СПРОС НА РАБОЧУЮ СИЛУ И ВОСТРЕБОВАННОСТЬ ПРОФЕССИЙ В 2021–2022 ГГ.: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ АНАЛИЗА ВАКАНСИЙ

The paper reveals the preconditions for labor markets transformation in Russia and Brazil in the context of modern external influence. It is emphasized that such a comparison of two markets, a priori different in the dynamics of development, is important for assessing the degree of influence of negative externalities, which are focused on the social sphere. One of the analyzed labor markets – the Russian labor market – has reached the point of its saturation, while the other labor market – the Brazilian labor market – is characterized by the long-term and rapid growth of certain parameters that play a crucial role in the context of labor market mechanisms. The scientific goal of the study is to determine the notion of negative externality of COVID-19 in order to describe the conditions for transformation of two labor markets different in socio-economic preconditions and development potentials. The methodological basis of this research is the theoretical works of both modern and classical authors, revealing the issues of the emergence and impact of negative externalities on the development of socio-economic processes in general and the labor market in particular. The material for the study is the Russian and international databases of official statistics presenting both general trends in labor markets and the latest modifications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result , the study reveals current tendencies in the transformation of the labor markets characteristics typical of the two countries according to the main indicators of the market mechanisms; it also describes and compares these tendencies emphasizing the main similarities and differences between the markets; it singles out several factors that can influence the situation and provides predictive evaluation of the outcomes. The revealed tendencies in the development of the analyzed markets are determined from the standpoint of their sustainability under the conditions of negative externalities of the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures that are taken and could be taken in terms of managerial influence are described with regard to the official documents of these countries in the sphere of labor market management. The prognostic focus of certain managerial tools influencing the labor markets is summarized.

This scientific article examines econometric methods for studying the labor market in Russia. The authors analyze the main indicators of the labor market, such as the level of employment, unemployment, wages, and examine their dynamics in recent years. Particular attention is paid to the use of econometric models to identify factors influencing the labor market and predict its development. The article provides an overview of existing research and offers new approaches to the analysis of the labor market using modern econometric methods. New approaches to the analysis of the labor market are proposed. The comparison of various methods is carried out and the application of the Beveridge curve for the analysis of the Russian labor market is justified. The limitations and prospects of using econometric methods to study the labor market in Russia are discussed, which makes the work relevant for researchers and practitioners in the field of labor economics. A graph of the actual and projected average number of employees of enterprises in the Starominsky district of the Krasnodar Territory is constructed.

Introduction. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the spreading negative socio-economic phenomena of the Russian labor market, such as poverty of the working population, inequality in the income distribution, etc., intercept the reproduction of the labor force, reducing its quality and introducing undesirable structural changes. The reasons for the manifestation of negative socio-economic phenomena in the Russian labor market are based on the principles of imperfect competition in social and labor relations. Specifically, the social and labor relations of labor market subjects have no mutually beneficial basis and are most often aimed at satisfying the economic interests of the employers and infringing on the socio-economic interests of the employees, as well as the fact that the employees are required to have the manpower quality specifications that they lack or the employees have the manpower quality specifications that are not demanded by the employer, i.e. the labor market. The aim of the study is the quantitative assessment of the manifestation degree of imperfect competition in the Russian labor market with the possibility of predicting its spread to social and labor relations, with the subsequent development of conceptual solutions to regulate the imperfect competition in the Russian labor market. Materials and Methods. A set of methods of statistical and mathematical research is used for the purposes of this study. Mathematical modeling of imperfect competition is carried out by methods of probabilistic and vector analysis. The empirical study of imperfect competition is carried out by the method of statistical observation. Results. The result of mathematical modeling and statistical research of imperfect competition is the conclusion about the cyclical development of competition in the Russian labor market, where the cyclical change occurred in 2008 and 2016 and was largely determined by the general trend of the country's economic development and the ongoing crisis phenomena. Relatively sustainable development of competition is observed pertaining to a territorial feature, since there is almost no change in segment groups as a result of cyclical development of competition, which can be successfully interpreted as inertia (stagnation) in the development of competition. The set of measures taken by the state for the development of competitive processes in social and labor relations and regulation of the competitive environment in the Russian labor market is characterized by its insignificant impact on the segment structure and features of competitive processes and components of the competitive environment, as well as by the ineffectiveness of the implemented measures for government regulation. Discussion and Conclusion. The preservation and spread of the influence of the imperfect competitive processes and imperfect competitive conditions for the specified features and components are predicted in the Russian labor market. The use of quantitative indicators of imperfect competition is one of the methods for the performance evaluation of state regulation of imperfect competition in the Russian labor market.

