society for the effectiveness of law enforcement bodies, in particular bodies of internal affairs in the fight against crime and law enforcement; the extreme nature of the professional activity of police officers, the high level of mental losses, mental incapacity, injury and mortality in internal affairs bodies; there is a lack of theoretical and practical works on the study of psychological determinants the development of professional stress among employees of the main types of law enforcement activities; the need to improve the system of psycho-prophylactic work in law enforcement agencies bodies. Stress resistance is professionally important, a dynamic characteristic of the personality of a police officer, whic allows him to counteract stressful effects and master stressful situations. In addition, a high level of development stress resistance allows a police officer to be successful to realize oneself, to achieve vital goals, to be highly effective in professional activities, able to debug contacts with citizens and maintain relations with colleagues and loved ones, maintain physical and psychological health, etc. Ago, the question of formation and development of stress resistance among employees arises police as an important determinant of their professional development. And together with with him and the problem of tools, namely methods, methods and technologies prevention, neutralization and correction of stress that will help practical psychologists in the process of psychological support police officers.