Human Resource ManagementVolume 4, Issue 4 p. 11-19 Article The uaw and white collar unionization Carl Dean Snyder, Carl Dean Snyder Associate Professor of Economics, in the Department of History and Social Sciences, Eatern Michigan university. Previously, Dr. Snyder lectured at the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations at the University of Michigan. He received a Doctor of Social Science degree at Syracuse University in the fields of economics and sociology. Dr. Snyder?s doctoral dissertation was titled UIndustrial can Lose the Battle for the White Collar Worker: The UAW as a Case in Point. During seven years of industrial experience at Electric Auto- Lite, Dr. Snyder held offices in the local union and the local CIO Council.Search for more papers by this author Carl Dean Snyder, Carl Dean Snyder Associate Professor of Economics, in the Department of History and Social Sciences, Eatern Michigan university. Previously, Dr. Snyder lectured at the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations at the University of Michigan. He received a Doctor of Social Science degree at Syracuse University in the fields of economics and sociology. Dr. Snyder?s doctoral dissertation was titled UIndustrial can Lose the Battle for the White Collar Worker: The UAW as a Case in Point. During seven years of industrial experience at Electric Auto- Lite, Dr. Snyder held offices in the local union and the local CIO Council.Search for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1966 https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930040404 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume4, Issue4Winter 1966Pages 11-19 RelatedInformation

The article analyzes the current processes on the global labor market in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan. Changing demographic proportions, the pension reform, migration processes, intensive development of production technologies, automation, the use of artificial intelligence all these factors are undoubtedly transforming the labor market environment. The content of occupation is changing, structural changes in the economy lead to the dropping-out of a number of specialties and the emergence of new ones, which did not exist before. To match the supply of labor resources to the modern requirements of the economy, new competencies of workers as well as continuous training or retraining are required. Educational institutions have to adapt to the new requirements of the labor market environment to meet the needs of the labor market for qualified specialists with relevant knowledge and skills. Major changes in the labor market amid the spread of the new coronavirus infection have affected most countries of the world economy, including Russia. A long period of restrictions in most industries is reflected in the economic indicators of enterprises, development opportunities, and the number of required workers. The situation with the pandemic clearly demonstrates how unstable the modern labor market is; how events that occur in one country in the world are capable of undermining the whole balance, even in fairly stable and durable economic systems. The article analyzes the situation on the labor market of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main problems of the region in this direction are highlighted. The analysis of the situation in the registered labor market showed that in 8 months of 2020 the number of officially registered unemployed increased 5 times, the level of registered unemployment increased 5.5 times, tension in the labor market increased 3 times. In the context of a worsening economic situation caused by an unfavorable epidemiological situation, the situation with the employment of citizens has become more complicated. The analysis showed that for several years the employment rate remained stable at 70%, and by September 2020 it was 17.4%. Currently, the labor market in Russia experiences the consequences of the economic crisis caused by the unfavorable epidemiological situation. The crisis is changing the forms of employment, which is becoming remote, non-standard, online professions appear. The structure of labor demand is changing. Labor resources will be rebuilt or replenish the modern labor market. In these conditions, the role of the state is growing significantly and there is no doubt in the need of the development of the anti-crisis plan for the labor market’s regulation.

Subject. The article addresses information costs associated with the creation and use of big data technology. Objectives. We focus on specification and analysis of information costs as a parameter that determines the possibility to monetize big data technology; identify the main sources, the nature and factors impacting these costs; develop approaches to assessing and reducing them. Methods. The study employs methods of systems approach, classification, functional modeling, functional cost analysis. Results. We propose a conceptual functional model of big data technology. Using the model, we explore the structure, content and nature of investment costs involved in creation and implementation of big data technology, as well as operating costs at the data preprocessing stage. The paper shows the transactional nature of information costs of big data technology, points out the need for cost minimization to monetize the technology, offers a methodology for assessing the information costs, which integrates modern methods for business process investigation. Conclusions. Prospects for monetization and extensive use of big data technology in economic activities are determined by the possibility of reducing the information costs inherent in the technology. To overcome existing difficulties, special scientific studies in the field of technology and economics are needed.

Under the influence of foreign policy, economic and socio-demographic factors, the Russian labor market has undergone a shock transformation and has changed qualitatively in a few years. The modern labor market is characterized by an acute shortage of personnel, industry imbalance and spatial heterogeneity. It seems that foreign policy factors have a medium-term horizon of influence due to the rapid adaptation of the labor market to functioning in the regime of economic sanctions; economic factors are approaching the exhaustion of their influence in the short term, since high rates of growth of the country’s national wealth are not expected; socio-demographic factors of the labor market, on the contrary, will influence in the short, medium and long term. It is necessary to improve the efficiency of the national labor market in the context of a decrease in the labor force potential. The National Project “Personnel” is aimed at these goals, planned for implementation in 2025–2030. The article presents the goals of federal projects to improve the efficiency of the labor market, which make up the national project. A general description of the goals, implementation mechanisms and expected results of each of them is given. It is shown that the implementation of the federal project “Education for the Labor Market” is aimed at creating a system for training personnel for priority sectors of the economy based on the forecast of demand. The federal project “Labor Market Management” will promote the development of mechanisms and tools for effective involvement in employment by creating 298 career centers at universities for the employment of graduates of both secondary and higher education. The federal project “Active Measures to Promote Employment” plans to create an effective system for training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for priority sectors of the economy based on the forecast of demand for them. At the same time, a separate project is aimed at increasing the prestige of blue-collar jobs, which will contribute to the formation of sustainable employment in the field of professional labor. Thus, by 2030, the Russian labor market will become more predictable and more efficient.

The aim of the study is to analyze the extent of the presence of migrants and their behavior in the Russian labor market on the basis of largescale sociological surveys of migrants. This is especially important in the absence of reliable statistics on migrants in the labor market. The main attention is paid to the employment profiles of representatives of various socio-demographic and ethnic groups, illegal and informal employment, the intensity and wages of migrants from countries with a visa-free regime with Russia. Particular attention is paid to labor mobility of migrants. The main empirical basis for analysis was the results of sociological polls conducted by the Center for Ethnopolitical and Regional Studies for the Higher School of Economics in 2011. (8,5 thousand respondents) and in 2017 (8,6 thousand migrants in 19 regions of Russia). The study showed that education, qualifications, professional knowledge of migrants are not in demand on the Russian market, the typical path of migrants in the labor market is downward labor mobility – occupying a job that is worse than previously occupied in the homeland. At the same time, migrants are adapted to changes in the labor market, which is largely facilitated by the differentiation of migrant employment and the vertical mobility of some of them. Innovations in Russian legislation which came into force in 2015, as well as the integration process within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEA), which greatly facilitated access to jobs in Russia for citizens of the countries of the EEA, had a positive impact on the Russian labor market. The share of illegally employed migrants has significantly decreased in comparison with previous years. At the same time, the problem of informal employment of foreign citizens, excessive exploitation of migrant labor remains. The problems of combating forced labor of migrants and ensuring their decent labor come to the fore. Civilized conditions should be created for the legalization of labor activity of migrants, stimulating their reorientation to integrate into Russian society. The most serious attention should be paid to preventing the social exclusion of migrants to work in Russia, creating effective tools for their secondary socialization and adaptation to Russian realities.

Due to the fact that labor is one of the key factors of production, the labor market and ensuring its balance are among the most important issues in both academic and managerial discourse. This is because the ratio of job demand and labor supply directly and indirectly influences the parameters of wages, production volumes, prices, and consumption, as well as labor and social mobility, among other factors. Simultaneously, the development of the labor market in a specific area is heavily influenced by global factors that shape its dynamics. In this regard, the paper explores global trends that influence the current functioning of the labor market in Russia. The processes of demographic aging, automation and digitalization, geopolitical instability, the greening of production, and socio-cultural transformations are shaping the vectors of its development at present and in the future. Employing official statistical data, as well as sociological research and expert opinions, we have delineated the specific features of the influence of global trends on the labour market in Russia. It is evident that the current state of affairs is currently facing a multitude of challenges, including demographic, innovative/ technological, intellectual, socio-cultural and environmental ones. The positive and negative effects of their actions have been identified. The author emphasizes the need to improve employment policies in order to better adapt the labor market to ongoing transformations. Particularly pressing are the issues of increasing the flexibility of the system of training and retraining of personnel, modernizing the institutional environment, forecasting the development of the labor market, activating social partnership in solving existing problems, implementing a balanced migration policy, and reducing the scale of employment in the informal sector.

The paper examines the impact of labor supply shocks, wage bargaining shocks, productivity shocks, and external and domestic demand shocks on the Russian labor market from 2017 to 2024. Using a Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) identified through sign restrictions and performing a historical decomposition, the study finds that both macroeconomic and market-specific shocks influence key labor market variables. Special attention is given to the factors contributing to labor market imbalances in recent years. The results indicate that the primary drivers of declining unemployment and rising employment since late 2022 have been positive domestic demand and productivity shocks, whereas external demand and wage bargaining shocks have constrained labor demand growth. The labor market conditions observed since spring 2023 can be characterized as a job seeker’s market. The normalization of domestic demand and the rise in real wages are helping to restore equilibrium in the Russian labor market.

The article presents the results of a factor analysis of the current state and development prospects of the Russian labour market in the context of active processes of the economy digitalization. The purpose of this article is to identify the most important factors that ensure or limit the formation of effective relationships in the labour market that meet the requirements of digitalization at all levels of management. The research is based on an analysis of the works of foreign and domestic authors on the problems of digitalization of the labour market and the use of such methods as statistical, factorial, and logical analysis, monographic description, synthesis, comparison, and graphical representation of information. The analysis is carried out according to indicators both in Russia as a whole and in its particular regions. It is noted that, in the sphere of the labour market, problems arise in the formation of a flexible mechanism for building relations between employers, workers and the state, taking into account the interests of each subject of social and labour relations. The analysis showed that in spite of the opportunities of the digital economy, the Russian labour market is not actually ready for digitalization on a number of built-in organizational and socio-economic barriers caused by systemic imbalances of social and labour relations. Conclusions contain the main directions for adapting the labour market to digital platforms.

This article presents an analysis of research results on two categories of workers and job candidates - the youngest (under 25 years old) and the oldest (retired and pre-retirement). These age group cohorts are under the greatest pressure in the Russian labour market: the greatest difficulties in getting a job, age discrimination, etc. Paradoxically, these groups show not a difference but rather a similarity in their value orientations. They often experience latent and obvious discrimination from HR managers. As a result, in many respects these groups tend to have similar views about the labour market and their "life chances" to build a career and maintain income stability. The younger and older age groups are ready to interact with each other, but stereotypes about old age (prevalent in the country) make this process difficult. State policies that support certain age groups in the labour market often intensify intergenerational conflicts rather than hinder them. The Corona Virus pandemic has significantly affected the position of the youngest and oldest people in the labour market, putting them in a situation where they cannot apply for good jobs and have to accept any work.

The weakness of institutional employment intermediaries and significant asymmetry of information remain among the main risk factors in the labor market. In this regard, the issue of researching existing ways to minimize them does not lose its relevance. The object of the study is effective employment. The subject is attracted channels and employment strategies. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was the foundations of the concept of social capital, the study of the functioning of social capital in the Russian labor market, the concept of the egoset and the social graph. The basis of the empirical analysis was the data of state statistics. Secondary data analysis is also used in the work. The basis of the retrospective analysis was made up of monitoring data on youth issues conducted by the Socio-Political Research Sector of the Institute of Socio-Economic Research of the UFIC RAS in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the intensity of the use of formal and informal employment channels. The experience of existing research in the field of employment is summarized and its leading strategies in the modern Russian labor market are determined. It is proved that, functioning in the modern labor market, it is social capital that is able to fulfill the role of a buffer and continues to lead and strengthen as one of the most powerful resources for effective employment. The reasons for the low intensity of involvement of formal – institutional intermediaries in the labor market in the employment strategy are substantiated. A number of the most relevant measures to improve the activities of the state employment service are given.

In this chapter social, demographic, and employment profiles of labor migrants from the CIS countries and Georgia who are present at the Russian labor market currently. The principal attention is paid to the labor mobility in the aspect of types of economic activities and occupations and in the aspect of their vertical mobility according to the EGP classification. Coming to the Russian labor market migrants with experience of work are forced to change the type of economic activity and occupation. Change of job in Russia promotes upward mobility along the extent of adaptation. However, such lucky people constitute the minority. And downward mobility is specific for all groups of migrants. Neither specific skills nor knowledge of foreign laborers possess are not sought out at the Russian labor market. Particularly disturbing are the scales of foreign laborers’ “over-qualification,” a considerable part of whom are engaged at jobs that make no demand to laborer’s skill. Creation of elevators for labor migrants’ upward mobility, with taking into due attention their vocational training and skills, is in interest of not only all actors of the labor market but of the Russian society at large for it is interested in intelligible integration policy.

The subject of the study is the emerging trend in the Russian labor market of transition from an oversupply of labor with high unemployment to a high level of unsatisfied demand, assessed by numerous experts as a personnel shortage. The purpose of the paper is to determine the nature, causes, degree of severity, development prospects, and measures to overcome it. The scientific novelty consists in the substantiation of the personnel shortage in the Russian labor market as a local phenomenon. From a methodological perspective, the unsatisfied demand for labor was analyzed in correlation with the dynamics of tension in the labor market, and empirically, the basis for its study was the information selected according to special criteria from various organizations constantly engaged in personnel recruiting in the labor market or comparative analysis of demand for labor force and its supply. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the personnel shortage currently recorded in Russia is a local phenomenon, having the nature of a trend that is constantly present in the Russian labor market in various quantitative values, individual professional niches, and locations. The paper provides numerous evidences that the personnel shortage, which has been forming for several years under the influence of objective and subjective causes and has worsened in the conditions of the Special Military Operation, is not universal and threatening, and the country has considerable untapped labor reserves. Possibilities and current ways to overcome imbalances between the demand for labor and its supply are shown.